Mechanical Standard Elements
Introduction
In machining or precision mechanics, fitting is the way in which two parts of the same machine fit together,[1] in such a way that an axis "Axle (mechanics)") fits into a hole.
The coupling is related to the tolerance in the sizes of both pieces. If one is a much larger size than the other, they will not fit. Due to this, standards are adopted for the manufacturing of parts, such as ISO standards, International Organization for Standardization, to standardize measurements. This has allowed the interchangeability of parts and mass production. The tolerance value for a shaft is identified with a lowercase letter, while uppercase letters are used for holes.[2].
The machining tolerance is designated by the person who designs the machine, taking into consideration some parameters such as function and cost. The smaller the tolerance, the higher the machining cost.
Adjustment jobs are divided or classified into operations. The work that is done with a tool or similar tools is called an operation. It is also called an operation when a job or a part of the job is done without changing tools.
The main operations that can be done in manual adjustment work are: Measure, Trace, Saw, File, Polish, Chiseled, Scrape, Drill, Thread, Ream and Assemble.
Male and female parts
The pieces that participate in the adjustment are called male and female. The male pieces are those that have extensions whose external face will fit the internal part of the female piece. For example, axles, drive shafts, keys, splines, etc. The female parts adjust inversely to the male parts, such as holes, slots, etc.[3] Threaded elements, gears, dies, and the distances between the centers of holes in gearboxes and reducers or other mechanisms also have a close adjustment relationship.
Machining tolerance
When manufacturing a part, the interaction between the cutting tool and the materials during the machining process makes it difficult to obtain an exact measurement repetitively, so a certain tolerance is needed so that even if the parts are not perfect, they fit without forcing them. The machining tolerance is the allowable difference between a maximum nominal dimension (or reference dimension) and another minimum so that its actual measurement can be validated according to the coupling of the part. The lower the necessary tolerance, the more difficult it will be to make the part.[4].