Pre-Hispanic era

Located 10 km from the city of Oaxaca, Monte Albán was long the seat of dominant power in the Central Valleys region of Oaxaca, from the decline of San José Mogote in the Middle Preclassic (1500-700 BC) until the decline of the city, which occurred around the 2nd century. Like the vast majority of large Mesoamerican metropolises, Monte Albán was a city with a multi-ethnic population. Throughout its history it maintained very strong ties with other peoples of great importance in Mesoamerica, especially with the Teotihuacanos, during the Early Classic period.

The city was abandoned by a large part of its population at the end of the Xoo Phase. However, the ceremonial enclosure that constitutes the entire archaeological zone of Monte Albán was reused by the Mixtecs during the Postclassic Period. At this time, the political power of the Zapotec people was divided between several City-States, such as Zaachila, Yagul, Lambityeco and Tehuantepec. During this time, the fights between the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs and the expansion of the Mexica took place.

As the Mixtecs had conquered Monte Albán and Cuilapan, the situation of the Zapotecs was going through a period of uncertainty, so Cocijoeza, son of Zaachila III and king of the Zapotecs of Zaachila between 1487 and 1523, when defending the Zapotec empire from Aztec expansion, faced the Mexica to the death in the battle of Cerro de Guiengola. The détente between both peoples favored fruitful agreements, and to seal the brotherhood, the Mexica emperor Ahuizotl "Ahuízotl (ruler)") (1468-1502) arranged the marriage of his daughter Coyolicatzin with Cocijoeza. Three children emerge from this union, among them Donají and Cosijopi, governor of Tehuantepec.[7]​.

In order to monitor the conduct of his son-in-law Cosijoeza, Emperor Ahuízotl ordered the founding of Huaxyacac. The Aztec warriors who arrived in this territory cut down part of the existing gourd forest to build their homes there [8] and settled in the vicinity of a hill called in the Zapotec language Dani Noayaa Loani (Bellavista Hill), which the Nahuas called Ehécatl (god of the wind). Today that elevation is called the Cerro del Fortín.[9]​ The Zapotecs maintained an unreliable alliance with the powerful Mexica who would not settle until they subjugated them. But at the same time they had the Mixtecs as neighbors and former enemies. In 1520, another war began again between Zapotecs and Mixtecs for domination of this territory, which ended with the arrival of the Spanish.

The arrival of the Spanish

Sent by Hernán Cortés, Francisco de Orozco arrived in Oaxaca on November 25, 1521. Among his companions was the clergyman Juan Díaz who would officiate the first mass under a large tree that was on the bank of the Atoyac River "Río Atoyac (Oaxaca)") and where the Temple of San Juan de Dios is currently located.

Cozijoeza sought the support of the Spanish with the purpose of driving the Mixtecs out of Cuilapan. However, this alliance never came to fruition, because Princess Donají, granddaughter of Ahuizotl and daughter of Cosijoeza and Coyolicatzin, was taken hostage by the Mixtecs to avoid an armed confrontation. After a failed rescue attempt, Donají was beheaded on the sacrificial altar, becoming a martyr for the Zapotec people.

In the central part of the Valley of Oaxaca, control of the area occurred in a very short time. The place found by the Spanish was an important part of one of the most culturally advanced regions. The most culturally sophisticated groups were those that

They first gave their recognition to the Europeans. While those who represented a simpler organization opposed them for a longer time.

Cultural advance, in the opinion of researchers, allowed certain advantages that translated into alliances with Europeans. So the use of weapons and war tactics did not last more than a week. Control of the area was relatively quick. Mainly because the Zapotecs did not participate in the fight for the alliance that Cortés made with the Lord of Tehuantepec.

After the successful expeditions to Tututepec, Cortés ordered his soldiers to found a town in that place, due to the large amount of gold it possessed. However, they decided to disobey him and returned to the Valley of Oaxaca, since the climate was more benign.

These Spaniards founded Segura de la Frontera on the boundaries of the old Mexica military post. In this way, the Spanish founding was done as a form of rebellion, and its neighbors would have to fight legally first against Cortés, and then with the bureaucracy of the Viceroyalty.

Antequera in New Spain

Hernando de Badajoz took charge of the new government of Segura de la Frontera and Pedro de Alvarado, Juan Núñez de Mercado and Juan Peláez de Berrio appeared as encomenderos).

A royal mandate allowed the new settlement to acquire the category of town on September 14, 1526. However, although Hernán Cortés rejected the founding of Segura de la Frontera, Juan Núñez de Mercado circumvented this refusal, explainable through the right of conquest, and thanks to this, on June 24, 1528 the population obtained the name Villa de Antequera de Guaxaca.

The following year, when Hernán Cortés was named Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. Juan Peláez de Berrio") arrived in the Valley of Oaxaca in July 1529 and found a Spanish population without local authority and without an organized layout. As he had precise instructions to fix and enlarge the Spanish settlement in the valley, which from then on would be called Antequera, he soon organized the town council and entrusted the builder Alonso García Bravo with the urban layout of the town. This architect took as his vanishing point what is today the zócalo or Plaza de la Constitución and he also ensured that the orientation of the buildings and churches was good so that their windows and doors received the sun during all times of the year. In addition to this, the first bishop of Oaxaca, Francisco López Zárate, discovered nearby deposits of green quarry, which when he began to exploit and work to make houses and churches, this color became characteristic of the population, where the first conquerors, upon arriving in this city, compared its geography with the city of Antequera in Spain. The greenish hue of the quarry in its buildings gives it the name Verde Antequera, as the city of Oaxaca is also known.

The distribution of the plots was carried out by Juan Peláez de Berrio") in 1529, the first mayor of the city of Oaxaca, who proceeded to allocate the land for the eighty families of Spaniards, for the first religious orders and for the main civil buildings.

On April 25, 1532, it received the title of city by a Royal Decree, signed by Carlos I in Medina del Campo, Spain, calling itself from that moment on, the Very noble and loyal City of Antequera.[9] Name that it would retain during the rest of the viceregal era.

At the beginning of the century, the towns (today neighborhoods and agencies) of Xochimilco, Jalatlaco, San Juan Chapultepec and Mexicapam were founded, whose founders were Nahua indigenous people, allies of the Spanish, who accompanied them in the territorial conquest of the south of New Spain.

In 1535, by decision of Pope Paul III, "the Ecclesiastical Province of Antequera&action=edit&redlink=1 "Province of Antequera of Oaxaca (New Spain) (not yet written)") was established, which increased the ecclesiastical presence.

War of Independence

At the beginning of the century, the Creoles, as in other regions of New Spain, adopted the ideas of the Enlightenment and began to progressively rebel against the power of the Spanish Crown. After the failed insurrection of 1811, the uprising took on great importance in the region with the attack of José María Morelos on November 25, 1812.

Morelos decided to march to Oaxaca in November 1812 after having taken the Plazas of Tehuacán and Orizaba. In the early hours of November 25, the insurgent army arrived at the gates of the capital of the Nueva Antequera municipality, where it wrote a letter to Brigadier Roque Abarca, general commander of the square, and to Bishop Antonio Bergoza y Jordán, asking them to surrender the square, and sending a letter to the command, carried by several emissaries. The troops were repelled with cannon fire and the emissaries were shot.

On November 25, 1812, the insurgent forces took their positions and began the attack. Colonel Manuel Montaño") marched on the slopes of the Cerro de la Soledad, in order to cut off the passage of water and prevent the retreat of the Spanish along the road to Tehuantepec. General Galeana took command of the vanguard; Miguel Bravo "Miguel Bravo (insurgent)") of the center column, Matamoros the rear; Morelos, for his part, took a section of cavalry and the bulk of the infantry remained as a reserve to be used when necessary.

From the fort of La Soledad, the royalist artillery managed to stop the insurgent advance in the first moments. Morelos then believing he was in an unfavorable position ordered colonels Ramón Sesma") and Manuel Mier and Terán to take the fort. Both tried to move a cannon near the fort to begin their attack, but once their maneuver was discovered, a heavy rifle fire began between both sides. In such a situation, Morelos was forced to go to reinforce the advance of Mier and Terán, until the objective was finally achieved.[11] After three hours of combat, Morelos managed to take the city.

Already in Oaxaca, Morelos established a court of protection and public trust, dedicated to investigating suspicions of misconduct in the insurgent cause, and which prohibited secret meetings. An autonomous government was established in the city and José María Murguía was appointed mayor. Furthermore, in 1813 he ordered the publication of the Correo Americano del Sur, an insurgent newspaper whose primary objective was to publicize the causes, campaigns and certain correspondence of the leaders of the insurrection of the Mexican War of Independence. It was in the plaza of Oaxaca where Morelos received the Constitutional Elements drafted by Ignacio López Rayón.

Shortly after, Morelos decided to leave Oaxaca, a month and a half after his capture, and continue the march towards Acapulco. The loss of Oaxaca was a serious blow to the viceregal government. For the insurgents, the taking of this plaza increased the military prestige of Morelos, and gave them a privileged geographical position due to the roads and towns that could be controlled from that site. The insurgent government of the city of Oaxaca lasted from 1812 until 1814, when the population was recovered by the royalist army. It was the first and only time that Morelos was able to take control of a major city.

Independent Stage

In 1823, Colonel Antonio de León proclaimed the Republic, imposing order when a Government Board formally declared that the state was free and sovereign, thus, Murguía y Galardi was the first governor. After the recognition of the constitutional text in 1825, the Institute of Sciences and Arts began its academic operation in 1827, having among its students two prominent Oaxacan figures, Benito Juárez García and Porfirio Díaz Mori.

In 1828 the struggle between conservatives and liberals became increasingly significant. The economic crisis and political disorder were also notable in 1836, the date on which the conservatives repealed the Constitution and the federal Republic. In 1841, relying on liberal groups, General Antonio López de Santa Anna expressed his opposition to the centralist government. The following year, Benito Juárez took charge of the Government Secretary.

On April 12, 1844, the State Assembly organized the Superior Court and other lower courts of the Department of Oaxaca by decree. Three years later, Benito Juárez assumed the duties of interim governor. The French imperialist incursion and the struggle between conservatives and reformists frame a display of dramatic overtones and very relevant consequences.

In 1856, the promulgation of the Reform laws confronted the two Oaxacan factions. Marcelino Ruiz Cobos y Moreno on the part of the conservatives and Governor Ignacio Mejía on the part of the liberals, a faction that ultimately managed to impose its ideology.

On September 15, 1857, the date on which the Constituent Congress decreed the Constitution of the State of Oaxaca. A year later the Reform War began, which lasted until 1861. Local figures such as Mariano Jiménez participated in the fight against the French, who would later intervene with his countryman Porfirio Díaz in the Pronouncement of La Noria to hinder Juárez's re-election, and then served as federal deputy of Oaxaca and interim governor of Michoacán.

In 1863 Oaxaca was conquered by the French, an action that was strongly repelled by the guerrilla actions of Juchitecs and Mixtecs. A leader of indigenous descent, Porfirio Díaz, defeated the troops of Marshal François Achille Bazaine in 1865 in the Battle of Carbonera.

Once the turmoil caused by the French invasion was over, on October 10, 1872 the city received the name Oaxaca de Juárez, thus honoring the memory of who was considered Benemérito of the Americas. Ten years later, on September 17, 1882, the governor of the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca presented a constitutional report in the state Congress on public administration.

Porfiriato and Revolution

The Porfirio period was characterized by being an economic boom, both at the national and regional level. The state of Oaxaca enjoyed a boom during this period, which has been characterized in recent research as an economic boom, which allowed the construction of numerous public buildings. Oaxaca began its economic recovery in the last quarter of the century. The axes that led to the reactivation were: social stability, the development of infrastructure and foreign investment. Another important example was that General Porfirio Díaz, “the hero of peace,” was a native of the entity.

The Oaxacan economic development model in the Porfiriato was based on the development of infrastructure. The railways and ports made possible the export of tropical agricultural and mining products, with their dynamics they promoted foreign investment.

The rise of the Oaxacan economy began with the inauguration of the Southern Mexican Railway in Oaxaca, on November 13, 1892, when General Gregorio Chávez was governor of the state. The inauguration was attended by President Porfirio Díaz Mori, who returned to his homeland after a long absence. The route of the Mexican railroad was from the country's capital to the city of Oaxaca, allowing the transportation of raw materials. It was the last time that General Porfirio Díaz and his cabinet visited Oaxaca.[12]​ The development of the infrastructure was strengthened with the construction of the Tehuantepec National Railway - or Transisthmian Railway as it was also called - with the Pan-American railway and with the opening of the ports of Salina Cruz and Coatzacoalcos. Another great technological advance in the area of ​​telecommunications was the beginning of Oaxacan telephone services in 1908.

The economic boom and the reestablishment of peace had effects on the architectural-urban process of the city of Oaxaca; a large number of public and private buildings were built. The development of funerary architecture has also been noted, due to the construction of cemeteries. But the most important thing was the modernization process.

The modernization of the city of Oaxaca was manifested with the introduction of public services that made life more comfortable and improved the hygienic conditions of the population: street paving, public lighting, drainage, drinking water and urban transportation.

During the Porfirio period Oaxaca was under the tight control of Díaz. In principle, during the interregnum in which General Manuel González was president of the republic, his compadre, Díaz became governor of the state.

In May 1901, the Juárez Association was founded, the basic organization of the precursors of the Revolution in Oaxaca.

In September 1909, the Mier y Terán Casino Theater, currently "Macedonio Alcalá", was inaugurated. That same year, on December 18, Francisco I. Madero visited the city of Oaxaca. He created an anti-reelectionist club, where the opposition was represented, in 1910, by Benito Juárez Maza.

Contemporary Era

On January 14, 1931, the state of Oaxaca once again suffered a terrible earthquake. The city of Oaxaca was almost completely destroyed. The damage was greater, both in urban architecture and in the economy of Oaxacans. As a result of this, there was a strong emigration to other parts of the country which, added to that generated by the Revolution, caused the city's population to drop to 33 thousand inhabitants in 1935.[15]​.

A year later, on January 9, 1932, the treasure of tomb 7 in Monte Albán was found by Alfonso Caso: a burial site inside which the largest number of Mesoamerican objects to date was found. This, together with the discovery of tombs 1 and 2 in Zaachila made by Roberto Gallegos in 1959, enriched the contents of the State Institute of Sciences and Arts.

