The gates or propylaea were the easiest areas to attack in a siege, so solutions were invented since ancient times, which in many cases were combined.

• - A first method would be to create a transition space between the city and the outside, like a patio whose journey is inevitable (Troy).

• - Another method was to double the wall forming a corridor in which the attackers had to take cover from attacks on both sides (Mantinea).

• - Several doors could also be created in a row, two or three, which delayed the entry of the armies.

• - The most efficient case was to flank the entrance with two defensive towers "Tower (construction)") that would protect it (Corinth).

• - A variant of the previous case was to place a single tower, taking advantage of the orographic particularities of the terrain, to force the aggressors to enter from the left. From the tower the right flank could then be attacked, which was more vulnerable in the Greek armies.

• - Another solution consisted of placing the gate next to a gap in the wall, in such a way that the siege engines could not penetrate, and the defenders could at any given moment leave and re-enter in rapid raids.

• - There is also the postern, a very small hole in the wall that allows only one person to pass through, making it very easily defendable.

Las torres de defensa eran estructuras tremendamente costosas, cuya función era evitar que los enemigos se acercasen a la muralla y la atacasen directamente. Se construían en piedra o adobe, y solían ser macizas hasta la altura de la planta de defensa, evitando que los arietes las derribaran golpeando una primera planta. En la Grecia helénica este sistema queda obsoleto, instaurándose una planta baja (caso de Caria) con ventanas por las que disparar, para mejorar el rendimiento de la defensa.

Guys

• - Square or rectangular floor plan: The most common and cheapest. They had the fault of limited viewing angles, since from one side you are not aware of what is happening on the others.

• - Polygonal plan: Intermediate solution in cost and effectiveness between rectangular and circular towers. They expanded vision but were still more vulnerable on the lateral ends.

• - Peak plan: Another intermediate solution, with worse lateral defense.

• - Semicircular plan: More expensive and complex in construction. Its curved walls were capable of diverting the direction of projectiles without them fully impacting them. On the other hand, his vision was quite broad.

• - Circular plan: The lack of blind spots at the ends made these towers the best defense option for a city.[1]​ They also entailed a high cost that not all polises could afford. Its use spread especially throughout the Peloponnese, but many were never built.

The watchtowers or phyktorion were free-standing structures far from the city to which they belonged but in visual contact with it. They had a great entity of their own, in some cases becoming small fortresses (such as Massalia). They also required more resources to build than defense towers.

Their functions were to warn the city-states of the approach of enemies and defend their position.

Sometimes, to improve its resistance and defense, its inclined walls were built, in the form of a slope. This allowed them to better withstand the attack of heavy machinery such as battering rams.

Greek fortresses appeared in two contexts.

• - Ancient city centers, fortified from an early age, which as they grew served as a defensive element and housed the entire population. The acropolises such as Tiryns and the fortresses of the rulers such as Mycenae are associated here. Later acropolises such as that of Athens, beginning with the rule of Pericles, are understood as magnified, public and monumental religious centers, rather than as fortresses, since they arise in cities that have expanded and been surrounded by new walls.

• - Reinforcements of watchtowers and fortified plans in the vicinity of the cities, with views of the cities and their fields, which spotted the enemy and protected the territory.

Although moats have always existed, normally associated with walls, it was not until the century BC. C. when they become widespread, hindering the transfer of siege machinery and troops. Their width was very variable, and they could become truly large, with cases reported reaching 20 meters.

When they appeared attached to the walls, they served to supply water to the besieged polis, as well as as defensive elements. An efficient technique was to have underground tunnels communicate with the moats, in such a way that everything that the attackers threw away with the aim of closing the moat could be drained.

The fortified fields are an evolution of the moats, with the objective of preventing or delaying the advance of troops and machinery and above all, long-range machinery, which could reach cities at distances of 200-300 meters.

In these fields everything that Greek minds were capable of inventing was placed: ditches, traps covered with sharp stakes, low walls, taking advantage of the vegetation and topography.

A curious fact is that these fields could be built by both defenders and attackers. In the second case, strategic locations were found, usually in front of the gates, and ditches were dug and parapets "Parapet (military)") were built to defend against projectiles and store supplies and weapons. In that case the situation was reversed and it did not matter that the attackers did not reach the walls, since the objective was that the defenders did not reach the attackers. This technique was the one used by the Athenians in the siege of Epidaurus.

• - Architecture in Ancient Greece.

• - War in Ancient Greece.

• - Siege in Ancient Greece.

• - Navy in Ancient Greece.

• - Long Walls.

• - History of Ancient Greece; Joseph M. Walker. Ed. Edimat books s.a. ISBN 84-8403-490-9.

• - Memoirs relating to European and Asian Turkey, and other countries of the East; Robert Walpole. Ed. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (1818).

• - Ancient fortifications: 500-300 BC; Fields, Nic, and Delf, Brian. Ed. Osprey Publishing (2006). ISBN 978-18-41768847.

