Human rights policy
La política de derechos humanos de la presidencia de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner tuvo como ejes el juzgamiento de los crímenes de lesa humanidad ocurridos durante la última dictadura militar (1976-1983) y la sanción de leyes que protegen a las mujeres y las diversidades sexuales. En ese sentido se destacan la sanción de las leyes de matrimonio igualitario en 2010 y de identidad de género "Ley de identidad de género (Argentina)") en 2012.[798] Durante su primera administración se creó el Banco de Datos Genéticos mediante la Ley Nacional nº 26.548 del 18 de noviembre de 2009 entre otras, acompañada con la sanción de la Ley Nacional de Sitios de Memoria, nº 26.691, el día 29 de junio de 2011. En 2008 se quitó la jubilación
de privilegio que gozaban Jorge Rafael Videla y Emilio Massera, elimnandose las jubilaciones de privilegio de rango militar a condenados por delitos de lesa humanidad, Ley 26128 apoyada por todos los bloques parlamentarios excepto el PRO.[799] En el año 2012 con el voto unánime del Frente para la Víctoria, el Partido Socialista, Nuevo Encuentro, GEN y la UCR y con la oposición del PRO se sanciona la Ley 26827 que conllevó a la creación del Sistema Nacional de Prevención de la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, tendiente a la prevención y prohibición de la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradante.[800].
Se produjo la señalización de alrededor de 200 lugares que funcionaron como centros clandestinos de detención durante la última dictadura.
El informe anual de Human Rights Watch correspondiente a 2015 sintetizó la situación de los derechos humanos en Argentina del siguiente modo:.
Durante su primera presidencia el INADI abrió delegaciones propias en 21 provincias y en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, como parte de un plan de federalización, que incluyó convenios con más de 200 municipios de todo el país.[245][246] y en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires el aumento fue del 14,8 % al 72,9 % (fuente: Analogías, diciembre de 2006 y CEOP, abril de 2009).
En 2014 se aprobó la Ley de Muerte digna que establecía que el paciente en estado vegetativo tiene el derecho de aceptar o rechazar determinadas terapias o procedimientos médicos, dando su consentimiento informado, es decir, la declaración de su voluntad -o, en todo caso, por medio de sus representantes legales-, emitida luego de recibir toda la información necesaria sobre su situación. El texto también deja en claro que, en estos casos, el médico no tendrá responsabilidad civil, penal ni administrativa alguna.[743].
Trials for state terrorism
Human rights politician Cristina Fernández had open support from several human rights organizations such as the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo and the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo. On March 1, 2009, when formally opening the session of Congress, Fernández questioned the slow pace of progress in trials for crimes against humanity:
During his first term, the creation of the National Memory Archive took place; the creation of the Space for Memory and for the promotion and defense of Human Rights, on the grounds of the former ESMA; the creation of the Haroldo Conti Cultural Center; the marking of around 500 clandestine detention centers, the updating of the Never Again Report, the creation of 20 research units on the consequences of State terrorism; the extension of reparatory policies for people who directly suffered Human Rights violations, the declassification of different files from the last military dictatorship; the creation of the Comprehensive Assistance Center for victims of State Terrorism, Law No. 26,061 on Comprehensive Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents; the creation of the National Registry of Missing Minors; the promotion of the National Human Rights Plan and the National Plan against Discrimination and the classification of human trafficking as a federal crime.[803].
President Fernández's reference to the delay of Justice in resolving cases for crimes against humanity was related to the criticism of the Criminal Cassation Chamber made by then-President Kirchner, on March 26, 2007, for the great delay in resolving the appeals systematically presented by the accused repressors, causing the paralysis of almost all cases.[804][805].
On December 17 and 18, 2008, Chamber II of the Criminal Cassation Chamber, made up of W. Gustavo Mitchell, Guillermo J. Yacobucci and Luis M. García, by two votes to one (Mitchell), ordered the release of 21 repressors accused of crimes against humanity in the ESMA mega-case, including Alfredo Astiz, sentenced to life imprisonment in France, arguing that the maximum legal period of preventive detention had been exceeded. authorized by law.[806] The decision was severely questioned by Cristina Fernández on the same day that the rulings were announced, in an event held precisely at the ESMA, transformed into a center for memory:.