On April 25, 1932, the city of Oaxaca celebrated the IV Centennial of having been elevated to the category of city. To commemorate that date, an intense program of activities was developed, highlighting the Regional Exhibition held at the former Aguilera hacienda and the Racial Tribute, the prelude to the current Guelaguetza, held on the Fortín hill.[15]​.

By the 1940s, with the construction of the Pan-American Highway bordering the north of the city, Oaxaca de Juárez began to open to tourism.[16]​.

Until 1950, the urban area covered the original layout of the city. The neighborhoods of Marquesado, Xochimilco, Jalatlaco, San Martín Mexicapan and San Juan Chapultepec were beginning to integrate into the urban perimeter. The main exits from the city (the highway to Mexico, the Isthmus and San Felipe) are the axes around which the new human settlements are grouped.[17]​.

On January 17, 1955, the Institute of Sciences and Arts became the Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca.

On January 18, 1959, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the coronation of the Virgin of Soledad, he received the Pontifical Bull naming the building Basilica Menor de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad "Basilica de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (Oaxaca)").[18]​.

In August 1969, a series of rains throughout the state caused the Atoyac River to overflow, flooding a large part of the city of Oaxaca. The waters destroyed crops and communication routes, including the main bridge to Monte Albán. Oaxaca was declared a "zone of national tragedy".[19]​.

On March 7, 1970, a total eclipse of the sun occurred visible in the city of Oaxaca. The national and international interest of astronomers, researchers and scientists that the eclipse captured motivated the construction of the "Canuto Muñoz Mares" Municipal Astronomical Observatory in the city, inaugurated on February 10, 1973.[20]​.

Taking advantage of the natural slope of Cerro del Fortín, the Guelaguetza Auditorium was built in 1974 on the old "Rotonda de las Azucenas", the first auditorium built in 1932 on the occasion of the .[21]​.

21st century

In 2006, a political-social movement developed in the city of Oaxaca, originated by teacher protests demanding the resignation of then-governor Ulises Ruiz, due to acts of corruption. Section 22 of the CNTE requested the zonal change of teachers and better conditions for the education of marginalized students that prevail in the vast majority of schools, as well as a salary increase. This movement triggered, in the early morning of June 14, 2006, the violent eviction of teachers who were demonstrating in the city's main square. That same month, the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca (APPO) was created, made up of several groups representing Oaxacan civil society, where the teachers lost control of the movement, and acts of repression and murder by the government arose that affected society in general.

The visual legacy of the conflict remains on the streets of Oaxaca, where political art and murals have become part of the urban landscape of the historic center. Artistic collectives such as ASARO"), Lapiztola") and Colectivo Subterráneos use the city walls as a canvas for works that address issues of social justice and collective memory.[29]​.

In 2010, during the July 6 elections, the city of Oaxaca was the main center of organization for opposition groups. After 80 years, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) lost the government elections and the opposition coalition (PAN, PRD, PT and Convergencia) won, as in the municipal elections, so the mayor's office was governed by the PAN, PRD, Convergencia coalition, represented by Luis Ugartechea Begué.

On March 20, 2012, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake occurred in the vicinity of Ometepec, Guerrero and Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca. The earthquake, which occurred at 12:02 p.m., was felt in a large part of the central area of ​​the Mexican Republic.[30]​ In the city of Oaxaca, there were water and electricity outages, as well as minor damage to buildings.[31]​.

After competing with the cities of Arequipa in Peru, Krakow in Poland and George Town in Malaysia,[32]​ from November 19 to 22, 2013, the city of Oaxaca de Juárez hosted the XII World Congress of the Organization of World Heritage Cities, whose theme was "Heritage cities, sustainable cities."[33]​.

On April 25, 2014, the 482nd anniversary of the city of Oaxaca was celebrated, which was organized by the state government and led by the governor in charge, Javier Villacaña Jiménez and the secretary of Cultures and Arts of the state, Francisco Martínez Neri.

From 2012 to date, demonstrations in the city have been more frequent, not only on the part of the Oaxacan teachers, but now, unions, transportation concessionaires and rural populations are demonstrating by blocking, taking buses by force and interrupting free transit.

On April 25, 2017, when José Antonio Hernández Fraguas was Municipal President, the 485th anniversary of Oaxaca being elevated to the rank of city was celebrated, so from April 24 to 29 of the current year, the celebrations were held with activities such as the First Meeting of Traditional Cooks and Traveling Shows.

Contenido

Localizada a 488 km[34]​ (vía supercarretera) y 583 km (vía federal) al sureste de la Ciudad de México, la ciudad de Oaxaca de Juárez, cabecera del municipio homónimo "Oaxaca de Juárez (municipio)") se encuentra ubicada en la región de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, en el Distrito del Centro, entre los paralelos 17°1′ y 17°10′ de latitud norte; los meridianos 96°40′ y 96°47′ de longitud oeste; con una altitud entre los 1500 y 3,200 m; ocupando el 0.09 % de la superficie total del estado con una extensión territorial de 85.48 km².

Oaxaca de Juárez se encuentra en medio de un conjunto de tres valles fluviales localizados entre el Nudo Mixteco, la Sierra Juárez y la Sierra Madre del Sur. Estos tres valles conforman una especie de "Y" donde cada uno de los brazos posee un nombre específico: al noroeste se encuentra el valle de Etla; al oriente, el valle de Tlacolula; y al sur, el valle de Zimatlán-Ocotlán. La ciudad está rodeada por varias elevaciones, sobresaliendo al norte el cerro de San Felipe del Agua (a 3,500 ) donde se localiza el Parque nacional Benito Juárez, al sur el cerro de Monte Albán, al este el cerro de San Antonio de la Cal y al noroeste los cerros del Creston y del Fortín, este último decretado el 30 de octubre de 2004 como Parque Estatal.[35]​.

Hydrography

In the Central Valleys the availability of water is abundant, however, the weight of the population in this region has made this resource a scarce element. The low availability causes insufficiencies in surface and groundwater for supply, which leads to overexploitation of the existing aquifer in this region; without leaving aside pollution, which has reduced the potential for use of several aquifers, rivers and bodies of water.

The main river in the region, the Atoyac, is part of the Río Atoyac-Verde hydrographic basin which, due to its magnitude and economic importance, is the livelihood of more than one and a half million inhabitants settled in several municipalities of the Central Valleys and for the city of Oaxaca de Juárez with almost one million inhabitants. However, the accelerated growth of human settlements has created a serious supply of water, increasingly scarce and of lower quality due to pollution from industry, agriculture and populations that lack drainage and sewage treatment plants. Situation due to which the Atoyac River is the most polluted river in the entity.[36]​.

Several rivers cross the city of Oaxaca: the Atoyac River, the San Felipe River, the Jalatlaco River (currently piped and on which the Calzada de la República runs), the Seco River and the Salado River. Both the Atoyac River and the Salado River remain semi-dry most of the year. The Atoyac River, in its original channel, passed through what is now the center of the city. In order to avoid periodic flooding, in 1561 Spanish engineers decided to divert the riverbed to the south, where it is today.

The city has some artificial bodies of water. One of these is located in the city of Las Canteras, built in the old green quarry mines with which most of the colonial buildings in the city of Oaxaca were built. Currently it is a recreation place with artificial lagoons[37]​ where species of largemouth bass, mojarra, and charal reproduce.[38]​.

Flora and fauna

Oaxaca presents a great variety of flora and fauna, both native and introduced. The predominant vegetation in the valleys corresponds to trees (evergreen and deciduous) such as ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum), casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia), framboyan (Delonix regia), sage (Salvia officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), mulatto stick (Bursera simaruba), thyme (Thymus), huamúchil (Pithecellobium dulce), Cazahuate (Ipomoea arborea), laurel (Ficus nitida) and huaje (Leucaena leucocephala), from which the name of the city comes.

Among the wild fauna are the cenzontle (Mimus polyglottos), the goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), the common lark (Mimus saturninus), pigeons (Columba livia domestica), doves (Columbina talpacoti), opossums (Mexican marmosa), squirrels, badgers and raccoons; among the domestic: the horse, the cat, the dog, chickens, among others.[39]​.

• - Ahuehuete.

• - Casuarina.

• - Cazahuate.

• - Huaje.

• - Cenzontle.

• - House Sparrow.

• - Pigeon.

• - Raccoon.

Seismicity

Geological risks (earthquakes, landslides and faults) stand out in the city of Oaxaca. Like the State, it has the highest seismicity in the country.[40] Throughout its history, being located in a highly seismic area, the city has been partially or almost totally destroyed by earthquakes. To mention, the one recorded on January 15, 1931 of magnitude 7.8 (which damaged public buildings, as well as temples and former convents in towns in the Valley of Oaxaca[30]​) and the one on September 30, 1999 of magnitude 7.4.[41]​

http://www.normateca.sedesol.gob.mx/work/models/SEDESOL/Resource/2612/Atlas_Estados/20067_OAXACA_DE_JUAREZ/INFORME_FINAL_OAXACA.pdf.

The city of Oaxaca is divided into 3 seismic zones, the safest being the area located in San Felipe del Agua due to its rocky soil, followed by the Central Zone and finally the area of ​​the UABJO University City and Exhacienda Candiani, this being the most vulnerable due to the presence of aquifers located in its depths. Likewise, this city has 12 Geological Faults that are located within this same capital of which there was a record of an intense earthquake in the year 1879 of magnitude 7.3 located its epicenter 52 km northeast of Tlacolula de Matamoros, with a depth of 25 km, this being one of the strongest located within the Central Valleys region.

During the year 2012, the strongest earthquake until then was recorded, with a magnitude of 7.8 with its epicenter in Pinotepa Nacional.

In 2017, one of the most powerful would be recorded, on September 7, with magnitude 8.4, with an epicenter 120 km southeast of Tehuantepec. Later, its aftershock was recorded in the same month of September, specifically on the 23rd, with a magnitude of 6.1.

The most recent occurred on February 16, 2018, with a magnitude of 7.2 with an epicenter also in Pinotepa Nacional.

Given that the city of Oaxaca has eventually suffered the effect of strong earthquakes that occur to the north and south of the Central Valley, and by some generated in the isthmus region, during 2003 the Seismic Instrumentation and Registration Center (CIRES) began the design and instrumentation of the Oaxaca Seismic Alert System, SASO, which provides an early public warning notice to the population of the State capital.[42]​.

Según la Clasificación climática de Köppen, Oaxaca de Juárez posee una mezcla climática entre un clima Subtropical de tierras altas y un Clima de montaña

.[43]​ La temperatura promedio anual es de 20 °C.

Los meses más calurosos son abril y mayo, mientras que los meses más fríos son diciembre, enero y febrero.[43]​

La ciudad de Oaxaca está a una altitud de 1550 metros sobre el nivel del mar, lo que significa que siempre habrá una gran diferencia de temperatura entre el día y la noche. El clima es agradable, con temperaturas que oscilan entre los 8 °C y 25 °C en los meses más fríos y los 14 °C y 32 °C en los meses más calientes. Los únicos registros de nevadas en la ciudad datan de 1957

[44]​ y 1881.

[45]​.

rainy season

The official rainy season in Oaxaca City begins in May, sometimes a little earlier in April, and lasts until the end of September or beginning of October. During these months, the mornings and afternoons are sunny and warm until the clouds begin to swirl in the mountains, after which the rain falls and it quickly clears again. From time to time, late into the night, it will rain gently. This causes humidity to increase, reaching 80% during the rainiest and hottest days of summer. The rainiest months are from June to September, with precipitation exceeding 150 mm and August being the rainiest of these, the average temperatures are 20 °C and 21 °C, but the maximum temperatures occasionally exceed 30 °C.

drought season

October to May is the driest time in Oaxaca City, where there will be little or no rain, and where humidity will be at its lowest level. The days are warm, almost hot, and dry. On the contrary, the nights are cold and can reach 8 °C, and in January up to 5 °C, although it is not common. March is the least rainy month.

El municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez está conformado por la Cabecera Municipal y 13 Agencias Municipales y de Policía, que se integran por colonias, barrios, fraccionamientos y unidades habitacionales; así como por las reservas ecológicas que se encuentren dentro de su demarcación territorial.

Agencias Municipales:.

• - Donají.

• - Pueblo Nuevo.

• - San Felipe del Agua.

• - San Juan Chapultepec.

• - Trinidad de Viguera.

• - Santa Rosa Panzacola.

• - San Martín Mexicapam de Cárdenas.

Agencias de Policía:.

• - Candiani.

• - Cinco Señores.

• - Dolores.

• - Guadalupe Victoria.

• - Montoya.

• - San Luis Beltrán.

De acuerdo con la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 del INEGI, en Oaxaca de Juárez "Oaxaca de Juárez (municipio)") viven 264 251 habitantes, de los cuales 119 946 son hombres (45.4 %) y 144 305 son mujeres (54.6 %).

Debido a la pequeña extensión del municipio (85.48 km²) la ciudad se extiende por el valle, englobando a más de veinte municipios cercanos.

El área de Oaxaca de Juárez y municipios conurbados poseía en el 2005 una población de 515 mil 440 habitantes, siendo una de las 30 ciudades del país con más de 100 mil habitantes y con mayor crecimiento demográfico neto. La tasa de crecimiento media anual intercensal estatal en el año 2000 fue de 1.3 por ciento y la del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez alcanzó el 1.8 por ciento, rebasando en 43 por ciento el crecimiento demográfico estatal, llegando a tener una densidad de población, en el 2006, de 3 mil 100 habitantes por km².

Actualmente la distribución de la población que vive en localidades rurales ha presentado una disminución considerable, dando como resultado una alta concentración de población en la zona metropolitana.

ethnic groups

According to the XII General Census of Population and Housing 2000 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI), the total population of indigenous people in the municipality amounts to 22,388 people. Their main indigenous languages ​​are Zapotec and Mixtec.

Oaxaca de Juárez is a center of convergence for all different ethnic groups, among them are: the Amuzgos, Cuicatecos, Chatinos, Chinantecos, Chochos, Chontales, Huaves, Ixcatecos, Mazatecos, Mixes, Mixtecs, Nahuatlecos, Triques, Zapotecs, Zoques and Popolocas. The presence of foreigners is also considerable, with Americans being the majority of those who live in the city or arrive as tourist visitors for a season.

The presence of ethnic groups allows, not only the city but also the state, to have a vast cultural wealth, customs and traditions, preserved to date, however, almost in their entirety, backwardness, marginalization and poverty persist.[50]​.

Likewise, in the city there are organizations in charge of protecting the ethnic diversity of the city and the entire state. Festivals that exalt all state cultures are thirsty.

