Contenido

La mayoría de los debates sobre el multiculturalismo se centran en si el multiculturalismo es o no la forma adecuada de abordar la diversidad y la integración de los inmigrantes. Los argumentos con respecto a los derechos percibidos para una educación multicultural incluyen la proposición de que actúa como una forma de exigir el reconocimiento de los aspectos de la subordinación de la cultura de un grupo y su experiencia completa en contraste con un crisol de culturas o sociedades no multiculturales.

Support

Multiculturalism is seen by its followers as a fairer system that allows people to truly express who they are within a society, which is more tolerant and better adapted to social problems. They argue that culture is not a definable thing based on race or religion, but rather the result of multiple factors that change as the world changes.[28]​.

Historically, support for modern multiculturalism comes from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the "human rights revolution", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and ethnic cleansing became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the Holocaust; with the collapse of the European colonial system, when colonized nations in Africa and Asia successfully fought for their independence and pointed out the discriminatory foundations of the colonial system; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, which criticized ideals of assimilation that often led to prejudice against those who did not act according to Anglo-American norms and which led to the development of academic ethnic studies. programs as a way to counteract the neglect of the contributions of racial minorities in classrooms.[29]​[30]​ As this history shows, multiculturalism in Western countries was seen to combat racism, protect minority communities of all kinds, and undo policies that prevented minorities from having full access to the opportunities for freedom and equality promised by the liberalism that has been a hallmark of Western societies since the Age of Enlightenment. The contact hypothesis in sociology is a well-documented phenomenon in which cooperative interactions with those from a group different from one's own reduce intergroup prejudice and hostility.

C. James Trotman") argues that multiculturalism is valuable because it "uses various disciplines to highlight neglected aspects of our social history, particularly the stories of women and minorities [...and] promotes respect for the dignity of the lives and voices of the forgotten. By closing the gaps, by raising awareness of the past, multiculturalism attempts to restore a sense of wholeness in the postmodern era that fragments human life and thought."[31]

Tariq Modood argues that in the early years of the century, multiculturalism "is very timely and necessary, and [...] we need more, not less", since it is "the form of integration" that (1) best fits the ideal of egalitarianism, (2) has "the best chance of success" in the "post-9/11, post 7/7" world, and (3) has remained "moderate [and] pragmatic".[32]

Bhikhu Parekh") counters what he sees as tendencies to equate multiculturalism with racial minorities "demanding special rights" and to see it as promoting "thinly veiled racism." Instead, he argues that multiculturalism "is not about minorities" but "is about the correct terms of relationship between different cultural communities," meaning that the standards by which communities resolve their differences, for example, "the principles of justice" should not come from a single cultures, but must come "through an open and equal dialogue between them".[33]​ Balibar characterizes criticism of multiculturalism as "differentialist racism", which he describes as a covert form of racism that does not aim so much at ethnic superiority as stereotypes the perceived "incompatibility of lifestyles and traditions".[34]​.

While there is research that suggests that ethnic diversity increases the chances of war, decreases the provision of public goods, and decreases democratization, there is also research that shows that ethnic diversity in itself is not detrimental to peace,[35]​[36]​ the provision of public goods,[37]​[38]​ or democracy.[39]​ On the contrary, it was found that promoting diversity actually helps disadvantaged students advance.[40]​ A study by 2018 American Political Science Review cast doubt on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater provision of public goods.[41]​.

The Wikimedia Foundation suggests that "diversity of perspectives is crucial to increasing the quality of the free knowledge resources that [their] movement provides."[42] Wikidata also suggests that "the world is complicated and there is no single truth, especially in a knowledge base that supposedly serves many cultures."

Reviews

Criticism of multiculturalism questions the ideal of maintaining different ethnic cultures within a country. Multiculturalism has become a particular topic of debate in certain European nations that are associated with the idea of ​​a single nation within their country.[43] Critics of multiculturalism may argue against the cultural integration of different ethnic and cultural groups into the existing laws and values ​​of the same country. Instead, critics may advocate the assimilation of different ethnic and cultural groups into a single national identity.[44]​.

