Industrialization consists of the production of goods and services on a large scale, through the use of machines powered by new energy sources. Industrialization is known as the process by which a State or social community moves from an economy based on agriculture to one based on industrial development and in which this represents, in economic terms, the fundamental support of the gross domestic product and, in terms of employment, offers work to the majority of the population. It also supposes an economy of free exchanges.
Factories, with great examples of technological advances, increase productivity (and thus increase capital "Capital (economy)")); In reality, now they are factories, before they were developed in the domestic space of the peasants, such as weaving, utensils, ceramics. In simpler terms: "giving predominance to industries in a country's economy" [1]or "development of the economic and technical system necessary to transform raw materials into products suitable for consumption."[2].
The Industrial Revolution was a historical period between the second half of the century and the beginning of the century, in the United Kingdom first,[3] and the rest of continental Europe later, suffered the largest set of socioeconomic, technological and cultural transformations in the history of humanity, since the Neolithic. Industrialization arose as a direct consequence of the invention of the steam engine, but legal changes in property, increased trade and competitiveness between countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany and France also had a decisive influence. The drivers of industrialization were mining, metallurgy and chemistry.
The industrialization process was not homogeneous, that is, it was not all in one step, but rather it first occurred in the United Kingdom in the century; Other countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France or Russia industrialized during the century and currently there are countries in Africa or Asia that are very little industrialized.
Several transitions can be identified in this process:
By extension, industrialization is used to refer to any model of highly developed society, although since the 1950s the societies with the greatest economic power are those that have high levels of technological development.
Industrialization changed the previously existing natural and urban landscape, producing a new panorama in the environment. The new mode of production, with its factory buildings, its means of communication, the massive need for labor, etc., will transform not only the urban space, but also areas located in the countryside where small cities will emerge with the sole purpose of production. These "" imply a new way of understanding architecture and urban planning.
Neoindustrial urbanism
Introduction
Industrialization consists of the production of goods and services on a large scale, through the use of machines powered by new energy sources. Industrialization is known as the process by which a State or social community moves from an economy based on agriculture to one based on industrial development and in which this represents, in economic terms, the fundamental support of the gross domestic product and, in terms of employment, offers work to the majority of the population. It also supposes an economy of free exchanges.
Factories, with great examples of technological advances, increase productivity (and thus increase capital "Capital (economy)")); In reality, now they are factories, before they were developed in the domestic space of the peasants, such as weaving, utensils, ceramics. In simpler terms: "giving predominance to industries in a country's economy" [1]or "development of the economic and technical system necessary to transform raw materials into products suitable for consumption."[2].
The Industrial Revolution was a historical period between the second half of the century and the beginning of the century, in the United Kingdom first,[3] and the rest of continental Europe later, suffered the largest set of socioeconomic, technological and cultural transformations in the history of humanity, since the Neolithic. Industrialization arose as a direct consequence of the invention of the steam engine, but legal changes in property, increased trade and competitiveness between countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany and France also had a decisive influence. The drivers of industrialization were mining, metallurgy and chemistry.
The industrialization process was not homogeneous, that is, it was not all in one step, but rather it first occurred in the United Kingdom in the century; Other countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France or Russia industrialized during the century and currently there are countries in Africa or Asia that are very little industrialized.
Several transitions can be identified in this process:
By extension, industrialization is used to refer to any model of highly developed society, although since the 1950s the societies with the greatest economic power are those that have high levels of technological development.
industrial spaces
With the industrial revolution, not only do new buildings appear, but it is the architecture itself that is transformed, since it has to adapt to the new ideological concepts that are derived from it, to new human behaviors:
"The new lighting breaks into solar time, the new transportation shortens distances and previously inhospitable places, the new cities overcrowded by the increase in population provoke new public needs, new services, new communications, new notions of hygiene and comfort" (Aguilar, 1991, 93).
Contemporary architecture has its origins in the changes caused by the industrial revolution, as shown by the first theorists who dealt with the subject, Pevsner, Benévolo, Giedion, Tafuri, Zevi, Franton, etc., and which Inmaculada Aguilar summarizes (1991, 94):
modifies construction techniques and introduces new materials such as iron and glass (later concrete).
modifies the traditional concept of the city: new services, typologies, communication systems and a modern concept of land value.
stimulates the scientific spirit and with it experimental research, which has as an immediate consequence the creation of specialized schools.
Industrialization is much more than a technological transformation: "the machine is not only a concrete device, an ingenuity, it is also a social machine, a rational organization of production" (Aguilar, 1991, 94). It is based on repetition, on mass production, which requires the prior realization of an abstract model. That is, it requires that production be thought out in advance; foresight, precision, rigor and control become essential elements for its operation. This equally affects architecture, which becomes another sector of industrial production, introducing concepts such as standard repetition, series... which also require the development of a model to control the proper functioning of its production process: the plan.