La traza urbana dentro de la ciudad de Oaxaca puede considerarse variada, ya que dentro de él se sitúan varias formas de calles, avenidas, colonias y fraccionamientos que tienen diferentes trazos como el ortogonal, es decir, con líneas horizontales y verticales que se cruzan, e irregular, es decir, calles y avenidas sin sentido, pero en general podemos decir que Oaxaca cuenta con una traza que acorde a su crecimiento se ha alineado con la forma de Ye que tiene el valle, que son tres salidas.

Main roads

The main roads of the city are aligned according to the exits it has, which in this case are 3.

Federal Highway 190 crosses the city, entering through the western part, passing through the city with the name Cristóbal Colón Highway and Héroes de Chapultepec Highway, exiting through the east towards the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Federal Highway 175 from Tuxtepec crosses the city from north to south, entering through the municipality of Santa Lucía del Camino, taking the name of Lázaro Cárdenas Avenue or National Road, part of Eduardo Vasconcelos Boulevard and the Periférico (Eduardo Mata) exiting to the south with the name of Símbolos Patrios.

University Avenue starts from Símbolos Patrios to the intersection of 5 Señores taking the name of Bulevar Eduardo Vasconcelos to the intersection of the Eduardo Vasconcelos stadium continuing towards the north with the name of Avenida Heroico Colegio Militar ending in the blue module.

The Calzada San Felipe begins in the northern part of the city and passes through several notable points, such as the CRENO (Regional Center for Normal Education of Oaxaca), the Faculty of Medicine and Obstetrics (UABJO) and the "Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso" Civil Hospital. After passing the source of the 8 regions, it is known as Calzada Porfirio Díaz, which ends at the intersection with Avenida Héroes de Chapultepec.

The main cruises in the city are: Crucero de Cinco Señores, Parque del Amor, Eduardo Vasconcelos Stadium, Fountain of the Eight Regions, Monument to the Mother and Pueblo Nuevo.

As of March 14, 2014, the first road distributor in the city of Oaxaca operates effectively, facilitating traffic in the Crucero de Cinco Señores, with a depressed passage heading north-south and vice versa and an overpass heading east-west and vice versa.

Shopping plazas

In the city of Oaxaca you can find different shopping plazas such as:

• - Plaza del Valle: McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Sears "Sears Roebuck (Mexico)"), Banamex, HSBC, Cinemex, LOB, Men's Factory, Bruno Corza, Aldo Conti, Chicago Tenis, Vertiche, Sunglass Hut, Hang Ten, Estafeta, Restaurant-Bar La Bartola.

• - Plaza Oaxaca: Domino's Pizza, Restaurante Terranova, Banorte, Gorditas Doña Tota, Soriana Híper, Liverpool, Coppel, Cinépolis, Chicago Tenis, Vertiche, GNC, Chilli Guajilli.

• - Plaza Paseo V: MC Carthys Irish Pub, DHL, AT&T, Titos Restaurante, Dulcería La Sevillana.

• - Plaza Bella: Liverpool, Bodega Aurrera, Coppel, The Italian Coffee Company, McDonald's, Cinemex Plaza Bella, MC Carthys Irish Pub, Martí, Promoda Multimarcas, Capa de Ozono, Vertiche, Papelerías Tony, Pastelería Tartamiel, Domino's Pizza, Steren, Miniso, Pirma "Pirma (brand)"), KFC, Chilli Guajilli.

• - Plaza Parque: El Asador El Vasco, Restaurante-Bar Jardín, Martí Tienda, Banco Santander "Banco Santander (México)"), Grupo Financiero Inbursa, Starbucks Coffe, Adolfo Domínguez, Lacoste, Ferrioni, Tous, +kota.

• - Plaza Mazari: Steren, BBVA "BBVA (Mexico)"), iShopMixup, Terranova Restaurant, Sushiitto, AT&T, Kumon Method, Allianz.

• - Plaza Cristal: Chedraui Periférico, RadioShack Oaxaca, Restaurant El Sagrario, Pastelería Tartamiel.

• - Plaza Tecnomoda: The Italian Coffee Company.

• - Plaza Monte Albán: Waldo's Mart, Monkey Boliche.

• - Plaza Montajes: INE, Banorte, Coppel Piticó, Caja Popular Mexicana, Keyri Uniforms, Farmacias Omega, La Tienda del Sazón.

• - Plaza San Jerónimo: Black Coffee Gallerry, Ay Güey!, Wing Box, Carnaby Street Coffee.

• - Plaza Santo Domingo: OXXO, MC Carthys Irish Pub, Café Brújula, US Consulate.

• - Taquerias and tlayuderias: Taquería El Embrujo, Balcón de La Lechuza, Don Juanito, Mixtacos, Los Sombrerudos, I love Tlayudas, Tlayudas Doña Flavia, Tlayudas "El Negro".

The Oaxacan city also has the presence of American markets such as: Sam's Club, McDonald's, Domino's Pizza, Little Caesars, Pizza Hut, Walmart, AT&T, Kentucky Fried Chicken, The Home Depot, Office Depot and Dairy Queen.

Health

In 2012, the life expectancy of Oaxacans is 72 years.

In 2011, 20,919 deaths were recorded and the majority corresponded to adults: seven out of ten to the population aged 60 and over and two to adults aged 30 to 59.

129 men die for every hundred women. In the 20 to 39 age group, this excess mortality exceeds 300 male deaths per 100 females.

Diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, liver disease and cerebrovascular disease are the main causes of death in the population and represent 34.2% of total deaths.

Generally, from 30 to 44 years old "the population is in a phase of formation or expansion of their own families, carrying out activities linked to the procreation and care of their children; in the workplace, the majority of men and an increasing proportion of women participate in some economic activity." This stage is when habits that affect or will affect the health of adults in the future originate or are strengthened.

According to PAHO, “lifestyle can lead to eating habits, dietary patterns and physical activity that act as risk factors for chronic diseases.”

In Oaxaca, assaults (18.0%) are the main cause of death in men between 30 and 44 years old, followed by liver diseases (16.5%), transportation accidents (8.7%) and human immunodeficiency virus disease (HIV) (5.7 percent); In women, diabetes mellitus (12.2%), liver diseases (6.4%), transportation accidents (6.0%) and malignant tumor of the cervix (4.7%) make up the epidemiological picture of the main causes of death in this segment of the population.

Oaxaca de Juárez has hospital care distributed among hospitals and clinics of various institutions, such as the S.S.A., the I.M.S.S-Solidaridad, the I.S.S.S.T.E. and many other particulars, standing out:.

• - "Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso" General Hospital.

• - General Hospital of Zone #1 of the I.M.S.S "Dr. Demetrio Mayoral Pardo".

• - "Presidente Juárez" Regional Hospital, belonging to the I.S.S.S.T.E.

• - Mexican Red Cross, Oaxaca State Delegation.

Parallel to this, various higher-level educational institutions provide health services (dentistry, medicine, clinical chemistry and nursing) to the population inside and outside the city of Oaxaca.[51]​[52]​.

There are also headquarters of groups affiliated with certain organizations, both state and private, dedicated to providing social assistance: Drug Addicts Anonymous (DA), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and the Good Will Movement of Neurotics Anonymous, to mention a few, whose main objective is to help patients and people with various problems related to different addictions.[43]​.

Sport

The sporting presence in the city dates back to pre-Hispanic times with the practice of the ball game, a sport with ritual connotations (which could include human sacrifice) practiced in Monte Albán, from the decline of San José Mogote in the Middle Preclassic (1500-700 BC) until the decline of the city, which occurred around the 1st century. Currently, the practice of Mixteca pelota is the link with our indigenous past and it is possible to observe its execution in the facilities of the University City of the UABJO as well as in the July festivities of the Guelaguetza. Mixtec pelota belongs to the Mexican Federation of Indigenous and Traditional Games and Sports, A.C.

Baseball is widely practiced in the city of Oaxaca. The Eduardo Vasconcelos Stadium is home to the Guerreros de Oaxaca, a prominent professional team in the Mexican Baseball League (LMB). The athlete Vinicio Castilla, born in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez, is one of the most prominent baseball players.

Previously, the "Benito Juárez" soccer stadium was the field of the disappeared team "Chapulineros de Oaxaca", which became a member of the 2nd Division and the then 1st Division "A" of Professional Soccer, under the sponsorship of the "Grupo Pegaso" and later in the 3rd Division of Professional Soccer with the sponsorship of the "Grupo Proessa". The Coloso de Ixcotel, previously called “Benito Juárez Stadium”, was owned by the “Deportivo Oaxaca” team, after the former owners of the “Chapulineros” acquired the franchise of the “Guerreros de Acapulco” team, from the 2nd Premier Division of Ascenso. For the 2013 Apertura Tournament, Oaxaca will participate in the Liga de Ascenso MX with a new professional soccer team representing the state, the "Alebrijes de Oaxaca" which was part of the Tecamachalco Project, whose stadium is under construction near the Technological Institute of Oaxaca.[53]​.

The Carrera Panamericana, which emerged in 1950 as a catalyst for tourism on the then recently built Pan-American Highway, is generally held in the months of October and November and attracts people from many parts of the world with its stop in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez.[54]​.

Oaxaca de Juárez has a golf course, the "Club de Golf Vista Hermosa" located approximately 25 minutes north of the city. It has 9 double exit holes, it is semi-flat, with 4 artificial lakes; It is a par 68 with a driving distance of 5,218 yards. It was founded in 1983 on an area of ​​12 hectares. Tennis is present, in a more reserved way, at the Brenamiel Tennis Club with 9 tennis courts in a rural settlement and the Deportivo Oaxaca with 7 courts, both 20 minutes from the center.[55]​.

Contact sports such as boxing, taekwondo, karate are important in the State as they are a sport practiced in universities, which in turn seek a place in the National Universiade games that are practiced every year throughout the country, and therefore Oaxaca is a State that, in addition to having a presence in universities regarding this sport; It also has important athletes in this discipline, a clear example is the Oaxaca native Judo and professional wrestling are regularly practiced, whether in schools, gyms (such as the "Ricardo Flores Magón" Gym, the Oaxaca Arena) or specialized rooms. Athletic races are constant in the city, held for health, sport, commemorating various festivities or mourning anniversaries.[56]​[57]​.

Skateboarding is mainly practiced by teenagers and young people, either in the Skatepark Oaxaca[58]​ or in numerous public squares and parks in the city.[59]​ Recently, the city of Oaxaca hosted the eliminatory in the Monster Army Jam, an event that seeks to grow skateboarding at a national level.[60]​ Cycling is also part of it, as a competition or night and Sunday daytime bicycle tours around the city, always promoting its use under the motto Oaxaca is more beautiful by bicycle.[61]​.

The presence of Extreme Sports is also marked. Paragliding is possible from Zaachila, gliding over the Valley of Oaxaca. The "Fly Inn Oaxaca" is an annual competition for paragliders valid internationally that awards points for worldwide classification.[62]​ Motocross takes place in the city of Oaxaca with the Azteca Motocross Championship, which brings together pilots from entities in central and southern Mexico, in various categories ranging from Children to the Expert division. The city's motocross track has approximately 900 meters of route, of which 80 percent are supercross.[63]​.

Certain areas of the banks of the Atoyac River were prepared as walking paths, basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball courts, which several walkers and passers-by use for recreation and practicing sports. The "Venustiano Carranza" Sports Center is currently under construction, which has a total area of ​​65 thousand square meters and will have 3 soccer fields, 2 fronton fields, 3 multi-fields, 1.5 kilometers of track for runners, 4,791 square meters of children's play area and 19 thousand square meters of green areas and gardens.[64]​.

Public services

The coverage of public services according to the assessments of the H. City Council of Oaxaca de Juárez includes drinking water, public lighting, maintenance of urban drainage, garbage collection and cleaning of public roads, public safety, paving, markets and supply centers and slaughterhouses. According to information provided in the period between 2009 and 2010,[65]​ some of the public services available are distributed as shown below:

According to data from INEGI (2010), 91.7% of the homes in the municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez have some type of drainage (sewer network, septic tank, biodigesters, ecological toilets, etc.); 79% with drinking water and 98% with electricity, although in many cases the conditions in which these services are provided are deficient, highlighting the problems of regular supply of drinking water.

The consolidated urban areas of the city that have 99% of the basic services are located in the central agencies, while the deficit in basic services is partially recorded towards the periphery of the city, where the most recent human settlements that lack infrastructure and equipment for their development are located.[40]​.

Transport

Oaxaca de Juárez public transportation is provided by local bus companies to virtually every corner of the valley and mainly to the city of Oaxaca.

• - Express Transport Service of Antequera, S.C. by R.L. of C.V. of the city of Oaxaca (SERTEXA).

• - Sociedad Cooperativa de Transportes Choferes del Sur, S.C.L.

• - Urban Transport of the city of Oaxaca, S.A. of C.V. (TUCDOSA).

• - Transportes Guelatao Grupo Martínez Ortega.

• - Urban and Suburban Transport Guelatao, S.A. de C.V (TUSUG).

Within the city there is a taxi service provided by various private companies, which operates with the "roulette" system in the streets and "site", where it is necessary to communicate to hire the service.

Until 1999, the railway represented a communication between the city and localities in the metropolitan area, so the entire valley was connected by that means. With its privatization came the closure of the railway line, leaving only the tracks, which to a small extent have been covered by concrete, and the main railway station has been restored to house a museum.

In recent years there have been attempts by various bodies to rehabilitate the railway system either through a suburban train system or electric trams.[66]​.

The entry into operation of a BRT system has been a topic of discussion, this one in particular has found defenders and detractors.

In many neighborhoods of the metropolitan area, motorcycle taxi sites operate with their BAJAJ vehicles.

To transport you to nearby towns, foreign taxi services are used, characteristic for their cherry color, which differentiates them from the taxis in the city center. They generally have their bases on the periphery of the center or in the Central de Abasto.

At the beginning of 2013, the process of renewal, modernization and regularization of the vehicles that provide public transportation service in the city of Oaxaca began, the purpose of which is to guarantee the provision of a profitable service for the concessionaires and an efficient and quality service for the public users of the city of Oaxaca and the 21 municipalities of its Metropolitan Zone, where more than 600 thousand inhabitants are concentrated. All this to confront and address problems regarding the quality of service, environmental pollution, the lack of adequate conditions on primary public transportation roads and fare costs.[67]​.