Critics of multiculturalism often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benign coexistence of cultures that interrelate and influence each other, yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical, or even desirable.[45][46][47] They argue that nation-states, which would previously have been synonymous with a distinctive cultural identity of their own, lose out to forced multiculturalism and that this ultimately erodes the distinctive culture of nations. hosts.[48]​.

Harvard political science professor Robert D. Putnam conducted a nearly decade-long study on how multiculturalism affects social trust. It surveyed 26,200 people in 40 American communities and found that when the data was adjusted for class, income and other factors, the more diverse a community is, the greater the loss of trust. People in diverse communities "don't trust the local mayor, they don't trust the local newspaper, they don't trust other people, and they don't trust institutions," Putnam writes.[49] Putnam has also stated, however, that "this allergy to diversity tends to diminish and disappear...I think we will all be better in the long run."[50]

Thinking about multiculturalism from a gender perspective necessarily implies linking the concept of culture to the concept of power; From this position, the policies of cultural recognition are not opposed to feminist visions, but instead locate the strategies of struggle in particular contexts.[51] Women are part of a community that for years have had to live experiences of political and social oppression, they have been marginalized and excluded from national construction in each of the existing societies. According to the race, class and culture to which they belong, women suffer from sexism; Although women of all social groups suffer from gender oppression, Third World women are even more affected by suffering from general oppression towards their nation and their own specifically for being women. These elements have prevented the construction of a homogeneous identity; instead, it has been characterized as a gender identity that refuses to accept cultural diversity.

Moller Okin (1999) points out that there is a very strong tension between multiculturalism and feminism, because multiculturalism is based on the request for the cultures of ethical minorities, while feminism refers to the criticism of any patriarchal culture. In the feminist critique of multiculturalism, it is assumed, on the one hand, that the culture of “minorities” is that claimed by the hegemonic sectors within them, without recognizing that women's oppositional practices and discourses are also part of those cultures for which respect is requested. It is also assumed that we know how gender inequality works in all societies, regardless of specific contexts and histories.[52] Intellectual feminists seek to raise the need to recover national identities as public spaces and at the same time propose new ways of rethinking culture from a gender perspective.

In the context of indigenous women, those who are part of the EZLN have participated in the Congress of the Union and have demanded from the State the right to have their own culture, to the collective rights of their people, as well as to recognize the rights of indigenous women to assume public positions, to inherit lands and to decide for their own bodies. Indigenous women have fought for rights that break with certain traditions within their communities that they consider oppressive or exclusive. Indigenous women are setting the tone for how to rethink indigenous autonomy from a dynamic perspective of culture, which, while claiming the right to self-determination, does so from a conception of identity as a historical construction that is being formed and reformulated daily.[52]​.

Argentina

Although it is not called multiculturalism as such, the preamble of the Argentine Constitution explicitly promotes immigration, and recognizes the multiple citizenship of the individual from other countries. Multiculturalism is a characteristic of Argentine culture,[53][54]​ with the presence of foreign festivals and festivities (for example, Saint Patrick's Day), supporting all types of art or groups, as well as their dissemination through an important multicultural presence in the media; For example, it is not uncommon to find newspapers or radio programs in English, Italian, French or Portuguese in Argentina.[55]​ According to the latest national census report of 2010, Argentina has 1,900,000 immigrants. It is estimated that immigrants in 2015 exceeded 2,000,000. This places Argentina as the largest recipient of immigrants in all of Latin America, and in absolute terms worldwide places Argentina in 29th place.[56]​.

According to the list of the National Institute of Indigenous Affairs published on its website, there are 1,779 registered indigenous communities in Argentina, belonging to 39 indigenous peoples.

[57]​

[58]​.

Bolivia

Bolivia is a diverse country made up of 36 different types of indigenous groups.[59]​ More than 62% of the total population of Bolivia belongs to these different indigenous groups, making it the most indigenous country in Latin America.[60]​ Out of the indigenous groups, the Aymara and the Quechuas are the largest.[59]​ The last 30% of the population is separated from the mestizo, which is a people mixed with European and indigenous ancestors. Bolivia's political administrations have supported multicultural policy and in 2009 the Bolivian Constitution was inscribed with multicultural principles.[61]​ The Bolivian Constitution recognizes 36 official languages ​​in addition to Spanish, each language having its own culture and indigenous group.[62]​ Bolivian culture is celebrated throughout the country and has strong influences from the Aymara, Quechua, Spanish and other popular cultures throughout Latin America.

