Neo-Romanesque in Europe
Neo-Romanesque or Norman revival in Great Britain
In the United Kingdom, neo-Romanesque falls within what is now known as Victorian architecture. The building of the Natural History Museum in London, the work of Alfred Waterhouse, built in 1873-1880, is one of the most significant examples.
The development of the Norman revival style took place for a long time in the British Isles, and antecedents can be traced from the refenestration carried out by Inigo Jones in the White Tower of the Tower of London (1637-1638) or in the work on Hugh May's Windsor Castle for Charles II of England, although these works were little more than mere restoration work. In the century the use of round or semicircular arch windows was thought which was a feature of Saxon rather than Norman architecture and there are already examples of buildings with round-arched windows, such as Shirburn Castle in Oxfordshire, Wentworth Castle in Yorkshire, or Enmore Castle in Somerset.
In Scotland, the style began to emerge with the Duke of Argyl's castle at Inverary"), begun in 1744, and in the various castles designed by Robert Adam, at Culzean (1771), at Oxenfoord (1780-1782), at Dalquharran (1782-1785) or at Seton Palace") (1792). In England, James Wyatt already used round-arched windows in Sandleford Priory (1780-1789) in Berkshire. Then the Duke of Norfolk began the reconstruction of Arundel Castle, while Eastnor Castle in Herefordshire was built by Robert Smirke between 1812 and 1820.[5]
It was at this time that the Norman revival became a recognizable architectural style. When Thomas Rickman published his work An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation in 1817, it was clear that in the British Isles round-arch architecture was largely Romanesque and was already described as Norman rather than Saxon.[6] The beginning of a Norman revival archaeologically correct can be recognized in the architecture of Thomas Hopper"). His first attempt was at Gosford Castle, in Armagh (Ireland), but his Penrhyn Castle"), near Bangor, in North Wales, was much more successful. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837. The style was not successful for domestic buildings, although many country houses and mock castles were built in the Castilian or crenellated Gothic style (Castle Gothic or Castellated style) during the Victorian period, which was a mixed Gothic Revival style.[7].
However, the Norman revival was successful in ecclesial architecture. It was Thomas Penson"), a Welsh architect familiar with Hopper's work at Penrhyn, who developed neo-Romanesque ecclesial architecture. Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque architecture, and in particular by the early Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic. In St David's Newtown (1843-1847) and St Agaha of Llanymynech (1845) he was inspired by the tower of St Saviour's Cathedral. Witches"). Other examples of Penson neo-Romanesque are Christ Church, Welshpool (1839-1844), and the porch of Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in the use of terracotta to make Romanesque decorations, saving costs instead of making them in onerous stone work.[8] Penson's last church in the neo-Romanesque style was Rhosllannerchrugog, in Wrexham (1852).[9].
The Romanesque adopted by Penson contrasts with the Italian neo-Romanesque style of other architects such as Thomas Henry Wyatt"), who designed the church of St Mary and St Nicholas (1841-1844), in this style in Wilton "Wilton (Wiltshire)") built by the Countess of Pembroke and her son, Lord Herbert de Lea.[10] In the century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the rectories of the congregations While the tall and Anglo-Catholic churches of the period, influenced by the Oxford movement, were built in the Gothic Revival style, the lower churches and broad churches often employed the Neo-Romanesque style. Some later examples of this Neo-Romanesque architecture are seen in Non-Conformist or Dissident churches and chapels. the architects of Lincoln Drury and Mortimer").[11] More or less from 1870 this style disappeared in ecclesial architecture in Great Britain, being succeeded in the century by the Neo-Byzantine.
• - Neo-Romanesque in the United Kingdom.
• - Gosford Castle, Armagh, by Thomas Hopper.
• - Penrhyn Castle") (1820-1837), by Thomas Hopper.
• - St. Agatha's Church, in Llanymynech. Neo-Romanesque tower by Thomas Penson.
• - Mint Lane Baptist Chapel, Lincoln, 1870.
• - Church of St Mary and St Nicholas, Wilton, Wiltshire.