The entry and exit of passengers to the city of Oaxaca from different places, both inside and outside the state, takes place in the various bus terminals that are located around the city center:

• - The Second Class Bus Station of Oaxaca “Antequera” S.A. of C.V. It offers daily departures and arrivals to the different regions of the interior of the state, as well as to the neighboring states of Puebla, Chiapas and Mexico City.

Media

In the city of Oaxaca, in addition to the local press, you can purchase various national and foreign publications. As in almost the entire national territory, you can tune in to the main television channels in the country, in addition to two local channels with 22 repeaters within the state.[43]​ As in the entire country, international satellite television services have recently been incorporated. Mexican radio has many national and local stations that operate on two frequencies: Amplitude Modulated (AM), with approximately 26 stations that are heard in much of the state,[43]​ and Frequency Modulated (FM), both offer different types of programming. Likewise, Oaxaca is served by various companies with Internet link servers, also having access to electronic mail (email) and Telnet services. There are also conventional services of public telephones, postal service and telegraph.

Communication routes

Oaxaca has sufficient land communication routes, among which the Cuacnopalam-Tehuacán-Oaxaca super highway stands out, which connects this city with the state of Puebla. Likewise, the city is connected with the other municipalities and regions of the state through different highways and rural roads. As far as air communication is concerned, this capital has the Oaxaca International Airport, located in San Juan Bautista la Raya, in the municipality of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, located within the urban area of ​​the city.

However, it is important to mention that the municipality's road network still has 7 percent rural roads and 6 percent gaps, which reflects a deficient and insufficient road structure. Likewise, the Super highways to the Coast and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec are being built.

The government of Gabino Cué on November 20, 2012 inaugurated the first phase of the “5 Señores” Road Distributor, with which it was planned to make vehicular traffic more efficient in the East and West areas of the city. The Second Stage of the Project consisted of modernization work in the lower part of the bridge – the depressed passage – culminating in several complementary works in the city, such as the paving of 11.5 kilometers of surrounding streets; the repaving of 102 thousand square meters; the reconstruction of the asphalt layer of 9 thousand square meters and 7,200 more meters of hydraulic concrete in addition to the improvement of the IV Centenario Bridge, which connects the municipality of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán with Oaxaca de Juárez.

Enclavada en un valle al centro de la Sierra Madre del Sur, la ciudad de Oaxaca se distingue por una intensa actividad artística, artesanal y cultural.[69]​ Es además, sede de importantes foros y festivales, representando su riqueza y diversidad cultural, arraigada en lo más profundo de sus tradiciones y costumbres.[70]​.

El arte oaxaqueño es un estandarte cultural en México y el extranjero; el colorido, folclore, música, danza y gastronomía, nos habla del arte milenario que, heredado por los propios antepasados, sigue presente al día de hoy, tras haber atravesado un sinnúmero de etapas y obstáculos.

Traditions and customs

Paseo Juárez "El Llano" is one of the main family recreation centers in Oaxaca. It is very frequently used for civic events and temporary cultural exhibitions. In it you can admire a monument dedicated to Don Benito Juárez, placed in 1894.

Known as Floral Walks, the "Fridays of the Plain" are held every Friday throughout the entire period of Catholic Lent. Created by the Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca at the beginning of the century, every Friday the most beautiful woman is chosen with flowers. The young women walk around the park so that the men provide them with flowers that they consider the most beautiful. The one who collects the most flowers will be the winner and will have the honor of being the godmother of Viernes del Llano. You can also listen to marimba and banda music.

Currently, the flower walks are carried out by the high school students of the UABJO, where every Friday it is up to a different high school to organize this event, the students select a godmother by group, who between cheers and gifts of flowers carries out the walk around the monument to Benito Juárez. At the end of which, a jury made up of professors from each school selects the representative godmother for Friday.[71]​.

It is a tradition practiced on the fourth Friday of Lent by Catholic Oaxacans, in remembrance of the biblical passage "Jesus and the Samaritan Woman" (John 4: 5-42). It basically consists of giving fruit-flavored water to passersby, contained in clay jars, which are placed in "stalls" outside the Churches, decorated with bougainvillea and arch-shaped reeds. On some occasions, flavored snow is also given as gifts.

Many places celebrate the Samaritana wearing typical costumes of the region and/or accompanied by marimba music. The water begins to be offered, normally, at 12:00, and in some "stalls", before giving away water, representations of the biblical passage are made.

According to the chronicles, this tradition arose in the Churches of San Francisco and La Merced, during the 19th century. Nowadays, not only churches give away water, private businesses, Catholic homes, government agencies, as well as public and private schools have also participated.

Every Wednesday, Friday and Sunday Mundo Ceiba, AC, organizes a tour through the city center to encourage the use of bicycles as a means of transportation. This tour begins at 9 p.m. m. It lasts an hour and a half and runs through the main streets of the city center, covering approximately 10 km. The ride has the support of State Transit, which is responsible for momentarily closing the roads traveled by cyclists.

Mundo Ceiba, AC, also makes bicycle loans available to the public. Without a doubt, it is a very pleasant experience to tour the beautiful city of Oaxaca and at the same time an opportunity to live with people who like cycling.

The Guelaguetza is the most important cultural celebration that takes place in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez, capital of the state, and is a vital part of the general program of the Los Lunes del Cerro Festivities. The antecedents of the Guelaguetza come from pre-Hispanic times, and undergo changes in the colonial era and are associated with the so-called Corpus festival of the Church of Carmen Alto, a temple that the Carmelite Friars built on the slopes of a hill that the Zapotecs had called Bella Vista, and was celebrated on the Sunday following July 16 and was repeated eight days later in the so-called “octave”. This show is held at the Guelaguetza Auditorium.

As a spectacle, it has its origin from the commemoration of the celebration of the Fourth Centenary of the founding of the city of Oaxaca, held on April 25, 1932, with a program in which ethnic groups representing the seven traditional regions participated in which the State of Oaxaca was then divided, which they called Racial Tribute.

Racial Tribute Program to celebrate the anniversary in which Oaxaca acquired the category of city. First manifestation as a show of La Guelaguetza.

It was not until 1959, after several attempts to repeat a program similar to the one presented in the Racial Tribute, that the first presentations of La Guelaguetza as a show were held and where the participating delegations brought their Guelaguetza, consisting of crafts, typical products, snacks and objects from their regions and places of origin. There is a significant reference that arises from presentations of La Guelaguetza in the city of Guanajuato in the years 1970 and 1971, carried out by the Grupo Folklorico Universitario (today Grupo Folklorico de Oaxaca, Civil Association), where intellectuals and specialists in cultural matters described La Guelaguetza as the Largest Folkloric Show in America.

Likewise, in the towns of Oaxaca, an ancient tradition is known as Guelaguetza in which, when friends are invited to attend a party, wedding, baptism, death or stewardship, the guests show up but not empty-handed, since they always bring their cooperation or Guelaguetza; which can be food, drink, or cash, but this cooperation is not taken as a gift, because whoever receives it, writes it down in a notebook to know what each person is cooperating with, in such a way that when another person in the town celebrates a similar event, the guests bring the same thing that they have received on other occasions from that person.

The maximum festival of the State, the Guelaguetza, is celebrated with calendas, parades and demonstrations of joy, typical dances and traditional food worthy of haute cuisine restaurants. You cannot miss the events in preparation for the great festival, such as the election of the Goddess Centéotl and the parade of the regional delegations. The festivities related to La Guelaguetza de los Lunes del Cerro, begin with the election of the Goddess Centéotl, a contest of beauty, culture and sympathy of the representatives of the different participating delegations, among whom the young woman is chosen who will represent the Goddess Centéotl, indigenous goddess of corn, who will preside over all the celebrations together with the authorities.

They continue with the parade of regional delegations that travel from different regions of the State to present offerings planned months in advance and typical dances that symbolize gratitude to nature. It is organized in the manner of the traditional Calenda of the Central Valleys and takes place on the Saturdays before the two Mondays following July 16. This calendar is headed by the “marmota”, which is a large spherical lantern covered in fabric, the “gigantes”, the “chinas oaxaqueñas”, women of the city carrying flower-filled baskets accompanied by their music band and the rocketeers; They are followed by the other delegations, each of them preceded by musical groups that perform the music of their region. During this festival they wear their colorful traditional costumes and receive signs of admiration from locals and tourists for the feat of walking through the mountains, jungle and Oaxacan mountains, carrying offerings.

The popular name by which this festival is known is Monday of the Hill. The word Guelaguetza has origins in the Zapotec language, and comes from an ancestral act consisting of offering, giving, sharing, giving and giving back, that is, help me and I will help you. So at the end of the native dance, the participants in each dance or dance distribute, throwing the products of the region to which they belong to the public, for example: palm hats, clay pots, coffee, various fruits, among other products.

The Guelaguetza of Lunes del Cerro is expressed in the offering to the City of Oaxaca made by representative groups of the eight traditional regions:

• - Cañada.

• - Coast.

• - Isthmus.

• - Mixtec.

• - Papalopam.

• - Sierra Norte.

• - Sierra Sur.

• - Central Valleys.

Between the first Monday and the eighth, various activities take place such as gastronomic, craft and traditional representations of the most diverse communities in the state, as well as exhibitions, concerts and other series of events of cultural significance organized by the institutions that disseminate the culture of Oaxaca in all its manifestations.

Currently there are two presentations at 10:00 and 17:00.

On the night of the day before Cerro Monday, the representation of the "Legend of Princess Donají" takes place. Princess Donají was the daughter of the Zapotec king Cocijoeza, whose capital of his dominions was in Zaachila. His name meant “Great Soul.” When she was born, a priest from Mitla deciphered the sign of doom in the sky and predicted that she would sacrifice herself for love of her Zapotec people. When the Mixtecs and Zapotecs met in fierce battle, she met the wounded Mixtec prince Nucano, with whom she fell in love. When the Zapotecs were defeated, the Mixtecs asked Donají as a pledge of peace so that King Cocijoeza would respect the treaties. She was taken to live in a palace in Monte Albán. One night when they tried to rescue her, she was sacrificed by a warrior, decapitating her. Her lover Nucano governed the Zapotecs with love in memory of Donají. Their bodies rest under the same slab in Cuilapan.

The municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez displays Donají's head as its official coat of arms today in his memory. This is how the General Coordination of Tourism and Economic Development presents this show, which has become one of the strongest and most indelible traditions of Oaxacans within the festivities of Lunes del Cerro. The Oaxaca Folkloric Ballet stages this legend in this great show.

It is during the celebrations of "Lunes del Cerro", that the "Mezcal Fair" takes place on Paseo Juárez El Llano; in which producers from different regions of the state offer tourism the best of their harvest, highlighting the productivity and fame of the towns of Matatlán (locally known as "La Cuna del Mezcal"), San Carlos Yautepec and Tlacolula de Matamoros. Visitors who gather during the Lunes del Cerro festivities can find a wide variety of gastronomic crafts, such as mezcal creams. Among the great variety of mezcals that the region provides, the worm mezcal stands out.

The Day of the Dead in Oaxaca is celebrated in commemoration of the souls of deceased ancestors, in which it is believed that they return to the earthly world to live with their loved ones, so efforts are made to entertain them in the most attentive way with an offering. November 1st is the day of "carrying the dead", the custom consists of giving relatives and friends of the family a gifted sample of the food that makes up the offering for the dead. Delivery is made house to house. This day the "little angels" are venerated, that is, relatives who died as children. On November 2, the deceased adults are venerated, and in most towns near the Central Valleys it is a tradition to go to the pantheons or cemeteries to arrange the tombs of the faithful deceased and "live with them."

Catholic Oaxacans make a unique effort to create the altar for the dead in their homes, workplaces or schools, which makes this day something very special among the city's Catholic population. In Oaxaca there are various activities during these dates, such as: exhibitions of altars of the dead and mats made of sand, candle lighting of the niches of the General Pantheon, gastronomic tastings and a wide variety of artistic events.

On November 1 and 2, the great pantheons of the Oaxacan capital, El Panteón Jardín and the Panteón San Miguel known as Panteón General, dress up to receive the hundreds of visitors who not only arrive from different parts of the Oaxacan region, but also from the interior of the country and abroad. This is how the tombs are decorated with flowers of various colors, predominating the marigold flower, they are also decorated with food, drink, crosses and everything that remembers the loved one who lies under the cold grave. The view is a perfect representation of the mysticism and tradition that have defined Oaxaca as one of the most culturally rich states.

Father Gay tells us that in the celebration of the Day of the Dead among the ancient Oaxacan peoples, whose day corresponds to the time in which we celebrate it now, "the Indians prepared themselves by killing turkeys and other birds, and a variety of delicacies were available, among which the "petlaltamali" or tamales and the "totomoli" or mole stood out. These delicacies were placed on the altar of the house as an offering to the deceased and, upon arrival At night, the members of the family around the altar prayed to the gods that, through the intercession of their deceased, they would be granted health, good harvests and prosperity. Throughout the night they did not dare to raise their eyes, for fear that if the dead were enjoying the food at that moment, they would suffer doom. The next morning they congratulated themselves for having fulfilled their duty and the delicacies were given to the poor and strangers. They, and by touching them, had made them sacred. Currently, a large quantity of fruits are placed on the altar of the dead, mainly sugar cane and pumpkin, some pieces of bread and a pot of mole as was previously customary. This is how this practice, modifying and transforming over time, substantially preserves its primitive being.

Comparsa: In some towns in Oaxaca they have a particular variant in the celebration of the Day of the Dead “La Comparsa” which is a tour through the streets of the town in which different characters with striking costumes participate (the husband, the wife, the doctor, the widow, death, etc.) walk accompanied by a music band. In some houses the actors represent a small pre-established parliament that contains jokes, gossip and a lot of mischief of the people. In recent years this custom has been spreading as more communities have begun to practice it and it has also become a tourist attraction for national and international visitors..

Radishes Night is a popular festival celebrated on the night of December 23, where horticulturists and artisans shape the tuber.

People from the state and visitors gather in the city's Zócalo to observe the work of the gardeners, who make figures with the radishes. A kind of market is arranged in a round shape on the periphery of the Zócalo trees, where each stall shows its best work.

The first gardeners were the ancient Mixtecs, Zapotecs and Mexicas, who after the conquest of Oaxaca by the Spanish, were led by Francisco Orozco, their destiny was to serve the conquerors, he called that group "nobarias"; On July 7, 1563, they were given land located in the southeastern part of the city, so that they could dedicate themselves to the cultivation of vegetables.