Brazil

The Americas are known to be some of the most multicultural geographic locations, as many times there is a diversity of languages, religions, and ethnicities present. Brazil can also hail multiculturalism and has undergone many changes in recent decades. Brazil is a controversial country when it comes to defining a multicultural country.[63] There are two views, in which the Harvard Economic Research Institute states that Brazil has an intersection of many cultures due to recent migration. On the other hand, there is Pew Research Center, in which they affirm that Brazil is culturally diverse, but the majority of the country speaks Portuguese.[64]​.

Cities like São Paulo are seen as home to many immigrants from Japan, Italy and Lebanon for example.[65]​ There is a multicultural presence within this city, and this is prevalent throughout Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil is a country that has made great strides to embrace migrant cultures, and with its increase in people of African descent they have made changes to be more aware and welcoming. There has been an increase in awareness of the fight against discrimination against people of African descent and they have actively found ways to combat racism in Brazil.[66]​.

Canada

Canadian society is often described as "very progressive, diverse and multicultural".[67] Multiculturalism (a just society in John Stuart Mill's terms)[68] was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the presidency of Pierre Elliott Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s. Multiculturalism is reflected in law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and in Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[69]​ The Broadcasting Act 1991 states that the Canadian broadcasting system must reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Canadian multiculturalism is admired outside the country, causing the Canadian public to dismiss most critics of the concept.[70][71] Multiculturalism is often considered one of Canada's significant achievements[72] and a key distinctive element of Canadian identity.[73][74] The Economist published a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the most successful multicultural society in the West. The Economist argued that Canada's multiculturalism was a source of strength that united its diverse population and by attracting immigrants from around the world was also an engine of economic growth.[75]​.

Mexico

A fundamental axis of multiculturalism in Mexico, as well as in the United States and many countries, is the mass media, although cultural changes have occurred thanks to media such as cinema, radio, television, and the Internet.

Just as it can be in a city as large as Mexico City, it has allowed this culture of audiovisual media to be indoctrinated in order to create both social and political integration. Furthermore, consumption in general has also been affected, as it is much more globalized and more likely to be closer to the people.

Clearly, this has affected many more cultures, since they were closer to other media, but by generalizing the media throughout Latin America, not just in Mexico, they had to generate new customs since for them it was something new, and the result of this would not be to lock all populations in the same culture. It would be able to diversify the information for all cultures and thus not exclude any.

Due to its plurilingual nature (69 languages, 364 variants and 11 families according to the National Institute of Indigenous Languages ​​INALI), multiculturalism has been a widely researched problem with a multidisciplinary perspective. Some authors are Erica González Apodaca:%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Apodaca,%20Erica), María Bertely:%20Bertely%20Busquets,%20Mar%C3%ADa), Ernesto Díaz Couder:%20D%C3%ADaz%20Couder,%20Ernesto), according to the Lingmex database, Bibliography linguistics since 1970.

USA

The United States is an ethnically and culturally diverse country as a result of mass immigration from many countries throughout its history.

During the 20th century, the concept of multiculturalism spread in Anglo-Saxon countries such as Canada and the United States, where it continues to be used as an official national ideology (Canada) and as an educational and political practice (United States).

In the United States, the debate on multiculturalism has been intensely polarizing, generating different divisions. It is said that in the United States there was no founding mythology of hybridity, that is, there was never any mixing between the white race and the native or the black race.

Multiculturalism began to emerge in the United States around the 1960s thanks to the civil rights movement, thus linking it with politics and the American educational system. Multiculturalism is related to legal demands in favor of minority groups for equality in work and education.

In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was ratified, which abolished racial segregation in all public schools and higher education institutions and legalized equal employment opportunities by prohibiting discrimination based on race.

