Multilevel urban governance
Introduction
The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)[1] is the main financial instrument of the Regional and Cohesion Policy of the European Commission intended to contribute to the correction of the main regional imbalances within the Union. In this way, its main objective is to contribute to reducing the differences between the levels of development of the European regions and the backwardness of the less favored regions of the European Union.
In turn, the ERDF is one of the five European Structural and Investment Funds[2] (EEI Funds) of the current 2014-2020 programming period, along with:.
• - European Social Fund (ESF)[3].
• - Cohesion Fund (CF)[4].
• - European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)[5].
• - European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF).
These funds are managed jointly by the Member States and the European Commission. Within each Member State, management is distributed among different public administrations (central, regional and local), each of them having a quota of funds assigned a priori to carry out projects in the area.
The ERDF represents one of the largest investment items in the EU budget, affecting development areas such as transport, information and communication technology, energy, the environment, research and innovation, social infrastructure, training, urban rehabilitation and industrial reconversion, rural development, fishing, and even tourism and culture.
History
These European structural funds were established in 1975 with the objective of "correcting the main regional imbalances of the Community and especially those that are a consequence of a predominantly agrarian structure, industrial changes and structural underemployment."
In 1987, the Commission established a regional typology for Europe, based on the use of various variables, resulting in a classification of six types of problem regions:
• - Regions with low levels of income, productivity and employment.
• - Industrial regions in the process of decline.
• - Regions whose percentage of employment in the primary sector is 50% higher than the average for community countries.
• - Deteriorated urban regions with congestion problems, high levels of unemployment and income below the European average.