The gardeners of Trinidad de las Huertas brought their vegetables, selling them in stalls set up for this purpose.

It is said that after the sales were finished, there were still vegetables and so that they would not spoil, they began to make figures with them, so in later years, each horticulturist began to bring his figures, so that not only the vegetables were sold but the figures were exhibited. Over time, the land became an empire of crops whose variety of plants were used. The radishes are planted from the first days of September, in order to have sufficient supply for the festival.

This habit became more and more established as time went by, reaching a point where housewives were looking for these figures to decorate their tables. According to reliable sources from the book “Noche de Rábanos” written by Prof. Alejandro Méndez Aquino, it is known that on December 23, 1897, the then Municipal President, Don Francisco Vasconcelos Flores, organized the first exhibition in which horticulturists participated, exposing their unique and curious creations with radishes in the form of Christmas representations, people, animals, dances and other types of scenes that their imagination dictated. At that time in the history of Oaxaca, the first outdoor exhibition of the Night of Radishes took place in the Plaza del Marqués or the Plaza de las Armas, today Plaza de la Constitución. After the first floriculture competition, it became customary to hold it year after year.

The peculiarity of these radishes is that they have strange shapes and are large in size, so horticulturists take advantage of the amorphous nature of their pieces to create wonders. Among the most common creations are the nativity scenes (which include the Virgin Mary, Joseph, Jesus, the three kings, the shepherds), you can also see a calenda, the Virgin of Solitude, the cathedral, the guelaguetza, a music band and a number of authentic creations by artisans.

Two more categories were proposed some time ago; Immortal Flower and Totomoxtle; The Immortal Flower is a flower from the region that is dehydrated through a natural process and a wide variety of traditional figures and ornaments are made with it. Totomoxtle is the husk or leaf that covers the corn; The leaves are also dried naturally and with them figures are made with motifs similar to those of the radish and the immortal flower. The works that the gardeners and flower growers present are inspired by motifs consistent with the Christmas season: such as the Birth, the Arrival of the Three Wise Men, Oaxacan Traditions, such as the Festival of the Virgin of Soledad, Day of the Dead, typical costumes of the State, Calenda and dances, etc.

The awards ceremony takes place in the central courtyard of the government palace.

Currently, the contest is called by the Municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez, through the Coordination of Cultures, Tourism and Economy, so that horticulturists participate in the contest of figures of radishes, immortal flower and totomoxtle, which takes place in the Plaza de la Constitución next to the Cathedral. Each of the categories is assigned three cash prizes and all participants receive a diploma, as an encouragement for their efforts. The night ends the way great celebrations end in Oaxaca with the burning of a spectacular fireworks castle.

This cultural manifestation of the gardeners of the Valley of Oaxaca on the eve of Christmas Eve is a celebration full of color and folklore.

Museums and arts

In the city you can find artistic exhibition sites such as:

• - The Álvarez Bravo Photography Center.

• - The Institute of Graphic Arts of Oaxaca (IAGO).

• - The Museum of Contemporary Art of Oaxaca (MACO).

• - The Textile Museum.

• - The Painters Museum.

• - The Railway Museum.

• - The Museum of Crafts.

• - The House of Oaxacan Culture.

• - The City House.

• - Santo Domingo Cultural Center.

• - The San Agustín Arts Center.

• - Philately Museum.

• - Oaxaca Ethnobotanical Garden.

Likewise, the city has the School of Fine Arts affiliated with the "Benito Juárez" Autonomous University of Oaxaca. This institution is based in two buildings:

• - The Ex-convent of San José; located in Plaza de la Danza s/n, Col. Centro.

At its entrance we can find a plaque with the following information: "Shelter for Spanish Capuchin nuns. Built by the archdeacon Dn. Diego de las Heras y Torres and by Captain Don Manuel de Landeta and inaugurated on May 6, 1744. Time, earthquakes and abandonment turned it into ruins. Rebuilt, restored and adapted by the governor Lic. Don Eduardo Vasconcelos to be used as the Oaxacan School of Fine Arts in accordance with the decree of July 14, 1950 issued by the XL Legislature of the state."

• - The building of the School of Fine Arts; located within Ciudad Universitaria.

At its entrance we can find a plaque with the following information:

"This work was built with funds provided by the Federal Government (CONACULTA), the teacher Francisco Toledo and the U.A.B.J.O., with C.P. Francisco Martínez Neri being rector.

"Science, Art, Freedom."

Oaxaca de Juárez, Oax. April 2008".

Currently the School offers five educational offers, which are:

• Bachelor's Degree in Plastic and Visual Arts.

• Bachelor of Music.

• Bachelor's Degree in Cultural Management and Sustainable Development.

• Music Instruction.

• Instruction in Plastic Arts.

It also has three spaces for the dissemination of culture and arts:

• The Juárez Room and

• The Shinzaburo Takeda Gallery.

Both located in the former convent of San José; as well as.

• The CU Gallery.

The latter located in the building of the School of Fine Arts.

Oaxaca has had a vast production of painters, among whom is Rufino Tamayo and in recent times Rodolfo Morales, who until his death and together with Francisco Toledo, have promoted culture in the state and mainly in the capital. Rodolfo Nieto, Rubén Leyva, Laura Hernández, Luis Zárate, Sergio Hernández are, among many others, some of the most recognized exponents of contemporary Oaxacan art.[72]​.

Crafts

One of the most important towns in the valley of Oaxaca, in the production of pottery, is San Bartolo Coyotepec, a town located 8 kilometers from the city of Oaxaca, just past the airport. This town is recognized for its unique black clay.

Oaxacan pottery is one of the most recognized in the entire country. Worldwide, its green clay is characterized by the originality of its beautiful pieces that are very common in the capital and the Central Valleys region. Plates, glasses, cups and other decorative and home pieces are mainly produced by potters from Atzompa, 8 km from the city.[73]​.

The palm crafts found in the markets of our city are typical of the Mixteca region, made of reed, a plant similar to bamboo that grows next to streams found in Oaxaca. Mats, hats, vases or purses, baskets, among others, are the result of this unique art that is mainly carried out in Santa Cruz Papalutla, Tlacolula de Matamoros, Ocotlán de Morelos and Villa de Etla.[74]​.

Traditional jewelry is another of the most successful crafts in Oaxaca. The goldsmiths and artisans are influenced by the gold and silver filigree jewelry found in Monte Albán for their craft such as bracelets, rings and chokers. The main places of jewelry production in Oaxaca are its capital, the city of Oaxaca de Juárez, Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Juchitán de Zaragoza "Juchitán de Zaragoza (municipality)"), and Huajuapan de León.

Saddlery is the art of creating artistic works with the transformation of the skin. Its commercialization began in the century in the Jalatlaco neighborhood, in Tlaxiaco and Ejutla, manipulating the skin for clothing or for transportation. The people who worked this trade were called tanners, who mainly made huaraches and household items such as embroidery, bags, backpacks, belts, wallets, desk accessories and hats.[75]​.

Diversity of designs, colors and shapes can be found in almost all the towns of Oaxaca that identify its region. Teotitlán del Valle and Santa Ana del Valle are the most significant regions with their hand-woven rugs and Mitla with its woven cotton tablecloths and curtains. Bedspreads, curtains, rugs, sashes, tablecloths, even handkerchiefs and bags, ponchos, shirts and sheets are woven with wool or cotton thread, silk and other natural fibers.

The Textile Museum of Oaxaca is located in the historic center of Oaxaca, which contains all types of textiles characteristic of our state and part of our history.

Oaxacan painters

• - Rufino Tamayo: born in Oaxaca de Juárez on August 25, 1899. He was a painter of Zapotec descent, a capital figure in the panorama of Mexican painting of the 20th century. Rufino Tamayo was one of the first Latin American artists who, together with the representatives of the well-known "Group of Three" (Rivera, Siqueiros and Orozco), achieved truly international importance and diffusion. Like them, he participated in the important muralist movement that flourished in the period between the two world wars. Their works, however, due to their creative will and characteristics, have a different dimension and are clearly distinguished from those of the aforementioned group and its epigones. He died in Mexico City on June 24, 1991.

• - Francisco Toledo: Mexican plastic artist, born in Juchitán on July 17, 1940. Philanthropist by nature, social fighter and respectful of culture. Toledo is recognized in the world as one of the best artists that Mexico has produced, his work stands out for being an expert and printer, draftsman, painter, sculptor and ceramist, his art reflects his love for nature combining it with his fantastic sense of creating anthropomorphic figures through the play of his brushes. Placing his provocative and transgressive characteristic in the development of his work.

• - Rubén Leyva"): was born in the city of Oaxaca, in 1953. He studied at the School of Fine Arts, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca. He traveled to Portland, Oregon, United States, to train in ceramics at Kathy McFadden's Ceramic Workshop, from 1972 to 1975. The main techniques that Rubén Leyva uses are painting, engraving, sculpture and ceramics. He has been distinguished with the following awards: In 1986 First Prize for Painting in the City of Oaxaca, House of Culture of Oaxaca and Government of the State of Oaxaca. In 1995 his work was selected for the commemorative edition of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (UN). He has held individual and group exhibitions in important museums and galleries in countries such as Holland, Japan, Spain, England, Germany, Italy, Canada, the United States, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Mexico. "Imagination is the best way of life."

• - Fernando Olivera&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fernando Olivera (painter) (not yet written)"): was born in the city of Oaxaca in 1962, in the Merced neighborhood. She studied engraving at the School of Fine Arts with the Japanese master Sinsaburo Takeda: "Some time ago I had the opportunity to travel to the isthmus and saw photos and videos of women and their struggle and participation in the social, political and economic life of the region and from then on I returned to women as a symbol in my painting. The female presence is fundamental, it is like fertility, the earth, continuity."

historic center

The historic center of the city, as well as the archaeological zone of Monte Albán, considered the base and origin of the current community of Oaxaca, were declared by UNESCO in 1987 as "Cultural Heritage of Humanity."

Background

Mesoamerican civilizations managed to have great aesthetic and functional development at the service of the Human and Cosmic scale, the form evolved from simplicity to aesthetic complexity. In one way or another, an ancient architecture is based on these bases that, based on syncretism, incorporates the various political-religious influences and processes.

During the colonial period, the predominant orientation was established by religious architecture, where mendicant monasteries were one of the architectural solutions devised by the friars of the mendicant orders in the century for Evangelization in New Spain, designed for a huge number of non-Catholic indigenous people. They were based on the European monastic model, but added innovative elements in New Spain such as the atrial cross and the open chapel, in addition to being characterized by various decorative trends and a strong appearance like military fortresses.[76]​.

The New Spain baroque influenced the Basilica of La Soledad (1697), the cathedral (1535-1733) and the church of San Agustín (1596), famous for its harmonious façade and for the baroque altarpiece that illuminates its apse, as well as the Temple of the Company of Jesus and the Temple of Our Lady of the Snows, headquarters of the Jesuit Seminary of San Juan. The small church of San Cosme and San Damián, the temple of San Felipe Neri and also those of San Juan de Dios, San Matías Jalatlaco and Santo Domingo de Guzmán "Temple of Santo Domingo de Guzmán (Oaxaca)") can also be linked to the spirit of old Antequera.

The surroundings of the Zócalo housed, according to colonial custom, the institutional buildings and homes of each main family, but the order of Santo Domingo was the main promoter of construction since it began its work in 1529.

The civil architecture of Oaxaca had its part with the excellent mansions, in the style of that belonging to the estate of Pinelo and Lazo de la Vega, current headquarters of the Museum of Oaxaca, and the baroque profiles that identify buildings such as those that house the Institute of Graphic Arts and the Rufino Tamayo Museum of Pre-Hispanic Art.

In the century the neoclassical movement emerged as a response to the objectives of the republican nation, where the strict plasticity of the classical orders is represented in its architectural elements, new religious, civil and military buildings also emerge that demonstrate the presence of neoclassicism.

It is evident in places such as the Alameda de León, an attractive garden inaugurated to honor the governor of the State, General Antonio de León, on October 13, 1843, the romanticism of this place is intensified in the construction style of the Central Building of the University, in the building of the Institute of Sciences and the Government Palace completed in 1887.

20th century

At the beginning of the century, eclecticism characterized Oaxacan architecture. Thus, apart from the School of Medicine, in the former Aguilera estate (1913) there is the Fountain of the Eight Regions, as a symbolic summary of the cultural reality of the region.

The Macedonio Alcalá Theater became a reality between 1903 and 1909, exemplifying the fusion of modernist ingredients in a neoclassical ensemble adding nationalist details, as seen in the Federal Palace, where features of the Mixtec-Zapotec tradition appear.

The Plaza de la Constitución appropriates tradition and versatility with its origin in the layout made in 1529 by Juan Peláez de Berrio, later corrected by Alonso García Bravo, providing references to the century, for example, the previous kiosk from 1857 and the surrounding grove were modified on September 15, 1885, when it was replaced by a statue of Juárez. Since 1901, the modernist kiosk has superimposed a touch of Art Nouveau on the Zócalo. With these transformations made in the name of the most modern trend at all times, time leaves its mark on this and other spaces in the city.[77]​.

Contemporary period

At the end of the century and beginning of the 21st, it wandered through nationalism and deco geometricism, towards rationalist modernism.[78] Other interventions that are setting standards are, for example, the Guelaguetza Auditorium, the main entertainment venue in Oaxaca, which was built by order of Governor Fernando Gómez Sandoval, this building being an open-air stage. In 2008, work began, culminating in 2010.[79]​.

Also the architect Mauricio Rocha, who was in charge of the contemporary architectural intervention of the new San Pablo Academic and Cultural Center in the former convent of San Pablo and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Oaxaca, MACO.[80][81]​.

As well as contemporary-oriented projects: Textile Museum of Oaxaca, MTO. 2008 and Children's Library, BS. 2007, The La Salle University Library opens its doors in August 2010, by Architect Juan José Santibáñez.[82]​.

An important shift in Oaxaca is the trend towards architectures based on the enhancement of heritage properties using new technologies for new needs designed for heritage and economic sustainability, with new uses.

Oaxaca has been put on the Mexican and international map by the researchers and academics of the New Horizons for the Architecture of Communities association, led by Architect Pastor Alfonso Sánchez Cruz, as references for the recovery of the values ​​of vernacular architecture, bioarchitecture, bioclimatic architecture and the vision of architectural heritage as part of sustainable development.[83]​.

[84]​[85]​[86]​.