American multiculturalism is characterized by the transition from a monocultural and assimilationist model, which in reality never was (in the 1940s blacks were considered inadmissible to the nation), to an integrationist one resistant to reductionist monoculturalism. Therefore, it can be said that identity and difference form the theoretical framework of multiculturalism and its debates.

Peru

Peru is an exemplary country of multiculturalism, in 2016 the INEI reported a total population of 31 million people and has received many immigrants in its country, creating a diverse community.

Peru was initially populated by Amerindian peoples, but after the Spanish conquest, the Spanish took African and Asian peoples as slaves, creating a mix of ethnic groups. After slavery was no longer allowed in Peru, Afro-Peruvians and Asian-Peruvians have contributed to Peruvian culture in many ways. Today, Amerindians make up 12% of the population.[76] Mestizos, 50-60%; whites, 20%; and 6-20% are made up of blacks, Chinese and others. In 1821, the president of Peru, José de San Martín, gave foreigners the freedom to start industries on Peruvian soil. Two years later, foreigners who had been living in Peru for more than 5 years were considered naturalized citizens, a figure that later decreased to 3 years.

Venezuela

Venezuela, with an estimated population of thirty million inhabitants, is populated by a wide variety of ethnic groups. Approximately 33% of its population is mestizo; 32%, white; 21%, mulatto; 8%, black; and 4%, indigenous.[77]​ Venezuelan culture is mainly composed of the mixture of its indigenous, Spanish and African peoples.[78]​ The first immigrants to settle in the country were the Spanish since the 19th century. Since the century, the country has received a significant migratory flow thanks to the oil boom that the country experienced in that decade, mostly coming from America, Europe and East Asia, directly influencing culture, language, traditions, descent, gastronomy among other things.

According to national estimates and estimates from countries of origin, approximately 1,375,690 foreigners reside in the country, mostly comprised of people from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Colombia, Ecuador, China, Lebanon, Syria, Poland, Czech Republic, France, among others.[79]​ It is estimated that approximately 15 million people with direct ancestry from European countries currently reside in the country: Spain, Italy, Germany, Portugal, France, Poland and Eastern European countries, thus representing 50% of the approximate population existing in the country, highlighting that the country has the second Portuguese community behind Brazil in the region and the third largest community of Italians and descendants behind Argentina and Brazil. The African influence can be seen in their music, with the use of drums. While Spanish is the primary language of Venezuela, more than 40 indigenous languages ​​are spoken to this day.

Colombia

Colombia, with a population estimated at 51 million inhabitants, is populated by a wide variety of ethnic groups. Approximately 49% of its population is mestizo, 37% white "Blanco (person)"), 10% Afro-descendant, 3.4% indigenous and 0.6 gypsy.

It is estimated that 18.8 million Colombians are direct descendants of Europeans, either through one of their parents or grandparents. Mainly coming from Spain, Italy, Germany, Poland and England, they represent 37% of its population. Arab (Asian) ancestry also predominates in the country. Syrians, Lebanese and Palestinians are the country's largest post-independence immigration. So much so that Colombia has the second largest Arab colony in Latin America, with a little more than 3.2 million descendants, which represents 6.4% of its population.

In the political philosophy of multiculturalism, ideas focus on the ways in which societies are or should respond to cultural and religious differences. It is often associated with "identity politics", "the politics of difference" and "the politics of recognition". It is also a question of economic interests and political power.[10]​ In more recent times, multiculturalist political ideologies have expanded in their use to include and define disadvantaged groups such as African Americans or the LGBT+ group, with arguments often focusing on ethnic and religious minorities, minority nations, indigenous peoples, and even the disabled. It is in this context that the term is most commonly understood and the breadth and scope of the definition, as well as its practical use, has been the subject of serious debate.

The term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation-states, which had apparently achieved a single de facto national identity over the centuries. cultures.[15]​.

