By bus

In a network using this topology each node is connected to a central cable. This is known as a "bus". All data transmission between nodes occurs through this communication channel and is received by all nodes simultaneously.[3]​.

star network

Star topology reduces the possibility of network failure by connecting all nodes to a central node. When applied to a network based on the star topology this central hub forwards all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes in the network, sometimes even to the node that sent it. All peripheral nodes can communicate with each other by transmitting or receiving from the central node only. A failure in the connection line of any node with the central node would cause the isolation of that node from the others, but the rest of the systems would remain intact. The hub type (hub) is used in this topology, although it is very obsolete; A switch is commonly used.

The disadvantage lies in the load placed on the central node. The amount of traffic that it must support is large and will increase as we add more peripheral nodes, which makes it not recommended for large networks. Furthermore, a failure in the central node can render the entire network inoperative. The latter also leads to greater vulnerability of the network, as a whole, to attacks.

If the central node is passive, the source node must be able to tolerate an echo of its transmission. An active star network has an active central node that typically has the means to prevent echo-related problems.

network in tree

A tree topology, also known as a hierarchical topology, can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a hierarchy. This tree has individual peripheral nodes—for example, leaves—that require “transmit to” and “receive from” another node only and do not need to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike in star networks, the function of the central node can be distributed.

As in conventional diagonal networks, individual nodes can be isolated from the network by a single failure in the node's connection path. If a link connecting to a leaf node fails, that leaf node is isolated; If a link to a non-leaf node fails, the entire section is isolated from the rest.

To alleviate the amount of traffic needed to retransmit in its entirety, to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that allow maintaining a list of the identities of the different systems connected to the network. These network switches would "learn" what the structure of the network is like by transmitting data packets to all nodes and then observing where the packets come from is also used as a socket or artifact.

Point to point

The simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints known as point-to-point (PtP). The switched point-to-point topology is the basic gateway of conventional telephony. The value of a permanent PtP network is the unhindered communication between the two endpoints. The value of an on-demand PtP connection is proportional to the number of possible pairs of subscribers and has been expressed as Metcalfe's law.

By bus

In a network using this topology each node is connected to a central cable. This is known as a "bus". All data transmission between nodes occurs through this communication channel and is received by all nodes simultaneously.[3]​.

star network

Star topology reduces the possibility of network failure by connecting all nodes to a central node. When applied to a network based on the star topology this central hub forwards all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes in the network, sometimes even to the node that sent it. All peripheral nodes can communicate with each other by transmitting or receiving from the central node only. A failure in the connection line of any node with the central node would cause the isolation of that node from the others, but the rest of the systems would remain intact. The hub type (hub) is used in this topology, although it is very obsolete; A switch is commonly used.

The disadvantage lies in the load placed on the central node. The amount of traffic that it must support is large and will increase as we add more peripheral nodes, which makes it not recommended for large networks. Furthermore, a failure in the central node can render the entire network inoperative. The latter also leads to greater vulnerability of the network, as a whole, to attacks.

If the central node is passive, the source node must be able to tolerate an echo of its transmission. An active star network has an active central node that typically has the means to prevent echo-related problems.

network in tree

A tree topology, also known as a hierarchical topology, can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a hierarchy. This tree has individual peripheral nodes—for example, leaves—that require “transmit to” and “receive from” another node only and do not need to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike in star networks, the function of the central node can be distributed.

As in conventional diagonal networks, individual nodes can be isolated from the network by a single failure in the node's connection path. If a link connecting to a leaf node fails, that leaf node is isolated; If a link to a non-leaf node fails, the entire section is isolated from the rest.

To alleviate the amount of traffic needed to retransmit in its entirety, to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that allow maintaining a list of the identities of the different systems connected to the network. These network switches would "learn" what the structure of the network is like by transmitting data packets to all nodes and then observing where the packets come from is also used as a socket or artifact.