The National Congress of Mexican Architecture, Oaxaca 2008, specified here the Latin American Charter Oaxaca 2008, on the insertion of contemporary architecture in centers of architectural heritage and organized the International Colloquium of Regional and Sustainable Architecture 2011, with the presence of experts from Uruguay, Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy, Greece, Argentina and Mexico.[87][88][89][90]​.

Uno de los aspectos culturales más famosos del estado de Oaxaca es sin duda su rica oferta gastronómica -que proviene de una fusión entre lo prehispánico y lo colonial, salpicada por ingredientes de otras latitudes que le han dado su toque particular-. Conoce aquí sus principales propuestas.

Cuando visites Oaxaca, saborea el sazón de un pueblo que mantiene viva su exquisita costumbre culinaria. Llegar a Oaxaca significa entrar a un mundo extraordinario de sabores, aromas y texturas.

Un aspecto sobresaliente de la gastronomía, es la interminable lista de antojitos locales y el aprovechamiento de los insectos, como en sus bebidas los gusanos acompañados con la copa de Mezcal. Todo se combina en una aventura plena de sabores y colores, paisajes e historia, fértiles valles y serranías desérticas, paraísos olvidados y playas vírgenes pero, sobre todo, en una memoria del pasado que vive en las costumbres ancestrales; he ahí la Noche de los Rábanos y la gastronomía, hombres y mujeres y hombres fieles a su idiosincrasia o los tradicionales lunes del cerro de la Guelaguetza. Al continuar en el ramo de la comida y los productos relacionados, Oaxaca ocupa el tercer sitio como productor de café y el segundo productor de piña, aunque en la entidad se cultivan arroz, caña de azúcar y ajonjolí; limón, granada roja, zapote, mamey y mango.

Y esta maravillosa gastronomía siendo un patrimonio para todas las personas que la conocen y disfrutan tiene como se ha mencionado una inmejorable variedad de sabores, olores y texturas que solo aquí en Oaxaca se pueden encontrar. Sería difícil mencionar toda la riqueza gastronómica de este estado, sin embargo una vez estando aquí es importante que antes de partir se haya disfrutado de aperitivos como los de Tlacolula de Matamoros de donde dicen se produce uno de los mejores Mezcales, desde luego saborear las diferentes botanas para amenizar el día como lo son las diferentes variedades de insectos, donde se preparan desde tostados en un buen comal hasta en una rica salsa; y claro también si ya está de viaje por aquí disfrute de las ricas sopas que son cocinadas y engalanadas con los más exquisitos mariscos de la región de este estado de Oaxaca. Siempre recordando a lo más notable de esta hermosa región del país mexicano como son sus diferentes tipos de mole, dulces típicos y platos fuertes como lo son los chiles rellenos, la carne de res o cerdo enchilada acompañados desde luego como se mencionó con las exquisitas bebidas de diferentes colores y sabores.

La gastronomía de la capital oaxaqueña es sumamente rica y variada. Combina tanto ingredientes de la cocina indígena como de la europea. Todos estos platillos han pasado de generación en generación y constituyen una parte indeleble de la cultura mexicana en general. Oaxaca es sin duda un punto clave para la elaboración de diversos platillos a nivel nacional e internacional. No obstante a pesar de la distancia entre las regiones que conforman el estado hoy en día también se puede degustar de los platillos típicos provenientes de ellas en los mercados y restaurante representativos de la ciudad.

Entre los platillos típicos oaxaqueños se pueden mencionar:.

Quesillo: También es conocido en diferentes estados de la república mexicana como "queso Oaxaca" o "queso de hebra". Otro aspecto físico que lo caracteriza tanto en su elaboración tanto artesanal como industrial es que una vez finalizado su proceso de presentación el quesillo permite que tenga una consistencia parecida a la de una hebra larga y gruesa, la cual una vez enrollada pareciera tener forma de una pequeña pelota. Su sabor lo hace diferente de las demás variedades de quesos típicos, además que por su consistencia hace que pueda ser desmenuzado en delgados "hilos", para la preparación de platillos como quesadillas, tlayudas, sincronizadas o bien el quesillo puede ser servido como queso para botana.

Tlayudas: Se suele pensar que la tlayuda es un plato preparado, pero en realidad solo es la tortilla, cuyas principales características son el gran tamaño (incluso más de 40 cm de diámetro), su sabor completamente diferente al de otro tipo de tortilla y la ligera dureza en su consistencia (sin llegar a ser tostada), que adquiere al momento de cocerse en un comal comúnmente de barro, en el que se deja semi-tostar, es decir, un cocido mayor que el del otro tipo de tortilla, para luego al ser guardada en un tenate (recipiente hecho de hojas de palma), aunque también, existe la denominación de "Tlayuda preparada".

Memelitas: Las memelitas son tortillas que son más gruesas de lo normal hechas a mano, regularmente ovaladas se les embarra aciento, frijoles molidos y se cocinan un instante se les agrega queso o quesillo, y salsa. O se pueden disfrutar con algún guisado.

Molotes: Los molotes se preparan con una tortilla de masa (sin cocer) un poquito más gruesa que la común donde se agrega un puré de papa con chorizo previamente cocido, se envuelve como un molote, sellado completamente y frito en suficiente aceite, una vez cocido, y sin el exceso de grasa, se acompaña con frijoles molidos o guacamole, un poco de lechuga y queso.

Mole Oaxaqueño: Mención especial se da al tema del mole en Oaxaca ya que puede presumir la preparación de más de una variante de esta comida típica de la ciudad y del estado, tanto es así que desde hace algunos años en las fiestas de la Guelaguetza se incluye el festival de los 7 moles de Oaxaca los cuales son:.

1. • MOLE NEGRO Es suave, dulzón, no muy picoso y de color oscuro. Se elabora con chiles negros (chilhuacle, mulato y pasilla), semillas, especias y chocolate de metate. Tradicionalmente se prepara con carne de guajolote.

2. • MOLE COLORADITO Es de color rojo quemado y de fuerte aroma. Se elabora con chiles rojos (ancho y guajillo), semillas, especias y jitomate. Este mole se prepara con carne de puerco.

3. • MOLE AMARILLO Es muy aromático y su color se acerca al anaranjado. Se elabora con chiles amarillos (chilcostle y chilhuacle), especias y yerbasanta, la cual le da un aroma y sabor característico. Este mole se prepara con carne de pollo criollo y se le agrega verdura (chayote y ejotes), rajas de chile de agua y chochoyotes (bolitas de masa de maíz).

4. • MOLE VERDE Es ligero y de sabor herbal. Se elabora con tomate verde, hierbas (epazote, yerbasanta y cilantro), chile de agua y masa de maíz para espesarlo. En este mole se utilizan carnes de pollo y puerco, y se le agrega verdura (chayote y calabacitas), frijoles blancos y cho¬choyotes (bolitas de masa de maíz).

5. • CHICHILO Es un mole de color negro y de sabor fuerte. Se elabora con chiles chilhuacle y pasilla, especias; tortillas y pepitas de chile quemadas lo que da el color y sabor particular a este platillo y hojas de aguacate para perfumarlo. Se prepara con carne de res, se le agrega verdura (chayote y ejotes), chochoyotes y rajas de chile verde. También hay chichilo rojo, que se prepara con chiles rojos (chilhuacle rojo, guajillo y ancho), y se le da sabor con una hierba de la región llamada “hierba de conejo”.

6. • ESTOFADO O ALMENDRADO Es un mole ligero de jitomate, ajonjolí y especias. Se prepara con carne de cerdo, pollo y chorizo, revuelto con almendras, pasitas, aceitunas, alcaparras y chiles jalapeños.

Nota: En algunas regiones del estado la elaboración del estofado es con finos cuadros de miltomate siendo este su principal ingrediente, además del uso de aceitunas, alcaparras, almendras, pollo o puerco.

1. • MANCHAMANTELES Es un mole ligero de chile ancho, semillas y especias. Se prepara con lomo de cerdo y rebanadas de plátano macho, camote y piña.

Caldo de Piedra: El caldo de piedra es una comida milenaria de origen Chinanteco, en San Felipe Usila.

Allí se prepara este arte culinario para ofrecer en gratitud a las mujeres, niños, ancianos y personas de alta estimación que generalmente se reúnen en la orilla del río. Es un platillo prehispánico, un platillo totalmente indígena, propio y creación de los antiguos chinantecos. Cabe destacar que la comunidad de San Felipe Usila los hombres se dividen la tarea de pescar, agregar verduras y especias, así como seleccionar las piedras, buscar la leña y hacer la fogata para calentar las piedras al rojo vivo, mismas que a su momento se agregan a la sopa para llevar a cabo la cocción.

Chicatanas Tzicatana o Chicatana: Insectos típicos de la temporada de lluvias entre los meses de julio y agosto que para comerlos hay primero que capturarlos.

Después de la recolección, las chicatanas se lavan y se ponen al comal, en este primer paso pierden sus alas.

Acto seguido, se muelen en molcajete, se les agrega ajo, sal y chile y todo se muele hasta obtener una consistente salsa. Si se pregunta a cualquier persona por el sabor de la chicatana, nadie lo contestará; la gente solo dirá que sabor de la salsa de chicatana es difícil describir, solo contestan que tienen sabor a chicatana. Las Chicatanas, un insecto que le da más sabor y folclore a la milenaria y tradicional gastronomía de Oaxaca, algo diferente para probar, otro sabor particular de Oaxaca.

Chapulines: Insectos típicos que se encuentran común mente en los sembradíos de maíz, los cuales se recolectan para poder comerse.

Después de la recolección de los chapulines, procedemos a meterlos a una bolsa plástica durante dos días, cuando pasa ese tiempo de lavan hasta que el agua salga cristalina, el paso siguiente para su preparación es colocarlos en una olla de agua caliente y dejarlos cocer un rato, los escurrimos y los vaciamos en una sartén con aceite caliente los freímos durante un rato y agregamos un caldo hecho con limón y ajo molido, dejamos que se cocinen en ese caldo aproximadamente una hora y ya esta a disfrutarlos agradablemente.

• - Tejate.

• - Tlayuda preparada.

• - Tamales Oaxaqueños.

• - Chapulines.

Tejate: Proviene del nahuatl "Texatl" que significa agua harinada. Los principales ingredientes son harina de maíz de tostado, semillas de cacao fermentadas, huesos de mamey y flor de cacao también llamada Rosita de cacao. Todos los ingredientes se muelen hasta obtener una pasta. La pasta se mezcla con agua fría. Cuando está listo, la flor de cacao se va hacia la superficie formando una cubierta esponjosa. Los bebedores expertos dirán que un buen tejate es aquel con una espesa capa de rosita de cacao.

Esta bebida tradicional se considera muy importante en la cocina, historia, nutrición, y agricultura relacionadas con el maíz en la ciudad de Oaxaca.

Es tan popular entre los lugareños y tan especial para los visitantes nacionales y extranjeros, que anualmente se realiza una feria para exponer las diferentes variedades de esta bebida en la comunidad de San Andrés Huayapam; considerada la cuna del Tejate, esta comunidad se localiza aproximadamente a cinco kilómetros de la capital.

"La refrescante agua de horchata" con trocitos de nuez y cubos pequeños de melón, donde el arroz, se deja reposar como por tres horas, luego se muele con canela, se le agrega agua, se endulza al gusto y se sirve con nuez y melón.

Entre otras bebidas tradicionales tenemos la de tuna con nuez, limón con chía, almendra con tuna, y una variedad de bebidas refrescantes y deliciosas.

"El Tepache": Bebida obtenida por la fermentación de los azúcares de alguna fruta, hoy en día es más común la proveniente de la fermentación varias tipos de fruta generalmente cáscaras de piña y azúcar o piloncillo en agua hervida, la cual se deja fermentar de 5 a 10 días.

Mezcal: Es una bebida artesanal del estado elaborada con la planta que lleva de nombre maguey el cual se caracteriza por tener un sabor muy fuerte para el paladar. Esta bebida se elabora en grandes cantidades en el municipio de santiago matatlan y cada año se realiza la feria internacional del mezcal.

Oaxaca rinde homenajes con una copita de Mezcal, el que se destila en estas tierras Mixtecas y Zapotecas. Para su gente, este elixir es el protagonista de memorables eventos y, junto con la gastronomía, acompaña su esparcimiento, su felicidad, sus dolores y sus sueños. Se trata de un trago sagrado, cuyo valor es muy relevante para los Oaxaqueños. Por eso no es extraño encontrar este destilado prácticamente en todos los rincones de Oaxaca.

Piedrazos: Son pedazos de pan tostado y cortado en triángulos, se ponen a remojar por algunos minutos en vinagre, cuando el pan comienza a hacerse blando es momento de sacarlo y agregarle cebolla, chile en polvo y sal de gusanito.

También otros platillos a considerar son: el pozole, el quesillo (queso Oaxaca), los tamales de hoja de plátano, los chapulines, el Tasajo, la Salchicha Oaxaqueña, los diversos dulces de cajón (mamón, barquillo de lechecilla, cocada, merengue, entre otros), las nieves de Garrafa, el agua de Chilacayota, el chocolate, el Chocolateatole, los distintos tipos de panes: el pan de yema, el pan resobado, las hojaldras, pan de cazuela( pan relleno de chocolate), el pan amarillo, los molletes (pan con sabor a panela)y el mezcal, tanto de gusanito como el curado de ciruela, nanche (mezcal con cualquiera de estas frutas).

Champurrado: Esta bebida es conocida por utilizar la masa con la que se preparan las tortillas. Se desbarata en un poco de agua y después se cuela. Se agrega leche caliente y chocolate con azúcar. La receta es originaria del estado de Oaxaca y se disfruta en las fiestas de San Francisco Jaltepetongo.

Algo que también debemos de tomar en cuenta, es la zona geográfica en la que se realiza, ya que de esto dependerá los ingredientes a utilizar, tal es el caso de Valles Centrales, donde el Champurrado al momento de prepararse solo está compuesto por atole y chocolate con azúcar, dejando de lado la leche como ingrediente de este.

Pan de Yema: Preparado con huevo, es el pan tradicional el cual podrás encontrar en cualquier establecimiento. Tradicionalmente es consumido con chocolate de agua o de leche. En “día de todos los Santos”, como localmente se le llama al día 2 de noviembre, en la localidad e Miahuatlán este pan es adornado con diferentes caritas. Las famosas caritas que adornan el pan de yema en estas fechas, son hechas a base de agua, harina y manteca vegetal.[91]​.