• - Russian Patriarchal Orthodox Cathedral of Kensington, London (1848-1849 and 1891-1892).
• - Westminster Cathedral (London).
Germany
• - Neo-Romanesque in Germany.
• - Church at Valwig on the Moselle, built 1824-27 by J. C. von Lassaulx"), one of the first buildings in the neo-Romanesque style.
• - Neo-Romanesque façade of the Cathedral of Speyer; Heinrich Hübsch's new west wing"), stands out clearly from the older part of the building.
• - Neuschwanstein Castle (2005).
• - Altar in der Pfarrkirche St. Martin in Hundersingen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hundersingen (Herbertingen) (not yet drawn up)").
• - Church of Emperor William (1891-95, currently in ruins) in Berlin (Zustand um 1900).
• - Provincial government in Koblenz.
• - German neo-Romanesque churches.
• - St. Mary's Cathedral "St. Mary's Cathedral (Hamburg)") in Hamburg (1890-1893).
• - Garrison Church Saint-Martin"), Dresden (1893-1900).
• - Cologne Synagogue (1895-1899).
• - Church of the Redeemer "Church of the Redeemer (Bad Homburg)") in Bad Homburg (1903-1908).
• - Sacred Heart&action=edit&redlink=1 "Church of the Sacred Heart (Koblenz) (not yet drawn up)") in Koblenz (1900-1903).
• - Kraftzentrale (1905-1906) des Erzbergwerkes Rammelsberg in Goslar (UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe).
• - St.-Michael-Kirche&action=edit&redlink=1 "St.-Michael-Kirche (Bremen-Grohn) (not yet drawn up)" in Bremen-Vegesack-Grohn") (1906-1908).
• - St. Mary's Cathedral of Windhoek "St. Mary's Cathedral (Windhoek)") (1906-1908).
• - Kath. Parish Church of the Blessed Sacrament") in Dillingen (Saarland)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Dillingen (Saarland) (not yet written)") (1910-1913).
• - Church of the Holy Cross&action=edit&redlink=1 "Church of the Holy Cross (Gladbeck) (not yet drawn up)") from Gladbeck-Butendorf.
• - Konz-Karthaus Evangelical Church").
Poland
In the neo-Romanesque style, mainly churches were erected and also (less frequently) other public buildings, for example, theaters. The decorative elements of Byzantine architecture were often combined with European Romanesque forms. The projections of Neo-Romanesque churches were most often inspired by the designs of Gothic churches more suited to liturgical needs, or in the case of Protestant churches, took the central projection. After the First World War, many examples of this architecture disappeared in Poland.
• - Neo-Romanesque in Poland.
• - Church of St. James the Apostle in Ścinawka Dolna").
• - Church of the Holy Family in Zakopane (1877-1896).
• - F. Schwechten: Poznań Imperial Castle (1905-1913).
• - Co-Cathedral") by Osstrowie Wlkp (1904-1906).
• - St.-Matthäus-Kirche in Łódź.
Netherlands
Also in the Netherlands, Neo-Romanesque was mainly based on late variants of the Romanesque style. In the second half of the century, several neo-Roman Catholic churches were already established, including some works by Adrianus Bleijs") (1842-1912) and the impressive domed churches, often called neo-Roman-Gothic, of Carl Weber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Weber (architect) (not yet drafted)") (1820-1908). These neo-Romanesque churches, without However, they were exceptions amidst the dominant Neo-Gothic style. The style only really flourished after the turn of the century, when architects such as Jos Cuypers" (1861-1949) and Jan Stuyt (1868-1934) increasingly moved away from the Neo-Gothic and began to incorporate Romanesque influences into their designs, an example also found among some Neo-Gothic architects, such as Caspar Franssen"). (1860-1932), found some imitation. In the province of Limburg, in particular, the neo-Romanesque style was of great importance as a transitional style. In Nijmegen there is the Titus Brandsma Gedachteniskerk"), a Romanesque-style Catholic church designed by the local architect B.J.C. Claase") (1862-1919).
• - Neo-Romanesque in the Netherlands.