The ruling was also criticized by political leaders of various tendencies and human rights activists. Taty Almeida, president of Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Foundadora, maintained that the ruling was "a slap in the face, a shame."[808] For her part, deputy Victoria Donda, born and stripped of her identity in the ESMA, accused the court: "I am not surprised, because it is precisely this Chamber of Criminal Cassation that has a strategy of benefiting the genocidaires."[808] Ragmar Hagelin, father of the teenager Dagmar Hagelin disappeared in the ESMA, defined the ruling as "a sacrilege", "a slap on each cheek of the Argentine people" and maintained that "it is a national shame that there are judges who at this point in time make a similar decision."[809].
Given the ruling, the National Executive Branch ordered to present an extraordinary appeal before the Supreme Court, thus suspending the release of the repressors and requesting in the Council of the Judiciary the impeachment against the two judges (Yacobucci and García) who voted in favor in the decision.[810].
Through an agreement, the Supreme Court demanded that the courts throughout the country expedite trials for human rights violations that occurred during the last military dictatorship.[811] The Court also created on that occasion a superintendence unit with special powers to monitor pending cases, request information from judges about progress and delays in the processes and establish measures to avoid delays.[812] On the same occasion, it invited the other public powers, the Executive and the Legislative, as well as the Public Prosecutor's Office, to expedite the cases.[811].
In 2009, the Judiciary announced the sending to oral trial of several cases of crimes against humanity. Among them, a date was set for October 10, in the Federal Oral Court No. 5, for two of the ten sections of the ESMA mega-case, corresponding to the disappearance of the French nuns Léonie Duquet and Alice Domon and the journalist Rodolfo Walsh, where Astiz, Acosta, Rolón, Pernías, among other repressors, will be prosecuted.[813] As part of these policies, 106 places that had been centers will be prosecuted. clandestine detention centers "Clandestine detention center (Argentina)") were marked by the state and converted into spaces for memory.[814].
The different trials, which have been carried out since 2007, were carried out throughout the country. The best known causes are: the Simón Case, Battalion 601, Von Wernich, Etchecolatz, ESMA clandestine center "Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada (clandestine detention center)", First Corps), Plan Cóndor, Margarita Belén Massacre, Trelew Massacre, Third Corps) and Barreto, Gonçalves and D'Amico") (detachment from the Riveros case). They were also 106 places that had been clandestine detention centers "Centro clandestino de detention (Argentina)") were marked and converted into spaces for memory.[814] In December 2008, Law 26,475 was passed, which provided for the extinction of the special benefits of those who usurped positions in centralized and decentralized organizations of the national public administration between the coup d'état of March 1976 and the end of the dictatorship. The rule ranged from de facto former presidents, to ministers, to secretaries and undersecretaries. The following year, circular 17/09 of the National Social Security Administration (Anses) established a mechanism to materialize the dismissals.
In 2009, a resolution was signed in which it was strictly prohibited to honor deceased repressors involved in crimes against humanity during their funerals.[818] Program 26 Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (whose objectives have also varied across different governments, but will be analyzed later). And starting in 2009, the Program to Strengthen Judicial Processes against Crimes Against Humanity was created.
In 2013, the Senate unanimously turned into law a bill from the Executive Branch that includes recognition and compensation for the victims of the attacks and bombings that occurred from June 16 to September 16, 1955, known as the bombing of the Plaza de Mayo. The measure also recognizes the soldiers who suffered reprisals or were discharged for not joining the bombing during the self-styled dictatorship Revolución Libertadora "Liberating Revolution (Argentina)").[819] The surviving victims have received tributes from the National Memory Archive.[820].
In 2013, the creation of the Genetic Data Bank was approved, promoted by the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, guaranteeing the obtaining, storage and analysis of the genetic information that is necessary as evidence for the clarification of crimes against humanity whose execution has begun within the scope of the national State until December 10, 1983.[821].