The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology due to its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.[16][17] The Canadian Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism is often referred to as the origins of the modern political consciousness of multiculturalism.[18] In Western English-speaking countries, multiculturalism as official national policy began in Canada in 1971, followed by Australia in 1973 where it remains. today.[19][20][21][22] It was quickly adopted as official policy by the majority of the Member States of the European Union. Recently, the right-wing governments of several European states, for example the Netherlands and Denmark, have reversed national policy and returned to an official monoculturalism.[23] A similar reversal is the subject of debate in the United Kingdom, among others, due to evidence of emerging segregation and anxieties about terrorism.[24] Several heads of state or heads of government have expressed doubts about the success of multicultural policies: former UK Prime Minister David Cameron, the Chancellor German Angela Merkel, former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and former Spanish President José María Aznar and former French President Nicolas Sarkozy have expressed concern about the effectiveness of their multicultural policies for the integration of immigrants.[25][26]​.

Many nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas are culturally diverse and are "multicultural" in a descriptive sense. In some, communalism is an important political issue. The policies adopted by these states often have parallels with multiculturalist policies in the Western world, but the historical background is different, and the goal may be a mono-cultural or mono-ethnic nation-building, for example in the Malaysian government's attempt to create a "Malaysian race". for 2020.[27]​.

Contenido

La mayoría de los debates sobre el multiculturalismo se centran en si el multiculturalismo es o no la forma adecuada de abordar la diversidad y la integración de los inmigrantes. Los argumentos con respecto a los derechos percibidos para una educación multicultural incluyen la proposición de que actúa como una forma de exigir el reconocimiento de los aspectos de la subordinación de la cultura de un grupo y su experiencia completa en contraste con un crisol de culturas o sociedades no multiculturales.

Support

Multiculturalism is seen by its followers as a fairer system that allows people to truly express who they are within a society, which is more tolerant and better adapted to social problems. They argue that culture is not a definable thing based on race or religion, but rather the result of multiple factors that change as the world changes.[28]​.

Historically, support for modern multiculturalism comes from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the "human rights revolution", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and ethnic cleansing became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the Holocaust; with the collapse of the European colonial system, when colonized nations in Africa and Asia successfully fought for their independence and pointed out the discriminatory foundations of the colonial system; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, which criticized ideals of assimilation that often led to prejudice against those who did not act according to Anglo-American norms and which led to the development of academic ethnic studies. programs as a way to counteract the neglect of the contributions of racial minorities in classrooms.[29]​[30]​ As this history shows, multiculturalism in Western countries was seen to combat racism, protect minority communities of all kinds, and undo policies that prevented minorities from having full access to the opportunities for freedom and equality promised by the liberalism that has been a hallmark of Western societies since the Age of Enlightenment. The contact hypothesis in sociology is a well-documented phenomenon in which cooperative interactions with those from a group different from one's own reduce intergroup prejudice and hostility.

C. James Trotman") argues that multiculturalism is valuable because it "uses various disciplines to highlight neglected aspects of our social history, particularly the stories of women and minorities [...and] promotes respect for the dignity of the lives and voices of the forgotten. By closing the gaps, by raising awareness of the past, multiculturalism attempts to restore a sense of wholeness in the postmodern era that fragments human life and thought."[31]

Tariq Modood argues that in the early years of the century, multiculturalism "is very timely and necessary, and [...] we need more, not less", since it is "the form of integration" that (1) best fits the ideal of egalitarianism, (2) has "the best chance of success" in the "post-9/11, post 7/7" world, and (3) has remained "moderate [and] pragmatic".[32]

Bhikhu Parekh") counters what he sees as tendencies to equate multiculturalism with racial minorities "demanding special rights" and to see it as promoting "thinly veiled racism." Instead, he argues that multiculturalism "is not about minorities" but "is about the correct terms of relationship between different cultural communities," meaning that the standards by which communities resolve their differences, for example, "the principles of justice" should not come from a single cultures, but must come "through an open and equal dialogue between them".[33]​ Balibar characterizes criticism of multiculturalism as "differentialist racism", which he describes as a covert form of racism that does not aim so much at ethnic superiority as stereotypes the perceived "incompatibility of lifestyles and traditions".[34]​.