Tasajo: Uno de los lugares ideales para probar esta deliciosa carne es en el Mercado 20 de Noviembre, donde ahí mismo los locatarios asan la carne y donde es muy típico ver mujeres ofreciendo las tradicionales Tlayudas para acompañar la carne.[92]​.

Atole de granillo: Esta bebida es muy popular en las colonias de la periferia de la ciudad, se elabora a base de maíz a medio cocer y quebrajado (es lo que se conoce como granillo). Quebrajado el maíz, se pone a hervir con suficiente agua hasta que se espese un poco, la gente lo toma con o sin azúcar.

Dulces Regionales: Existe una gran variedad de dulces regionales o artesanales, elaborados de gran calidad y transmitidos los conocimientos de su elaboración la receta de generación en generación, algunos de sus nombres son: borrachitos, mamones, menguanitos, barquillos, las tradicionales y muy conocidas empanaditas de sabores como el coco, la piña.

"El chocolate": El chocolate de Oaxaca se caracteriza por su rico sabor, además de ser una bebida tradicional para tomar en las mañanas, así como en las fiestas. Elaborado con cacao y azúcar. El chocolate suele representar respeto y elegancia en la mesa de los oaxaqueños. En el centro de Oaxaca es común encontrar centros chocolateros donde venden chocolate en polvo o en barra, así como chocolate preparado de agua o de leche.

Una característica especial en oaxaca es que podemos ver en algunos negocios que venden chocolate como lo preparan y nos lo entregan en ese momento como una masa que aún se encuentra caliente. Actualmente algunos artesanos como los de chocolateconalas elaboran el chocolate tradicional y rescatan el sabor original*.*.

Nicuatole: (también conocido como Nicuatol, Necuatolli). Elaborado a base de maíz por lo que contiene un alto valor nutricional, de origen prehispánico, consumido principalmente en la zona sur de la república mexicana.

Hay dos versiones para preparar este delicioso postre: con agua o con leche; en ambas en su elaboración se le agrega raja de canela al gusto, la mezcla final se coloca en un recipiente o molde, se le espolvorea azúcar roja y espera que se enfríe. Degustado a temperatura ambiente por personas de todas las edades y para variedad, se le puede agregar frutos secos como nuez molida, almendras, cacahuete, canela, chocolate o algún otro ingrediente o sabor agradable al paladar, satisfaciendo así el gusto del consumidor.[93]​.

Nieves: El lugar perfecto para saborear de estas delicias es en la Plazuela de la iglesia de la Virgen de la Soledad y en Zaachila es la típica villa de provincia mexicana. Ahí, el visitante puede disfrutar de variados sabores del cremoso postre; hay de tuna, de leche quemada, de nuez, que por cierto es producida localmente. La nieve de sabor se elabora en cilindros metálicos colocados en mitades de barriles llenos de hielo y sal. Primero se prepara el agua de sabor y se vacía en el cilindro. Entonces se gira el cilindro de forma rápida y el frío del hielo provoca que el agua se congele y se adhiera a las paredes del cilindro donde es raspada. La operación continúa hasta que toda el agua se congela y se convierta en nieve.

Variedad de dulces regionales: nenguanitos, marquesote, rosca de yema, empanadas de lechecilla, piña y coco, cocadas, mamones (que es un pan color rojo) y borrachos (es un pan color amarillo poroso), mojado con almíbar.

Mercado 20 de Noviembre.

Sin duda parte importante de la gastronomía oaxaqueña es el Mercado 20 de Noviembre. El mercado se encuentra a un par de cuadras del Zócalo de la ciudad. La variedad de comida deleita los sentidos, desde los panes de yema con ajonjolí hasta los exquisitos moles que sirven en las fondas ordenadas en el interior del mercado.

En lo alto de la entrada norte se ve la fecha de 1888, aunque las obras dieron comienzo a principios de 1862, sin embargo, las invasiones y constantes luchas intestinas provocaron más de 20 años de demora para inaugurarse. La fachada norte, sobre la calle de Aldama, es alta y sobria. El ancho pasillo se llena de populares canciones del momento y los cálidos “pásele, pásele” de las cocineras.

Sobre la entrada oriente que desemboca a la calle Miguel Cabrera, se alinean los puestos que venden carne de res y de puerco como: tasajo, chorizo, salchicha de Ejutla, cecina enchilada o blanca, para prepararse en anafres, como tradicionalmente se viene realizando en la cocina oaxaqueña.

En un principio se llamó Mercado de La Industria, posiblemente porque ahí se ofrecían productos de metal, lozas, tejidos, etc. Fue construido sobre terrenos de los que fuera la primera catedral de la Verde Antequera (actualmente Oaxaca de Juárez), San Juan de Dios.

Para los años cuarenta del siglo ya se le conocía como la Plaza Vieja, donde llegaban las cargas de diversos granos, así como las tortilleras, tizateras (vendedoras de copal y carbón) y vendedores de cestería. En el pasillo oeste los carniceros ofrecen sus productos a los “marchantes”, quienes pueden asar la carne en los braseros, a un costado de los puestos; comerla caminando o sentados sobre el piso, con las tradicionales cebollitas y chiles de agua.

El mercado 20 de noviembre es un testigo de la historia de la ciudad y concentra los sabores y olores que distinguen a Oaxaca de otros lugares del mundo.

Se puede llegar al mercado partiendo del Zócalo, caminando dos cuadras y media hacia el sur, sobre la calle Flores Magón y a mano derecha se ve la entrada de los anafres. O también partiendo del Zócalo andando sobre la calle de Valerio Trujano hacia el oeste, dar vuelta a mano izquierda en la calle 20 de noviembre y caminar un par de cuadras más.

"Margarita Maza de Juárez" food market

The Margarita Maza de Juárez market known as Mercado de Abastos is located to the west of the city and is part of the municipal seat. A series of collective taxi sites from different towns in the central valleys have gathered around it, in addition to which, on one side of said market, is the Second Class Bus Station of Oaxaca, a situation that has led to the market becoming a key point, since it is here where people from of the eight geographic regions of the state, resulting in the concentration, in a single place, of countless languages, customs and products from the different regions, forming a multicultural mosaic.

In this place, a large part of the capital's residents come to obtain basic necessities, such as food, raw materials, spices and a wide variety of products of various kinds.

The market is divided into five main areas: Modules, Dry Zone, Wet Zone, Warehouses and Tianguis.

Saturday is the busiest day and when browsing these sections you can easily find all kinds of products, including: household items, crafts made of clay, leather or palm, typical costumes and accessories.[94]​.

Within the wide range of foods you can buy Tlacolula barbecue "Tlacolula de Matamoros (municipality)"), yellow and pumpkin flower empanadas, grasshoppers, Etla bread, Sola de Vega mezcal, baked and roasted fish from the Isthmus, cheeses and other milk derivatives, different types of meats, fruits, vegetables and grains, among many others.

Benito Juárez Market

In 1886 the Plaza de Armas now known as Zócalo or Plaza de la Constitución was used on weekends as a public market. In the Plaza de Cortés, which was a further street, people also began to sell their products, later called Plaza de San Juan.

On April 2, 1894, General Gregorio Chávez inaugurated the market which he called Porfirio Díaz and this name was changed when Mr. Benito Juárez Maza died in April 1912, in order to remember it perennially and which we now know as Mercado Benito Juárez Maza.

The Portuguese philanthropist, Mr. Manuel Fernández Fiallo, bought the place to use it for people who came from the towns and for those who did not have a space to sell.[95]​.

Located very close to the Zócalo, this market has eight doors for access. Among its aisles are fabrics, flowers, spices, jewelry, baskets, juices, fruits and grasshoppers, among others.[96]​.

craft market

This market founded in 1980 is ideal for purchasing all types of typical souvenirs, crafts and folklore products from the entire state of Oaxaca. Rugs, huipils, bags, footwear, ceramics, alebrijes, bags, shirts, quilts, curtains, tablecloths, masks, skirts, dresses, toys and accessories for home decoration are some of the products found in this quiet space away from marketing.[97]​.

Merced Market

At the beginning of 1900, the atrium of the Church of La Merced itself was a tree-lined space and therefore used by people who came from our towns to sell.

some products. As the city's population grew in the middle of the century, the government of Don Emilio Pimentel (1902-1911) installed a metal coffer that covered a large part of the atrium, forming a more formal market.

Due to the expansion of the population in 1973, they agreed to move it to the corner of Avenida Morelos and Nicolás del Puerto, land occupied by the old market of the city and adjacent to the Francisco J. Mujica School.[98]​.

Today it is one of the most important markets in the city due to its great gastronomic variety, since you can find exquisite memelas and empanadas of various stews and in its dining area a variety of traditional Oaxacan dishes.

Sanchez Pascuas Market

This market began activities on the Explanada del Carmen Alto and in 1972 it opened its location where we find it today. The Sánchez Pascuas Market or also known as Mercado del Carmen Alto, has an access through Joaquín Amaro Street and another through Porfirio Díaz Street, its main attraction is the food sold in the dining rooms and the recommended tamales, memelas, pumpkin flower and yellow empanadas, we can also find juice stores, fruit stores, butchers, chicken shops and sale of many other household items, this place has a Public bathrooms and parking for their clients.[99]​.

Sundays are characterized by being one of the busiest days for Oaxacan diners and families who come to this market to supply themselves with excellent quality items that locals sell.

The city of Oaxaca de Juárez concentrates the largest educational offer in the entire state,[100]​ with practically all levels of basic, upper secondary and higher education.

The municipality has 386 basic and upper secondary education institutions, of which 142 are preschool education centers, 141 are primary level institutions, 65 are secondary, 3 technical vocational training schools and 35 high schools.

In 2010, there were 4,035 postgraduate students, 54,679 people with a professional level, and 66,118 students who had completed primary school.

In addition, there are eight public libraries, in which in 2009 a total of 142,126 consultations were made.

In this city is the main campus of the "Benito Juárez" Autonomous University of Oaxaca, commonly known as the highest educational institution in the state. Prominent national history figures such as Benito Juárez and Porfirio Díaz were his students.

Said University has the following Faculties:

Faculty of Accounting and Administration,

Faculty of Architecture,

Faculty of Languages,

Faculty of Law and Social Sciences,

Faculty of Dentistry,

Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and

Faculty of Chemical Sciences.

As well as the following Institutes and Schools

Science School,

Institute of Educational Sciences,

School of Veterinary Animal Science, School of Economics

Sociological Research Institute,

Institute for Research in Humanities and

School of Fine Arts.

Currently, the "Benito Juárez" Autonomous University of Oaxaca has an agreement with the National Autonomous University of Mexico through which distance education is put into practice, thus benefiting many students who need this modality to continue their studies; Among the degrees taught by the Center for Continuing Education,[101]​ open and distance are:.

• - Bachelor's degree in Political Science and Public Administration.

• - Bachelor's Degree in Social Work.

• - Bachelor's degree in Psychology.

• - Bachelor of Pedagogy.

• - Bachelor's Degree in Law.

These degrees are studied entirely virtually, inducing students to actively participate in the acquisition of knowledge, with the help of an advisor who helps them in the process, resolving doubts, helping them overcome their limitations.

Other higher education centers are:

• - The Technological Institute of Oaxaca (ITO).

• - The Regional Center for Normal Education of Oaxaca (CRENO).

• - The Mesoamerican University.

• - José Vasconcelos University (UNIVAS).

• - The Regional University of the Southeast (URSE)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Universidad Regional del Sureste (URSE) (not yet written)").

• - University of the Gulf of Mexico (UGM).

• - Nationalist University of Mexico (open system).

• - La Salle University.

• - Anahuac University.

• - The Technological Institute of Valle de Oaxaca (ITVO).

Schooling.

In Oaxaca, the population aged 15 years and older, on average, has practically completed the first year of secondary school (average level of schooling 6.9).

Illiteracy.

It also has the "Miguel Cabrera" Center for Artistic Education (CEDART), the only high school specialized in art in the state,[102]​ in front of the San Francisco Garden.

There is a project to create the Intercultural University of Oaxaca, which will be an institution of high academic level, with international presence, with certification of all its administrative and management processes, accredited educational programs, with a strong connection with its environment, a university that leads to diversity, the exchange of experiences, the development of an intercultural policy, respectful of the ethnic groups, cultures and traditions of Oaxaca, in order to achieve sustainable development, always respecting the human rights and equality of men and women. indigenous.

Oaxaca de Juárez is home to several professional sports teams:

Twin cities

The city of Oaxaca is twinned with the following cities around the world:[103]​[104]​.

• - Tierra Nueva, SLP, Mexico[103]​.

• - Palo Alto, United States (1964)[103]​.

• - San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico[103]​.

• - Cancun, Mexico[103]​.

• - Vallagarina"), Italy[103]​[104]​.

• - Mexico City, Mexico[103]​.

• - Mérida "Mérida (Venezuela)"), Venezuela[103]​.

• - Guanajuato "Guanajuato (city)"), Mexico[103]​.

• - Rueil-Malmaison, France[103]​.

• - Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico[103]​.

• - Zacatecas "Zacatecas (Zacatecas)"), Mexico[103]​.

• - Santa Cruz "Santa Cruz (Chile)"), Chile[103]​[104]​.

• - Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico[103]​.

• - Morelia, Mexico[103]​.

• - Antequera, Spain[103]​.

• - Tlaquepaque, Mexico[103]​[105]​.

• - Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico[103]​.

• - Paraíso "Paraíso (Costa Rica)"), Costa Rica[103]​.

• - General Escobedo, Mexico[103]​.

• - Guadalajara "Guadalajara (Mexico)"), Mexico[103]​[106]​.

• - Arequipa, Peru[103]​.

• - Xochimilco, Mexico[103]​.

• - Rayon "Municipality of Rayon (state of Mexico)")[103]​[104]​.

• - Old Havana, Cuba[103]​.

• - Huajuapan de León, Mexico[103]​[104]​.

• - Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala[103]​.

• - Álvaro Obregón "Álvaro Obregón (Federal District)")[104]​.

• - Portal:Oaxaca. Content related to Oaxaca.

• - Guelaguetza Auditorium.

• - Central Valleys of Oaxaca.

• - Oaxaca de Juárez (municipality) "Oaxaca de Juárez (municipality)").

• - Zona Metropolitana de Oaxaca (ZMO) "Zona Metropolitana de Oaxaca (ZMO)").

• - Tule Tree.

• - Guelaguetza.

• - Oaxaca Tunnels.

