Building walls
Contenido
Los propósitos de las paredes en los edificios son soportar pisos y techos; encerrar un espacio como parte de la envolvente del edificio junto con un techo para dar forma a los edificios; y para proporcionar refugio y seguridad. Además, la pared puede albergar varios tipos de servicios públicos como cableado eléctrico o fontanería. La construcción de muros se divide en dos categorías básicas: "muros enmarcados" o "muros en masa". En muros entramados, la carga se transfiere a los cimientos a través de postes, columnas o montantes. Las paredes enmarcadas suelen tener tres o más componentes separados: los elementos estructurales (como montantes de 2×4 en la pared de una casa), aislamiento y elementos o superficies de acabado (como paneles de yeso") o revestimiento de madera")). Los muros de masa son de un material sólido que incluye mampostería, hormigón, incluida mampostería de piedra de encofrado deslizante"), construcción de troncos"), construcción de leña"), adobe, tierra apisonada, mazorca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mazorca (material) (aún no redactado)"), construcción con sacos de tierra"), botellas"), latas"), construcción con pacas de paja") y hielo"). Las paredes pueden o no ser de plomo. Se requiere que las paredes cumplan con los códigos locales de construcción y/o contra incendios.
Hay tres métodos básicos para controlar la intrusión de agua en las paredes: almacenamiento de humedad, revestimiento drenado o revestimiento sellado en una cara.[2] La retención de humedad es típico de los edificios de "muros macizos" de piedra y ladrillo, donde la humedad es absorbida y liberada por las paredes de la estructura misma. El revestimiento drenado también conocido como muros blindados[3] se reconoce que la humedad penetrará en el revestimiento, por lo que una "barrera contra la humedad", como envoltura de casa") o papel de fieltro") dentro del revestimiento, proporciona una segunda línea de defensa y, a veces, un "plano de drenaje" o "aire" que permite un camino para que la humedad se drene y salga de la pared. A veces se proporciona ventilación además del plano de drenaje, como en la construcción de fachada ventilada. El sellado en la cara también llamado muro de barrera o barrera perfecta[3] el revestimiento se basa en mantener una superficie libre de fugas del revestimiento. Algunos ejemplos de revestimientos con caras selladas son los primeros sistemas de acabado de aislamiento exterior"), acristalamiento estructural, paneles revestidos de metal y metal corrugado.
Los muros de los edificios se convierten con frecuencia en obras de arte, externa e internamente, como cuando se presentan trabajos de mosaico o cuando se pintan murales en ellos; o como focos de diseño cuando exhiben texturas o acabados pintados para el efecto.
curtain wall
In architecture and civil engineering, curtain wall refers to a building façade that is not a load-bearing wall but provides decoration, finishing, facade, façade, or historical preservation.
prefabricated wall
Precast walls are walls that have been manufactured in a factory and then shipped to where they are needed, ready to install. It is quicker to install compared to brick and other walls and can be lower in cost compared to other types of walls. Prefabricated walls are cost-effective compared to brick composite walls.
mullion wall
Studs are a structural system that supports the load of the floor slab on precast panels around the entire perimeter.
dividing wall
A partition wall is a generally thin wall used to separate or divide a room, primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are generally not load-bearing walls, and can be constructed from many materials, including steel panels, brick, fabric, plastic, drywall, wood, clay blocks, terra cotta, concrete masonry unit, and glass.
Some partition walls are made of sheets of glass. Glass partitions are a series of individual panels of tempered glass mounted on wooden or metal frames. They can be suspended or slid along a sturdy aluminum ceiling track.[5] The system does not require the use of a floor guide, allowing for easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.
A wooden partition consists of a wooden frame, supported on the floor or side walls. The metal mesh and plaster, properly placed, form a reinforced partition. Partition walls constructed of fiber cement backer board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas such as bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel elements is mainly adopted in temporary works. Plain or reinforced partitions can also be constructed from concrete, including precast concrete blocks. Metal frame partitions are also available. This partition consists of a rail (primarily used at the base and head of the partition) and stiles (vertical sections fixed to the rail, typically spaced at 24", 16", or 12").
Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitions, are usually made of "gypsum board" (gypsum board) or varieties of glass. Tempered glass is a common choice, as low-iron glass (better known as "optical white glass") increases the transmission of light and solar heat.
Wall partitions are constructed with beads and rails that are hung from the ceiling or fixed to the floor.[6] The panels are inserted into the track and secured. Some variations of wall partitions specify their acoustic performance and fire resistance ratings.
Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include:
• - Sliding: a series of panels that slide on rails fixed to the floor and ceiling, similar sliding doors.
• - Sliding and folding doors: Similar to sliding folding doors, they are good for smaller spaces.
• - Folding Partitions: A series of interlocking panels suspended from an overhead track that, when extended, provide acoustic separation and, when retracted, stack against a wall, ceiling, closet or ceiling void.
• - Screens: usually constructed of metal or wooden frame") fixed with plywood and chipboard and supported with legs so that they stand and move easily.
• - Tubes and curtains"): the fixed or telescopic uprights and the horizontal ones provide a curtain system supported on the floor with removable panels.
party wall
Party walls are walls that separate plots, on which there is a community [7] or condominium.[8] They provide fire resistance and sound resistance between the occupants of a building. The minimum fire and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and can be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and can be owned by different people.
Infill wall
An infill wall is the supported wall that encloses the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional frame structure.
wall of fire
Fire walls resist the spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in fire spread gives occupants more time to escape and firefighters more time to extinguish the fire. Some fire walls allow for fire-resistant window assemblies,[9] and are made of non-combustible material, such as concrete, cinder block, brick, or fire-resistant drywall. Wall penetrations are sealed with fire resistant materials. A door in a firestop must have a firestop. Firewalls provide varying resistance to the spread of fire (for example, one, two, three, or four hours). Firewalls can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from the slab to the roof deck and horizontally from one exterior wall to another exterior wall that subdivides a building into sections.
shear wall
Shear walls resist lateral forces, such as in an earthquake or strong wind. There are different types of shear walls such as steel plate shear wall").
knee wall
Knee walls are short walls that support beams or add height in rooms on the top floor of homes. In a one and a half story house, the knee wall supports the half story.
cavity wall
Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two "skins" to inhibit heat transfer.
pony wall
Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as:.
• - A half wall that only partially extends from the floor to the ceiling, without supporting anything.
• - A main wall: a concrete wall that extends from the foundation slab to the crippled wall or floor joists.
• - A crippled wall: a wall framed from the main wall or foundation slab to the floor joists.
removable wall
Removable walls are divided into 3 different main types:.
• - Glass walls (joined panels or butt joint")).
• - Particleboard laminate walls (this can also include other finishes, such as whiteboards, corkboard), magnetic, etc., usually all on purpose-made wall studs).
• - Drywall").
Solar energy
A trombe wall in passive solar building design acts as a heat sink.