Currently, the industrialization process has changed. In developing countries such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), migration from the countryside to the city is not accompanied by industrialization. Public institutions cannot be strengthened with the increases in tax collection that this entails, which has led to an increase in social conflict. Industrialization in these countries occurs thanks to cheap labor and the economies of scale they present (the relocation of companies means the loss of jobs in developed countries, but creates them in those that are developing).
In many cases, industrialization in these countries does not appear naturally, as occurred in the United Kingdom thanks to the increase in trade and the development of heavy industry such as mining, but rather it appears due to the boost that national or international institutions give to the economy. India and South Korea receive or have received significant aid from both the IMF, the World Bank and the United States due to their geopolitical importance and as a response to China's industrialization. On the other hand, China and Brazil have industrialized thanks to the policies their governments have adopted and state intervention in the economy.
One of the most important aspects is that the development of the tertiary sector has preceded industrialization in these countries, not like the industrialization of Europe, where the primary sector was developed first. This is mainly due to the increase in global tourism, the growth of the public sector (as a provider of services such as health, defense, etc.) and the development of the financial sector; The latter is the case of China, which has industrialized thanks to the control of capital and the price of its currency.
The first industrial sectors to develop are those that provide goods to the service sector, due to the boost they are supposed to give to the economy, or those sectors that have competitive advantages in the international market, such as labor-intensive ones. These sectors channel the impulse towards the intermediate products and capital goods sector.
References
[1] ↑ Definición de industrializar según el Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2014.: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=industrializar
[3] ↑ European Network of Industrial Heritage. Industrial History: Europe Archivado el 16 de octubre de 2017 en Wayback Machine. (en inglés). Consultado el 25 de mayo de 2011.: http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/europe.html
Industrialization changed the previously existing natural and urban landscape, producing a new panorama in the environment. The new mode of production, with its factory buildings, its means of communication, the massive need for labor, etc., will transform not only the urban space, but also areas located in the countryside where small cities will emerge with the sole purpose of production. These "industrial spaces" imply a new way of understanding architecture and urban planning.
With the industrial revolution, not only do new buildings appear, but it is the architecture itself that is transformed, since it has to adapt to the new ideological concepts that are derived from it, to new human behaviors:
"The new lighting breaks into solar time, the new transportation shortens distances and previously inhospitable places, the new cities overcrowded by the increase in population provoke new public needs, new services, new communications, new notions of hygiene and comfort" (Aguilar, 1991, 93).
Contemporary architecture has its origins in the changes caused by the industrial revolution, as shown by the first theorists who dealt with the subject, Pevsner, Benévolo, Giedion, Tafuri, Zevi, Franton, etc., and which Inmaculada Aguilar summarizes (1991, 94):
modifies construction techniques and introduces new materials such as iron and glass (later concrete).
modifies the traditional concept of the city: new services, typologies, communication systems and a modern concept of land value.
stimulates the scientific spirit and with it experimental research, which has as an immediate consequence the creation of specialized schools.
Industrialization is much more than a technological transformation: "the machine is not only a concrete device, an ingenuity, it is also a social machine, a rational organization of production" (Aguilar, 1991, 94). It is based on repetition, on mass production, which requires the prior realization of an abstract model. That is, it requires that production be thought out in advance; foresight, precision, rigor and control become essential elements for its operation. This equally affects architecture, which becomes another sector of industrial production, introducing concepts such as standard repetition, series... which also require the development of a model to control the proper functioning of its production process: the plan.
Currently, the industrialization process has changed. In developing countries such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), migration from the countryside to the city is not accompanied by industrialization. Public institutions cannot be strengthened with the increases in tax collection that this entails, which has led to an increase in social conflict. Industrialization in these countries occurs thanks to cheap labor and the economies of scale they present (the relocation of companies means the loss of jobs in developed countries, but creates them in those that are developing).
In many cases, industrialization in these countries does not appear naturally, as occurred in the United Kingdom thanks to the increase in trade and the development of heavy industry such as mining, but rather it appears due to the boost that national or international institutions give to the economy. India and South Korea receive or have received significant aid from both the IMF, the World Bank and the United States due to their geopolitical importance and as a response to China's industrialization. On the other hand, China and Brazil have industrialized thanks to the policies their governments have adopted and state intervention in the economy.
One of the most important aspects is that the development of the tertiary sector has preceded industrialization in these countries, not like the industrialization of Europe, where the primary sector was developed first. This is mainly due to the increase in global tourism, the growth of the public sector (as a provider of services such as health, defense, etc.) and the development of the financial sector; The latter is the case of China, which has industrialized thanks to the control of capital and the price of its currency.
The first industrial sectors to develop are those that provide goods to the service sector, due to the boost they are supposed to give to the economy, or those sectors that have competitive advantages in the international market, such as labor-intensive ones. These sectors channel the impulse towards the intermediate products and capital goods sector.
References
[1] ↑ Definición de industrializar según el Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2014.: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=industrializar
[3] ↑ European Network of Industrial Heritage. Industrial History: Europe Archivado el 16 de octubre de 2017 en Wayback Machine. (en inglés). Consultado el 25 de mayo de 2011.: http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/europe.html