In 2015, it enacted a compensation law for survivors and relatives of victims of the AMIA attack. The norm was published in the Official Gazette and was promulgated by Decree 838/2015.[822] a few weeks before the end of his second term, he promulgated the Law on free legal support for victims of gender violence, creating the Corps of Lawyers for Victims of Gender Violence, to provide free legal sponsorship and comprehensive legal advice throughout the national territory to victims of gender violence. All of this is framed in Law 27,210, presented by deputy Juan Manuel Abal Medina "Juan Manuel Abal Medina (son)").[823] The modification of the Penal and Procedural Code granted victims' rights for the first time, granting greater participation and guarantees in the criminal process to victims of crimes and contemplates free legal assistance when they cannot afford the expenses.
The norm modified the Criminal Procedure Code and the Criminal Execution Law with the objective of "recognizing and guaranteeing the rights of crime victims, avoiding revictimization and ensuring effective support during the process.
Protection of sexual diversity
Among other laws promoted we can highlight:
• - the law repealing article 765 of the Military Justice Code that established the crime of homosexuality for soldiers.
• - the Same-Sex Marriage Law (2010), known as the Equal Marriage Law, also recognizing the right to adopt children of LGBT+ people.
• - the Gender Identity Law "Gender Identity Law (Argentina)") (2012), recognizing the right to change gender, from childhood and through the simple self-perception of the person, with recognition of the right to free necessary medical treatments.
Since 2009, Law 26,529 on "Patient Rights in their Relationship with Health Professionals and Institutions" in its article 2, recognizes the right to be assisted by health professionals, without any impairment or distinction based on sexual orientation.[824] That same year, the crime of homosexuality provided for in the military was eliminated from the Code of Military Justice (article 765), which was punishable by demotion and a prison sentence. from six months to six years.[825][826][827].
On August 13, 2010, the Chamber of Deputies approved the amendment to the anti-discrimination law that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, but it was not voted on by the Senate.[828] In those years, there has been an effort to encourage LGBT tourists to visit Buenos Aires, added to the boom that this type of tourism has experienced.[829] According to a study by the Pew Research Center, Argentina is the country that most accepts homosexuality in Latin America.[830] On August 13, 2010, the Chamber of Deputies approved the amendment to the anti-discrimination law that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[831][832].
Through ruling 1,181/11, the federal police and security forces were instructed to respect the gender identity of both the agents of the different agencies and the detainees and of any citizen who carries out a procedure in their facilities, providing treatment in accordance with the self-perceived identity to people who request it. The new regulations also made it possible to accept transvestite, transsexual and transgender officers in the security forces in which they were prohibited.[833][834][835].
In 2011, civil marriage legislation was modified allowing people of the same sex to marry and adopt. In that year, Argentina became the second country in America to have this right and the tenth in the world. By 2015, the number of marriages had risen to more than 10,000 couples.[836] Single women and homoparental families were included in the Medically Assisted Reproduction Law enacted in 2013, a demand promoted by the FALGBT.[837] The Law for the Comprehensive Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents was enacted.
A year later, the Penal Code was modified by adding the penalty of life imprisonment to hate crimes motivated by sexual orientation and gender identity or its expression.[838] The Regime for equalizing employment opportunities for trans people was approved. Establishing the creation of a minimum priority quota in the national public administration, for trans people who meet the suitability conditions for the position.
Protection against gender violence
In April 2008, Law 26,364 on Human Trafficking and Assistance to its Victims was passed as a measure of protection for all minor and adult women who were exploited both inside and outside the country.[848] In 2009, Law 26,485 on "Comprehensive protection to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women in the areas in which they carry out their activities" was passed. interpersonal relationships" that expanded the definition of "violence against women" in the country.[849] Later a paragraph was added to prevent and eradicate obstetric violence. Being complemented by the "Humanized Childbirth" Law, which establishes rights for the mother, the newborn, and the father and mother in case there is a risk situation for the newborn.[850].
In 2011, the Law on Comprehensive Protection of Women was passed, which finally became Law 26,485 "Law on Comprehensive Protection of Women (Argentina)"), and which refers to comprehensive protection to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women in the areas in which they develop their interpersonal relationships. The law protects women from physical violence, but also from psychological, sexual, reproductive, obstetric, economic and symbolic violence suffered both in the family, as well as in the institutional, work or media environment.[852]In 2009, Law 26,485[853] was passed to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women in the Areas in which Their Relationships Develop Interpersonal. The law was regulated by Decree 1011/2010.[854].