While there is research that suggests that ethnic diversity increases the chances of war, decreases the provision of public goods, and decreases democratization, there is also research that shows that ethnic diversity in itself is not detrimental to peace,[35]​[36]​ the provision of public goods,[37]​[38]​ or democracy.[39]​ On the contrary, it was found that promoting diversity actually helps disadvantaged students advance.[40]​ A study by 2018 American Political Science Review cast doubt on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater provision of public goods.[41]​.

The Wikimedia Foundation suggests that "diversity of perspectives is crucial to increasing the quality of the free knowledge resources that [their] movement provides."[42] Wikidata also suggests that "the world is complicated and there is no single truth, especially in a knowledge base that supposedly serves many cultures."

Reviews

Criticism of multiculturalism questions the ideal of maintaining different ethnic cultures within a country. Multiculturalism has become a particular topic of debate in certain European nations that are associated with the idea of ​​a single nation within their country.[43] Critics of multiculturalism may argue against the cultural integration of different ethnic and cultural groups into the existing laws and values ​​of the same country. Instead, critics may advocate the assimilation of different ethnic and cultural groups into a single national identity.[44]​.

Critics of multiculturalism often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benign coexistence of cultures that interrelate and influence each other, yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical, or even desirable.[45][46][47] They argue that nation-states, which would previously have been synonymous with a distinctive cultural identity of their own, lose out to forced multiculturalism and that this ultimately erodes the distinctive culture of nations. hosts.[48]​.

Harvard political science professor Robert D. Putnam conducted a nearly decade-long study on how multiculturalism affects social trust. It surveyed 26,200 people in 40 American communities and found that when the data was adjusted for class, income and other factors, the more diverse a community is, the greater the loss of trust. People in diverse communities "don't trust the local mayor, they don't trust the local newspaper, they don't trust other people, and they don't trust institutions," Putnam writes.[49] Putnam has also stated, however, that "this allergy to diversity tends to diminish and disappear...I think we will all be better in the long run."[50]

Thinking about multiculturalism from a gender perspective necessarily implies linking the concept of culture to the concept of power; From this position, the policies of cultural recognition are not opposed to feminist visions, but instead locate the strategies of struggle in particular contexts.[51] Women are part of a community that for years have had to live experiences of political and social oppression, they have been marginalized and excluded from national construction in each of the existing societies. According to the race, class and culture to which they belong, women suffer from sexism; Although women of all social groups suffer from gender oppression, Third World women are even more affected by suffering from general oppression towards their nation and their own specifically for being women. These elements have prevented the construction of a homogeneous identity; instead, it has been characterized as a gender identity that refuses to accept cultural diversity.

Moller Okin (1999) points out that there is a very strong tension between multiculturalism and feminism, because multiculturalism is based on the request for the cultures of ethical minorities, while feminism refers to the criticism of any patriarchal culture. In the feminist critique of multiculturalism, it is assumed, on the one hand, that the culture of “minorities” is that claimed by the hegemonic sectors within them, without recognizing that women's oppositional practices and discourses are also part of those cultures for which respect is requested. It is also assumed that we know how gender inequality works in all societies, regardless of specific contexts and histories.[52] Intellectual feminists seek to raise the need to recover national identities as public spaces and at the same time propose new ways of rethinking culture from a gender perspective.

In the context of indigenous women, those who are part of the EZLN have participated in the Congress of the Union and have demanded from the State the right to have their own culture, to the collective rights of their people, as well as to recognize the rights of indigenous women to assume public positions, to inherit lands and to decide for their own bodies. Indigenous women have fought for rights that break with certain traditions within their communities that they consider oppressive or exclusive. Indigenous women are setting the tone for how to rethink indigenous autonomy from a dynamic perspective of culture, which, while claiming the right to self-determination, does so from a conception of identity as a historical construction that is being formed and reformulated daily.[52]​.

Argentina

Although it is not called multiculturalism as such, the preamble of the Argentine Constitution explicitly promotes immigration, and recognizes the multiple citizenship of the individual from other countries. Multiculturalism is a characteristic of Argentine culture,[53][54]​ with the presence of foreign festivals and festivities (for example, Saint Patrick's Day), supporting all types of art or groups, as well as their dissemination through an important multicultural presence in the media; For example, it is not uncommon to find newspapers or radio programs in English, Italian, French or Portuguese in Argentina.[55]​ According to the latest national census report of 2010, Argentina has 1,900,000 immigrants. It is estimated that immigrants in 2015 exceeded 2,000,000. This places Argentina as the largest recipient of immigrants in all of Latin America, and in absolute terms worldwide places Argentina in 29th place.[56]​.