• - Titus Brandsma Gedachteniskerk"), in Nijmegen.
• - St. Paul's Church&action=edit&redlink=1 "St. Paul's Church (Ghent) (not yet drafted)"), Ghent.
• - Palace Church") (Paleiskerk, national monument in The Hague.
• - Sint-Petruskerk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sint-Petruskerk (Gulpen) (not yet drafted)") in Gulpen.
• - Sint-Bavokerk (Raamsdonk)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Sint-Bavokerk (Raamsdonk) (not yet written)"), work by Carl Weber&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carl Weber (architect) (not yet written)") (1888-1889).
• - Cathedral of Saint Bavo (Haarlem) "Cathedral of Saint Bavo (Haarlem)") by Jos Cuypers") (1895-1930).
Belgium
Unlike in the Netherlands, the neo-Gothic style was never so dominant in Belgium that the use of other styles in church construction was practically impossible. From about 1870, several important Neo-Romanesque churches were built, including in the towns of Spa "Spa (Belgium)") and Rochefort "Rochefort (Belgium)"), in a late Romanesque style.
France
In France, it was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc who, after the publication of his Dictionnaire, launched a sustained movement in favor of the vocabulary of medieval forms. Thanks to his knowledge of medieval styles, he first worked on large restoration works (Basilica of Saint Mary Magdalene of Vézelay, Basilica of Saint Sernin), in which he often proposed a re-creation of models that did not exist, before arousing a large number of followers. An example of this style is the Dobrée" museum in Nantes, built from 1862 to house the art collections of Thomas Dobrée" (1810-1895).
Many churches were built inspired by more or less interpreted Romanesque models, including a Byzantine Romanesque style, which will be a great success (Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre in Paris "Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Paris)") by Paul Abadie, who had participated in the restoration of Saint-Sernin). Other notable examples are the cathedral of Marseille, the church of Saint Denys in Argenteuil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Argenteuil (Val-d'Oise) (not yet written)") (1862-1865) and the church of Our Lady of the Assumption in Villefranche-du-Périgord, also by Paul Abadie (1864-1869).
As part of the prussification of the Reichsland (Elsass-Lothringen), cities and towns were provided with new public buildings. Several monuments in Metz (the central post office), the railway station (1905-08), the New Temple (1901-1904) are in the neo-Romanesque (but also Jugendstil) style. In Carling, the Ottonian neo-Romanesque Catholic church of Saint-Gérard Majella was built between 1906 and 1908 under the direction of architect Klein.
• - Neo-Romanesque in France.
• - Neo-Romanesque bell tower (1876) of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste church&action=edit&redlink=1 "Saint-Jean-Baptiste Church (Valence) (not yet written)") in Valence (Drôme) "Valence (Drôme)").
• - New Temple in Strasbourg (1874-1877), by Émile Salomon.
• - Synagogue of Versailles (1884-1886), by Alfred-Philibert Aldrophe.
• - Marseille Cathedral (1852-1893).
• - Church of Saint Peter the Younger Catholic in Strasbourg "Church of Saint Peter the Younger Catholic (Strasbourg)") (1889-1893), by Skjøld Neckelmann and August Hartel.
• - High Synagogue in Strasbourg (1896-1898), by Ludwig Levy.
• - Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception "Cathedral of Saint Nicholas (Monaco)") of the Principality of Mônaco") (1875-1903).
• - New Temple") in Metz (1901-1904), work of the German architect Conrad Wahn").
• - Saint-Gérard Majella Church in Carling (1906-1908), work of the architect Klein.
• - Metz-Ville Station (1905-1908), by Jürgen Kröger.
• - Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre "Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Paris)"), in Paris (1875-1923).
• - Saint-Melaine Church, in Rieux (Morbihan) "Rieux (Morbihan)").