On November 14, 2012, Congress, at the initiative of the Socialist Party, the Left Front and the Front for Victory, sanctioned Law 26,791[855] creating the crime of feminicide as an autonomous cause of aggravated homicide, classifying it as homicide carried out against "a woman when the act is perpetrated by a man and through gender violence."
In 2012, the National Congress, through Law 26,842, incorporated two modifications: on the one hand, not accepting the “consent” of the victim - even despite their age of majority -, and also requiring that the sentences be enforced effectively regardless of the case. That same year, the Federal Council against Trafficking in Persons and the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights of the Nation were created, which enabled the toll-free number 145 to receive complaints from any point in the country. national territory 24 hours a day, thanks to the telephone line until April of this year, 8,325 victims were rescued by the National State.[856][857].
In 2015, the law was enacted that provides for the creation of the Body of Lawyers for Victims of Gender Violence (Law No. 27,210). Law 26,842 was also passed, which extends sentences for trafficking crimes, accelerates the judicial process, eliminates the consent of the victim as an exculpatory element for the person responsible for promoting prostitution and exploiting the victim, and creates a Federal Council for the fight against trafficking and an Executive Committee for assistance to the victim.[858].
Protection policies towards women
During her management, she stood out for the federalization of public policies implemented at the federal level, reaching all the provinces of the country and also establishing the Federal Council of Women, Gender and Diversity, made up of the high authorities of the areas of gender and diversity of the Argentine provinces.
In 2007, the “Victims against Violence” program was established, whose main objective is the care, support and assistance to victims of family and sexual violence. Positioning them in an active place that implies their decision to collaborate as a citizen responsibility.[866].
With the aim of combating trafficking in women and sexual violence, it prohibited item 59 intended for advertising of brothels and related activities.[867] It argued that the sexual offer in item 59 is a profound discrimination against women as such. This law is a gigantic step against double standards and hypocrisy." The Minister of Justice, Dr. Julio Alak, who had the Office of Rescue and Accompaniment for people affected by this crime, participated in the presentation.
At the same time, the coordination of the fight against trafficking was launched together with the Ministry of Justice together with the National Women's Council.[868] the Law against Trafficking in Persons (26,364), the Comprehensive Law to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women (26,485).[869] The law established the prohibition of advertisements that promote sexual offers or that disseminate, both explicitly and implicitly, the request of people for the sexual trade, which had the objective of preventing the crime of Human Trafficking and, in addition, becomes a form of progressive decrease in the forms of discrimination suffered by women.[870] Months later, all media outlets had stopped publishing sexual offer ads except those of the Clarín group, which decided to ignore the law, publishing more than 157 thousand sexual offer ads on its pages, obtaining millionaire profits by advertising brothels and whiskerias.[871][872] Thanks to the law together with the implementation of the federal telephone line 145, several brothels were closed.[873]
Brigades specialized in attacking child prostitution were created, Dr. Eva Giberti was summoned to work on drafting the Law against Human Trafficking, which sought to ensure that the victims were active and demanded that the State arrest the rapist. Due to her policies in favor of women's rights, Fernández de Kirchner would be awarded in 2015 at the Meeting of World Leaders on Gender Equality held in New York.[874].
Law of children and adolescents
During his administration, the Argentine legal framework for the protection of children was updated and expanded, through Law 26,061. These rights are based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which establishes principles such as the best interests of the child, the right to life and development, non-discrimination and participation. Protection against child labor: Laws were enacted to criminalize child labor and protect working mothers and fathers, seeking to guarantee the right of children to adequate physical, mental and social development.
[875]
In 2012, a new adoption law was promoted[876].