According to the list of the National Institute of Indigenous Affairs published on its website, there are 1,779 registered indigenous communities in Argentina, belonging to 39 indigenous peoples.

[57]​

[58]​.

Bolivia

Bolivia is a diverse country made up of 36 different types of indigenous groups.[59]​ More than 62% of the total population of Bolivia belongs to these different indigenous groups, making it the most indigenous country in Latin America.[60]​ Out of the indigenous groups, the Aymara and the Quechuas are the largest.[59]​ The last 30% of the population is separated from the mestizo, which is a people mixed with European and indigenous ancestors. Bolivia's political administrations have supported multicultural policy and in 2009 the Bolivian Constitution was inscribed with multicultural principles.[61]​ The Bolivian Constitution recognizes 36 official languages ​​in addition to Spanish, each language having its own culture and indigenous group.[62]​ Bolivian culture is celebrated throughout the country and has strong influences from the Aymara, Quechua, Spanish and other popular cultures throughout Latin America.

Brazil

The Americas are known to be some of the most multicultural geographic locations, as many times there is a diversity of languages, religions, and ethnicities present. Brazil can also hail multiculturalism and has undergone many changes in recent decades. Brazil is a controversial country when it comes to defining a multicultural country.[63] There are two views, in which the Harvard Economic Research Institute states that Brazil has an intersection of many cultures due to recent migration. On the other hand, there is Pew Research Center, in which they affirm that Brazil is culturally diverse, but the majority of the country speaks Portuguese.[64]​.

Cities like São Paulo are seen as home to many immigrants from Japan, Italy and Lebanon for example.[65]​ There is a multicultural presence within this city, and this is prevalent throughout Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil is a country that has made great strides to embrace migrant cultures, and with its increase in people of African descent they have made changes to be more aware and welcoming. There has been an increase in awareness of the fight against discrimination against people of African descent and they have actively found ways to combat racism in Brazil.[66]​.

Canada

Canadian society is often described as "very progressive, diverse and multicultural".[67] Multiculturalism (a just society in John Stuart Mill's terms)[68] was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the presidency of Pierre Elliott Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s. Multiculturalism is reflected in law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and in Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[69]​ The Broadcasting Act 1991 states that the Canadian broadcasting system must reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Canadian multiculturalism is admired outside the country, causing the Canadian public to dismiss most critics of the concept.[70][71] Multiculturalism is often considered one of Canada's significant achievements[72] and a key distinctive element of Canadian identity.[73][74] The Economist published a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the most successful multicultural society in the West. The Economist argued that Canada's multiculturalism was a source of strength that united its diverse population and by attracting immigrants from around the world was also an engine of economic growth.[75]​.

Mexico

A fundamental axis of multiculturalism in Mexico, as well as in the United States and many countries, is the mass media, although cultural changes have occurred thanks to media such as cinema, radio, television, and the Internet.

Just as it can be in a city as large as Mexico City, it has allowed this culture of audiovisual media to be indoctrinated in order to create both social and political integration. Furthermore, consumption in general has also been affected, as it is much more globalized and more likely to be closer to the people.

Clearly, this has affected many more cultures, since they were closer to other media, but by generalizing the media throughout Latin America, not just in Mexico, they had to generate new customs since for them it was something new, and the result of this would not be to lock all populations in the same culture. It would be able to diversify the information for all cultures and thus not exclude any.

Due to its plurilingual nature (69 languages, 364 variants and 11 families according to the National Institute of Indigenous Languages ​​INALI), multiculturalism has been a widely researched problem with a multidisciplinary perspective. Some authors are Erica González Apodaca:%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Apodaca,%20Erica), María Bertely:%20Bertely%20Busquets,%20Mar%C3%ADa), Ernesto Díaz Couder:%20D%C3%ADaz%20Couder,%20Ernesto), according to the Lingmex database, Bibliography linguistics since 1970.