Italy
As in France, in Italy the Neo-Romanesque focused mainly on the restoration of existing buildings, with the reconstruction of the facades of numerous churches (for example, for the church of San Babila") and that of Santa Eufemia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Basilica of Santa Eufemia (Milan) (not yet redacted)") in Milan, or the facade of the cathedral of Cagliari, 1933); there is no shortage of ex novo buildings such as the Museum Civic Museum of Natural History of Milan "Civic Museum of Natural History (Milan"), designed by Giovanni Ceruti") in 1893, the cathedral of Reggio Calabria") and that of the Co-Cathedral of San Nicola de Palmi (1910-1932) rebuilt after the earthquake of 1908").
Examples of late use of the Romanesque style, although most often mixed with other elements, are also found in the Fascist period (Tripoli Cathedral, Asmara Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1 "Church of the Blessed Virgin of the Rosary (Asmara) (not yet drafted"), Pescara Cathedral").
The most representative architects were V. de Castro, Pietro Selvatico") and Camillo Boito.
• - Neo-Romanesque in Italy.
• - Facade of the Basilica of Santa Eufemia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Basilica Santa Eufemia (Milan) (not yet written)") in Milan (1870).
• - Church of Saint Thomas of Canterbury") (1866-1893) in Rome, by Virgilio Vespignani").
• - Duomo of Reggio Calabria") (1917-1928).
• - Co-Cathedral of San Nicola de Palmi (1910-1932).
• - Facade of the cathedral of Santa Maria of Cagliari (1933).
Lithuania
Neo-Romanesque was much less popular in Lithuania than other historicist styles. Only a few Lithuanian churches can be unquestionably classified as pure neo-Romanesque. However, in many neo-Gothic and historic cult buildings, many characteristic features of the neo-Romanesque are surprising and are often creatively combined with typical Gothic elements. The most prominent and probably the purest examples of this style are the churches of Lentvaris and Rietavas. They have characteristic Italian-style bells - campaniles - and have a basilica design. Neo-Romanesque was most evident in the architecture of the brick-style evangelical churches in Lithuania Minor, Vyžiai, Vilkyškiai and Sauga. Other Lithuanian neo-Romanesque churches are:
• - Church of St. Michael the Archangel (Retów)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Church of St. Michael the Archangel (Retów) (not yet written)") (1853-1874).
• - Church of the Holy Trinity in Dusetos (1886-1888).
• - Church of John the Baptist (Plunge) (1899-1933)* Church of the Virgin Mary Sopulinga (Salakaa) (1906-1915).
• - Church of the Annunciation in Lentvaris (1910-1935).
• - Neo-Romanesque in Lithuania.
• - Church of the Holy Trinity in Dusetos (1886-1888).
• - Church of John the Baptist (Plunge) (1899-1933).
• - Church of Virgin Mary Sopulinga (Salakaa) 1906-1915).
• - Church of the Annunciation in Lentvaris (1910-1935).
Rest of Europe
• - Neo-Romanesque in the Iberian Peninsula.
• - Facade of the Sé de Lisboa (1895), Lisbon, Portugal.
• - Church of Santa Lucía&action=edit&redlink=1 "Church of Santa Lucía (Viana do Castelo) (not yet written)") (1903-1926), Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
• - Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Assunção (1929), Santo Tirso, Portugal.
• - Vidago Parish Church (1936), Chaves "Chaves (Portugal)"), Portugal.
• - Basilica of Santa María la Real de Covadonga (1877-1901), Spain.
• - Crypt of the Almudena Cathedral "Catedral de la Almudena (Madrid)"), Madrid, Spain.
• - Neo-Romanesque in Europe.
• - Church of Francis of Assisi&action=edit&redlink=1 "Church of Francis of Assisi (Vienna) (not yet written)") in Vienna, by V. Lunts (1900-1913).
• - Interior of the church of Glarus (1863-66), Switzerland.
• - Georgi Rakovski Military Academy"), Sofia, Bulgaria.
• - Szeged Cathedral (1913-1930), Hungary.
• - Fisherman's Bastion, Budapest, Hungary.
• - Chapel, Vajdahunyad Castle, Budapest, Hungary.
• - Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina"), Saint Petersburg, Russia.
• - Millennium Church in Timișoara (Romania).
• - Church of Saints Simon and Helena in Minsk, Belarus (1905-1910).