In 2014, the new Civil and Commercial Code incorporated the right of children and adolescents to be heard in all judicial processes that affect them. The opinion of the minor must be taken into account according to their age and degree of maturity.[877]Article 641 of the new civil code specifically established that the exercise of parental responsibility corresponds to both parents equally. The general principle of the exercise of joint or dual parental responsibility was established, when there is no coexistence of the parents or it has ended. The regime of parental authority was repealed, to be replaced by regimes of parental responsibility, based on the equality of men and women, the status of boys and girls as subjects and the parental function governed by the principle of the best interests of the child. In addition, a regime of equal co-parental responsibility was established.[878].
The equal principle between men and women was also established to carry out their life projects, in addition to the right of every child or adolescent to maintain a bond with both parents after the breakdown of the union between the parents.
Immigrant rights
In 2008, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner signed the new immigration law described as a "world example" by the International Organization for Migration and established the largest regulation of immigrants in Argentine history. The new law replaced the one dictated during the dictatorship of Jorge Rafael Videla in 1981, known as the Videla Law.[879] The new law incorporated two axes that were absent in the previous regulations: the perspective of human rights and the regionalist immigration approach. The new law had an inclusive spirit, recognizing migration as a fundamental human right that the State must guarantee and must favor the regularization of migrants, granting them social and economic rights not recognized until then.[880].
The government of Cristina Fernández continued with the Plan Patria Grande initiated in the previous government, in order to grant documents to immigrants in an irregular situation. In 2008, Argentine documents were delivered to 144,549 people, thus adding the number of 714,907 regularized immigrants, since the plan was launched in 2006.[881] The figure represents almost half of the foreigners registered in the 2001 census (1,531,940). The massive regularization of immigrants and the consequent possibility that they can assert their rights (unionization, association, labor demands, etc.) has a strong impact on the labor market, since foreigners usually occupy jobs that are in the lowest and most informal salary levels, so an improvement in them directly impacts the entire salary scale.[882]With the objective of reducing the number of people in a situation of documentary irregularity, it was intended for native citizens of member countries of the Mercosur and its associated states, which included Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.[883] As of August 2010, 423,697 immigrants had registered in the program. Of that number, 248,144 were Paraguayans,[884] 104,984 Bolivians, 47,455 Peruvians, 10,785 Uruguayans, 5,349 Chileans, 4,603 Brazilians, 914 Ecuadorians and 22,816 Venezuelans.[885]
Since 2014, it has been enabled that the Argentine citizenship process through naturalization can be done completely digitally through the website of the National Directorate of Migration. The measure sought to streamline procedures, guarantee greater security and transparency, and simplify access for foreigners over 18 years of age residing in the country who wished to naturalize Argentine citizenship.
With the reforms promoted to the Criminal Procedure Code, Law 13,943 limited alternatives to dangerous criminals. 14,128 limited release to repeat offenders and adults who use minors to commit crimes, and 14,517 limited release to all those who carry weapons when committing crimes.
indigenous peoples
In the field of indigenous policies, within the INAI, an autonomous organization created by the management of Néstor Kirchner, the Indigenous Participation Council was created in response to a sustained demand for compliance with current regulations. In the area of education, the enactment of Law 26,206 on National Education incorporated bilingual and intercultural education as an educational modality, while in the field of communication and culture, laws such as Law 26,522 on Audiovisual Communication Services (2009) promoted cultural diversity and the incorporation of indigenous community channels and aboriginal content on mass channels into the radio sector. [886] During the Bicentennial celebrations in 2010, a central place was reserved for indigenous peoples, carrying symbolism and establishing an idea of a nation with a place for indigenous peoples.[887] A policy of restitution of indigenous remains to their original communities was carried out. In 2013, the remains of three members of the Wichí community, murdered between 1881 and 1921 in the Ledesma and La Esperanza sugar mills, were returned.[888] Bones of Tehuelches and Mapuches exhibited in the Tello Museum, in Viedma, were also returned.[889]
The regulatory framework of indigenous rights was completed with the ratification of Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the International Labor Organization (ILO) by law 24,071, the inclusion of indigenous peoples in the National Census as of 2010, the United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples and the new Civil and Commercial Code "Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación (Argentina)") (2015), regulating indigenous ownership of land.[890] From then on, the indigenous communities that live in Argentina began to organize to make their new constitutional rights effective.[890] The main difficulty arises when the "traditional occupation" is considered in the terms of art. 75 inc. 15 of lands that, registered, have a recognized owner prior to the constitutional reform, as is the case of the lands belonging to the Italian company Benetton.[891][892] The Indigenous Territorial Emergency Law No. 26,160 was sanctioned, suspending for 4 years the evictions of indigenous lands in order to carry out the cadastral survey of the ancestral lands, a previous step to formalize the community property titles.[893][894].