The gates or propylaea were the easiest areas to attack in a siege, so solutions were invented since ancient times, which in many cases were combined.

• - A first method would be to create a transition space between the city and the outside, like a patio whose journey is inevitable (Troy).

• - Another method was to double the wall forming a corridor in which the attackers had to take cover from attacks on both sides (Mantinea).

• - Several doors could also be created in a row, two or three, which delayed the entry of the armies.

• - The most efficient case was to flank the entrance with two defensive towers "Tower (construction)") that would protect it (Corinth).

• - A variant of the previous case was to place a single tower, taking advantage of the orographic particularities of the terrain, to force the aggressors to enter from the left. From the tower the right flank could then be attacked, which was more vulnerable in the Greek armies.

• - Another solution consisted of placing the gate next to a gap in the wall, in such a way that the siege engines could not penetrate, and the defenders could at any given moment leave and re-enter in rapid raids.

• - There is also the postern, a very small hole in the wall that allows only one person to pass through, making it very easily defendable.

Las torres de defensa eran estructuras tremendamente costosas, cuya función era evitar que los enemigos se acercasen a la muralla y la atacasen directamente. Se construían en piedra o adobe, y solían ser macizas hasta la altura de la planta de defensa, evitando que los arietes las derribaran golpeando una primera planta. En la Grecia helénica este sistema queda obsoleto, instaurándose una planta baja (caso de Caria) con ventanas por las que disparar, para mejorar el rendimiento de la defensa.

Guys

• - Square or rectangular floor plan: The most common and cheapest. They had the fault of limited viewing angles, since from one side you are not aware of what is happening on the others.

• - Polygonal plan: Intermediate solution in cost and effectiveness between rectangular and circular towers. They expanded vision but were still more vulnerable on the lateral ends.

• - Peak plan: Another intermediate solution, with worse lateral defense.

• - Semicircular plan: More expensive and complex in construction. Its curved walls were capable of diverting the direction of projectiles without them fully impacting them. On the other hand, his vision was quite broad.

• - Circular plan: The lack of blind spots at the ends made these towers the best defense option for a city.[1]​ They also entailed a high cost that not all polises could afford. Its use spread especially throughout the Peloponnese, but many were never built.

The watchtowers or phyktorion were free-standing structures far from the city to which they belonged but in visual contact with it. They had a great entity of their own, in some cases becoming small fortresses (such as Massalia). They also required more resources to build than defense towers.

Their functions were to warn the city-states of the approach of enemies and defend their position.

Sometimes, to improve its resistance and defense, its inclined walls were built, in the form of a slope. This allowed them to better withstand the attack of heavy machinery such as battering rams.

Greek fortresses appeared in two contexts.

• - Ancient city centers, fortified from an early age, which as they grew served as a defensive element and housed the entire population. The acropolises such as Tiryns and the fortresses of the rulers such as Mycenae are associated here. Later acropolises such as that of Athens, beginning with the rule of Pericles, are understood as magnified, public and monumental religious centers, rather than as fortresses, since they arise in cities that have expanded and been surrounded by new walls.

• - Reinforcements of watchtowers and fortified plans in the vicinity of the cities, with views of the cities and their fields, which spotted the enemy and protected the territory.

Although moats have always existed, normally associated with walls, it was not until the century BC. C. when they become widespread, hindering the transfer of siege machinery and troops. Their width was very variable, and they could become truly large, with cases reported reaching 20 meters.

When they appeared attached to the walls, they served to supply water to the besieged polis, as well as as defensive elements. An efficient technique was to have underground tunnels communicate with the moats, in such a way that everything that the attackers threw away with the aim of closing the moat could be drained.

The fortified fields are an evolution of the moats, with the objective of preventing or delaying the advance of troops and machinery and above all, long-range machinery, which could reach cities at distances of 200-300 meters.

In these fields everything that Greek minds were capable of inventing was placed: ditches, traps covered with sharp stakes, low walls, taking advantage of the vegetation and topography.

A curious fact is that these fields could be built by both defenders and attackers. In the second case, strategic locations were found, usually in front of the gates, and ditches were dug and parapets "Parapet (military)") were built to defend against projectiles and store supplies and weapons. In that case the situation was reversed and it did not matter that the attackers did not reach the walls, since the objective was that the defenders did not reach the attackers. This technique was the one used by the Athenians in the siege of Epidaurus.

• - Architecture in Ancient Greece.

• - War in Ancient Greece.

• - Siege in Ancient Greece.

• - Navy in Ancient Greece.

• - Long Walls.

• - History of Ancient Greece; Joseph M. Walker. Ed. Edimat books s.a. ISBN 84-8403-490-9.

• - Memoirs relating to European and Asian Turkey, and other countries of the East; Robert Walpole. Ed. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (1818).

• - Ancient fortifications: 500-300 BC; Fields, Nic, and Delf, Brian. Ed. Osprey Publishing (2006). ISBN 978-18-41768847.