USA

The United States is an ethnically and culturally diverse country as a result of mass immigration from many countries throughout its history.

During the 20th century, the concept of multiculturalism spread in Anglo-Saxon countries such as Canada and the United States, where it continues to be used as an official national ideology (Canada) and as an educational and political practice (United States).

In the United States, the debate on multiculturalism has been intensely polarizing, generating different divisions. It is said that in the United States there was no founding mythology of hybridity, that is, there was never any mixing between the white race and the native or the black race.

Multiculturalism began to emerge in the United States around the 1960s thanks to the civil rights movement, thus linking it with politics and the American educational system. Multiculturalism is related to legal demands in favor of minority groups for equality in work and education.

In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was ratified, which abolished racial segregation in all public schools and higher education institutions and legalized equal employment opportunities by prohibiting discrimination based on race.

American multiculturalism is characterized by the transition from a monocultural and assimilationist model, which in reality never was (in the 1940s blacks were considered inadmissible to the nation), to an integrationist one resistant to reductionist monoculturalism. Therefore, it can be said that identity and difference form the theoretical framework of multiculturalism and its debates.

Peru

Peru is an exemplary country of multiculturalism, in 2016 the INEI reported a total population of 31 million people and has received many immigrants in its country, creating a diverse community.

Peru was initially populated by Amerindian peoples, but after the Spanish conquest, the Spanish took African and Asian peoples as slaves, creating a mix of ethnic groups. After slavery was no longer allowed in Peru, Afro-Peruvians and Asian-Peruvians have contributed to Peruvian culture in many ways. Today, Amerindians make up 12% of the population.[76] Mestizos, 50-60%; whites, 20%; and 6-20% are made up of blacks, Chinese and others. In 1821, the president of Peru, José de San Martín, gave foreigners the freedom to start industries on Peruvian soil. Two years later, foreigners who had been living in Peru for more than 5 years were considered naturalized citizens, a figure that later decreased to 3 years.

Venezuela

Venezuela, with an estimated population of thirty million inhabitants, is populated by a wide variety of ethnic groups. Approximately 33% of its population is mestizo; 32%, white; 21%, mulatto; 8%, black; and 4%, indigenous.[77]​ Venezuelan culture is mainly composed of the mixture of its indigenous, Spanish and African peoples.[78]​ The first immigrants to settle in the country were the Spanish since the 19th century. Since the century, the country has received a significant migratory flow thanks to the oil boom that the country experienced in that decade, mostly coming from America, Europe and East Asia, directly influencing culture, language, traditions, descent, gastronomy among other things.

According to national estimates and estimates from countries of origin, approximately 1,375,690 foreigners reside in the country, mostly comprised of people from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Colombia, Ecuador, China, Lebanon, Syria, Poland, Czech Republic, France, among others.[79]​ It is estimated that approximately 15 million people with direct ancestry from European countries currently reside in the country: Spain, Italy, Germany, Portugal, France, Poland and Eastern European countries, thus representing 50% of the approximate population existing in the country, highlighting that the country has the second Portuguese community behind Brazil in the region and the third largest community of Italians and descendants behind Argentina and Brazil. The African influence can be seen in their music, with the use of drums. While Spanish is the primary language of Venezuela, more than 40 indigenous languages ​​are spoken to this day.

Colombia

Colombia, with a population estimated at 51 million inhabitants, is populated by a wide variety of ethnic groups. Approximately 49% of its population is mestizo, 37% white "Blanco (person)"), 10% Afro-descendant, 3.4% indigenous and 0.6 gypsy.

It is estimated that 18.8 million Colombians are direct descendants of Europeans, either through one of their parents or grandparents. Mainly coming from Spain, Italy, Germany, Poland and England, they represent 37% of its population. Arab (Asian) ancestry also predominates in the country. Syrians, Lebanese and Palestinians are the country's largest post-independence immigration. So much so that Colombia has the second largest Arab colony in Latin America, with a little more than 3.2 million descendants, which represents 6.4% of its population.