Since 2012, a survey was carried out in more than 59 national and provincial museums to make an inventory of indigenous remains to be returned to their communities, managing to identify 203 remains and restore more than 178 by 2015.[895] In 2010, Cristina Kirchner regulated National Law No. 25517, issued in 2001 and known as the “law of restitution of human remains.” This law establishes among its main articles, the return of the mortal remains of Aboriginal people, regardless of their ethnic characteristics, that are part of museums and/or public or private collections.[896]
Memory policy
In 2013, the Senate unanimously signed into law the Executive Branch project that included the victims of the attacks and bombings that occurred from June 16 to September 16, 1955, as beneficiaries of the compensation laws for having been detained or having suffered forced disappearance or another act of illicit force on the part of the State. The measure also recognizes the soldiers who suffered reprisals or were discharged for not joining the bombing.[908]
The surviving victims have received tributes from the National Memory Archive.[909]
In honor of the victims and martyrs, a monument was erected "From heaven they saw them arrive" that was incorporated into UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) as a way to "pay tribute to each of the 308 victims[910].
In May 2008, with the participation of Secretary Eduardo Luis Duhalde and human rights activist and journalist Eduardo Jozami (1939-).[911][912] the Haroldo Conti cultural center and museum[913] was inaugurated at the ESMA.
Later, the Public Entity Space for Memory and the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights would be inaugurated.[914] the ESMA Memory Site Museum.[915] and the
Mothers of Plaza de Mayo cultural space.[916].
Personal rights
Very personal rights are subjective rights inherent to the human person that guarantee their integrity and dignity, protecting their essence and both physical and spiritual manifestations.[917].
A new law was passed with the objective of guaranteeing the comprehensive protection of personal data of natural and legal persons. This law recognizes and protects the right of access, rectification, updating and cancellation of data, as well as the possibility of opposing its use.
International Center for Human Rights
In 2013 it was inaugurated in the former ESMA
The International Center for the Promotion of Human Rights (CIPDH) whose purpose is to promote cooperation and articulation with the international community for the development of human rights education and to plan and implement regional and international projects to promote human rights. The CIPDH has the status of a category 2 center under the auspices of UNESCO, although with autonomy and autarky.[918][919].
Human rights in Malvinas
On December 11, 2008, the Argentine National Congress sanctioned national decree 2131 that declared the Puerto Darwin cemetery a national historic site. Later, it was declared a national historic site again through national law 26,498 of June 4, 2009, published in the Official Gazette of the Argentine Republic.[920].
In 2010, a Kelper citizen of British origin was granted refuge and an Argentine DNI, arguing the human rights violations that occurred in the Islands. In another case, Linsey and Jamies Trevaskis were exiled in Wales, from where they reported that the woman's daughter was unjustly taken from her by the social services of the islands when she was 11 years old because her mother had requested Argentine nationality.[921].
In 2010, the organization began in the "Malvinas Humanitarian Project Plan" in conjunction with the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship of the Nation, the Forensic Anthropology Team and the Center for Assistance to Victims of Human Rights Violations to identify the remains of 122 soldiers who could not be identified, which began in 2012 with the collection of DNA samples taken between March and December 2011 with the due consent of each family.[922][923].
That same year, the National Council on Affairs related to the Malvinas Islands was created, created by Law 27,558, its central objective is to generate the political and social consensus necessary to design and implement State policies that contribute to the full exercise of sovereignty over the Malvinas Islands, South Georgia Islands, South Sandwich Islands and the surrounding maritime spaces.
In 2014, for the first time since the war, the work of doctors, surgical instruments and nurses who participated in the conflict was recognized, along with the awarding of medals and diplomas of honor, an honorary pension was granted that male combatants enjoy that had not been granted to female combatants, although they served during the combat.[924].