• - Dalton Palomo M.: Oaxaca Tierra del Sol, State Monograph (Secretariat of Public Education) 1989.

• - National Council of Population and Housing, The Population of the Municipalities of Mexico 1950 - 1990. Ed. UNO Graphic Services, Mexico, Nov., 1994.

• - Dalton, Margaret. Brief history of Oaxaca, Economic Culture Fund 2004 - 302 pages.

• - National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, General Census of Population and Housing 2000. Mexico 2001.

• - López Castro, Pardo Galván. Migration in Western Mexico, El Colegio de Michoacán A.C., 1988 - 280 pages.

• - Ministry of the Interior, National Center for Municipal Studies, Government of the State of Oaxaca, The Municipalities of Oaxaca, Encyclopedia of the Municipalities of Mexico. Graphic Workshops of the Nation, Mexico, D.F. 1988.

• - Secretary of the Interior, National Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development, National Municipal Information System. Mexico 2002.

• - Torres, Gastéllum, Sánchez, Zafra. Cuatro Casa: Vernacular Housing, Editorial Plaza y Valdez, Mexico 2012, ISBN 978-607-402-548-4.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category about Oaxaca de Juárez.

• - Oaxaca City Council.

• - Virtual exhibition about Oaxaca de Juárez at the Cervantes Virtual Center.

• - General aspects of the Municipality of Oaxaca.

Pre-Hispanic era

Located 10 km from the city of Oaxaca, Monte Albán was long the seat of dominant power in the Central Valleys region of Oaxaca, from the decline of San José Mogote in the Middle Preclassic (1500-700 BC) until the decline of the city, which occurred around the 2nd century. Like the vast majority of large Mesoamerican metropolises, Monte Albán was a city with a multi-ethnic population. Throughout its history it maintained very strong ties with other peoples of great importance in Mesoamerica, especially with the Teotihuacanos, during the Early Classic period.

The city was abandoned by a large part of its population at the end of the Xoo Phase. However, the ceremonial enclosure that constitutes the entire archaeological zone of Monte Albán was reused by the Mixtecs during the Postclassic Period. At this time, the political power of the Zapotec people was divided between several City-States, such as Zaachila, Yagul, Lambityeco and Tehuantepec. During this time, the fights between the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs and the expansion of the Mexica took place.

As the Mixtecs had conquered Monte Albán and Cuilapan, the situation of the Zapotecs was going through a period of uncertainty, so Cocijoeza, son of Zaachila III and king of the Zapotecs of Zaachila between 1487 and 1523, when defending the Zapotec empire from Aztec expansion, faced the Mexica to the death in the battle of Cerro de Guiengola. The détente between both peoples favored fruitful agreements, and to seal the brotherhood, the Mexica emperor Ahuizotl "Ahuízotl (ruler)") (1468-1502) arranged the marriage of his daughter Coyolicatzin with Cocijoeza. Three children emerge from this union, among them Donají and Cosijopi, governor of Tehuantepec.[7]​.

In order to monitor the conduct of his son-in-law Cosijoeza, Emperor Ahuízotl ordered the founding of Huaxyacac. The Aztec warriors who arrived in this territory cut down part of the existing gourd forest to build their homes there [8] and settled in the vicinity of a hill called in the Zapotec language Dani Noayaa Loani (Bellavista Hill), which the Nahuas called Ehécatl (god of the wind). Today that elevation is called the Cerro del Fortín.[9]​ The Zapotecs maintained an unreliable alliance with the powerful Mexica who would not settle until they subjugated them. But at the same time they had the Mixtecs as neighbors and former enemies. In 1520, another war began again between Zapotecs and Mixtecs for domination of this territory, which ended with the arrival of the Spanish.

The arrival of the Spanish

Sent by Hernán Cortés, Francisco de Orozco arrived in Oaxaca on November 25, 1521. Among his companions was the clergyman Juan Díaz who would officiate the first mass under a large tree that was on the bank of the Atoyac River "Río Atoyac (Oaxaca)") and where the Temple of San Juan de Dios is currently located.

Cozijoeza sought the support of the Spanish with the purpose of driving the Mixtecs out of Cuilapan. However, this alliance never came to fruition, because Princess Donají, granddaughter of Ahuizotl and daughter of Cosijoeza and Coyolicatzin, was taken hostage by the Mixtecs to avoid an armed confrontation. After a failed rescue attempt, Donají was beheaded on the sacrificial altar, becoming a martyr for the Zapotec people.

In the central part of the Valley of Oaxaca, control of the area occurred in a very short time. The place found by the Spanish was an important part of one of the most culturally advanced regions. The most culturally sophisticated groups were those that

They first gave their recognition to the Europeans. While those who represented a simpler organization opposed them for a longer time.

Cultural advance, in the opinion of researchers, allowed certain advantages that translated into alliances with Europeans. So the use of weapons and war tactics did not last more than a week. Control of the area was relatively quick. Mainly because the Zapotecs did not participate in the fight for the alliance that Cortés made with the Lord of Tehuantepec.

After the successful expeditions to Tututepec, Cortés ordered his soldiers to found a town in that place, due to the large amount of gold it possessed. However, they decided to disobey him and returned to the Valley of Oaxaca, since the climate was more benign.

These Spaniards founded Segura de la Frontera on the boundaries of the old Mexica military post. In this way, the Spanish founding was done as a form of rebellion, and its neighbors would have to fight legally first against Cortés, and then with the bureaucracy of the Viceroyalty.

Antequera in New Spain

Hernando de Badajoz took charge of the new government of Segura de la Frontera and Pedro de Alvarado, Juan Núñez de Mercado and Juan Peláez de Berrio appeared as encomenderos).

A royal mandate allowed the new settlement to acquire the category of town on September 14, 1526. However, although Hernán Cortés rejected the founding of Segura de la Frontera, Juan Núñez de Mercado circumvented this refusal, explainable through the right of conquest, and thanks to this, on June 24, 1528 the population obtained the name Villa de Antequera de Guaxaca.

The following year, when Hernán Cortés was named Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. Juan Peláez de Berrio") arrived in the Valley of Oaxaca in July 1529 and found a Spanish population without local authority and without an organized layout. As he had precise instructions to fix and enlarge the Spanish settlement in the valley, which from then on would be called Antequera, he soon organized the town council and entrusted the builder Alonso García Bravo with the urban layout of the town. This architect took as his vanishing point what is today the zócalo or Plaza de la Constitución and he also ensured that the orientation of the buildings and churches was good so that their windows and doors received the sun during all times of the year. In addition to this, the first bishop of Oaxaca, Francisco López Zárate, discovered nearby deposits of green quarry, which when he began to exploit and work to make houses and churches, this color became characteristic of the population, where the first conquerors, upon arriving in this city, compared its geography with the city of Antequera in Spain. The greenish hue of the quarry in its buildings gives it the name Verde Antequera, as the city of Oaxaca is also known.

The distribution of the plots was carried out by Juan Peláez de Berrio") in 1529, the first mayor of the city of Oaxaca, who proceeded to allocate the land for the eighty families of Spaniards, for the first religious orders and for the main civil buildings.

On April 25, 1532, it received the title of city by a Royal Decree, signed by Carlos I in Medina del Campo, Spain, calling itself from that moment on, the Very noble and loyal City of Antequera.[9] Name that it would retain during the rest of the viceregal era.

At the beginning of the century, the towns (today neighborhoods and agencies) of Xochimilco, Jalatlaco, San Juan Chapultepec and Mexicapam were founded, whose founders were Nahua indigenous people, allies of the Spanish, who accompanied them in the territorial conquest of the south of New Spain.

In 1535, by decision of Pope Paul III, "the Ecclesiastical Province of Antequera&action=edit&redlink=1 "Province of Antequera of Oaxaca (New Spain) (not yet written)") was established, which increased the ecclesiastical presence.

War of Independence

At the beginning of the century, the Creoles, as in other regions of New Spain, adopted the ideas of the Enlightenment and began to progressively rebel against the power of the Spanish Crown. After the failed insurrection of 1811, the uprising took on great importance in the region with the attack of José María Morelos on November 25, 1812.

Morelos decided to march to Oaxaca in November 1812 after having taken the Plazas of Tehuacán and Orizaba. In the early hours of November 25, the insurgent army arrived at the gates of the capital of the Nueva Antequera municipality, where it wrote a letter to Brigadier Roque Abarca, general commander of the square, and to Bishop Antonio Bergoza y Jordán, asking them to surrender the square, and sending a letter to the command, carried by several emissaries. The troops were repelled with cannon fire and the emissaries were shot.

On November 25, 1812, the insurgent forces took their positions and began the attack. Colonel Manuel Montaño") marched on the slopes of the Cerro de la Soledad, in order to cut off the passage of water and prevent the retreat of the Spanish along the road to Tehuantepec. General Galeana took command of the vanguard; Miguel Bravo "Miguel Bravo (insurgent)") of the center column, Matamoros the rear; Morelos, for his part, took a section of cavalry and the bulk of the infantry remained as a reserve to be used when necessary.

From the fort of La Soledad, the royalist artillery managed to stop the insurgent advance in the first moments. Morelos then believing he was in an unfavorable position ordered colonels Ramón Sesma") and Manuel Mier and Terán to take the fort. Both tried to move a cannon near the fort to begin their attack, but once their maneuver was discovered, a heavy rifle fire began between both sides. In such a situation, Morelos was forced to go to reinforce the advance of Mier and Terán, until the objective was finally achieved.[11] After three hours of combat, Morelos managed to take the city.

Already in Oaxaca, Morelos established a court of protection and public trust, dedicated to investigating suspicions of misconduct in the insurgent cause, and which prohibited secret meetings. An autonomous government was established in the city and José María Murguía was appointed mayor. Furthermore, in 1813 he ordered the publication of the Correo Americano del Sur, an insurgent newspaper whose primary objective was to publicize the causes, campaigns and certain correspondence of the leaders of the insurrection of the Mexican War of Independence. It was in the plaza of Oaxaca where Morelos received the Constitutional Elements drafted by Ignacio López Rayón.

Shortly after, Morelos decided to leave Oaxaca, a month and a half after his capture, and continue the march towards Acapulco. The loss of Oaxaca was a serious blow to the viceregal government. For the insurgents, the taking of this plaza increased the military prestige of Morelos, and gave them a privileged geographical position due to the roads and towns that could be controlled from that site. The insurgent government of the city of Oaxaca lasted from 1812 until 1814, when the population was recovered by the royalist army. It was the first and only time that Morelos was able to take control of a major city.

Independent Stage

In 1823, Colonel Antonio de León proclaimed the Republic, imposing order when a Government Board formally declared that the state was free and sovereign, thus, Murguía y Galardi was the first governor. After the recognition of the constitutional text in 1825, the Institute of Sciences and Arts began its academic operation in 1827, having among its students two prominent Oaxacan figures, Benito Juárez García and Porfirio Díaz Mori.

In 1828 the struggle between conservatives and liberals became increasingly significant. The economic crisis and political disorder were also notable in 1836, the date on which the conservatives repealed the Constitution and the federal Republic. In 1841, relying on liberal groups, General Antonio López de Santa Anna expressed his opposition to the centralist government. The following year, Benito Juárez took charge of the Government Secretary.

On April 12, 1844, the State Assembly organized the Superior Court and other lower courts of the Department of Oaxaca by decree. Three years later, Benito Juárez assumed the duties of interim governor. The French imperialist incursion and the struggle between conservatives and reformists frame a display of dramatic overtones and very relevant consequences.

In 1856, the promulgation of the Reform laws confronted the two Oaxacan factions. Marcelino Ruiz Cobos y Moreno on the part of the conservatives and Governor Ignacio Mejía on the part of the liberals, a faction that ultimately managed to impose its ideology.

On September 15, 1857, the date on which the Constituent Congress decreed the Constitution of the State of Oaxaca. A year later the Reform War began, which lasted until 1861. Local figures such as Mariano Jiménez participated in the fight against the French, who would later intervene with his countryman Porfirio Díaz in the Pronouncement of La Noria to hinder Juárez's re-election, and then served as federal deputy of Oaxaca and interim governor of Michoacán.

In 1863 Oaxaca was conquered by the French, an action that was strongly repelled by the guerrilla actions of Juchitecs and Mixtecs. A leader of indigenous descent, Porfirio Díaz, defeated the troops of Marshal François Achille Bazaine in 1865 in the Battle of Carbonera.

Once the turmoil caused by the French invasion was over, on October 10, 1872 the city received the name Oaxaca de Juárez, thus honoring the memory of who was considered Benemérito of the Americas. Ten years later, on September 17, 1882, the governor of the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca presented a constitutional report in the state Congress on public administration.

Porfiriato and Revolution

The Porfirio period was characterized by being an economic boom, both at the national and regional level. The state of Oaxaca enjoyed a boom during this period, which has been characterized in recent research as an economic boom, which allowed the construction of numerous public buildings. Oaxaca began its economic recovery in the last quarter of the century. The axes that led to the reactivation were: social stability, the development of infrastructure and foreign investment. Another important example was that General Porfirio Díaz, “the hero of peace,” was a native of the entity.

The Oaxacan economic development model in the Porfiriato was based on the development of infrastructure. The railways and ports made possible the export of tropical agricultural and mining products, with their dynamics they promoted foreign investment.

The rise of the Oaxacan economy began with the inauguration of the Southern Mexican Railway in Oaxaca, on November 13, 1892, when General Gregorio Chávez was governor of the state. The inauguration was attended by President Porfirio Díaz Mori, who returned to his homeland after a long absence. The route of the Mexican railroad was from the country's capital to the city of Oaxaca, allowing the transportation of raw materials. It was the last time that General Porfirio Díaz and his cabinet visited Oaxaca.[12]​ The development of the infrastructure was strengthened with the construction of the Tehuantepec National Railway - or Transisthmian Railway as it was also called - with the Pan-American railway and with the opening of the ports of Salina Cruz and Coatzacoalcos. Another great technological advance in the area of ​​telecommunications was the beginning of Oaxacan telephone services in 1908.

The economic boom and the reestablishment of peace had effects on the architectural-urban process of the city of Oaxaca; a large number of public and private buildings were built. The development of funerary architecture has also been noted, due to the construction of cemeteries. But the most important thing was the modernization process.

The modernization of the city of Oaxaca was manifested with the introduction of public services that made life more comfortable and improved the hygienic conditions of the population: street paving, public lighting, drainage, drinking water and urban transportation.

During the Porfirio period Oaxaca was under the tight control of Díaz. In principle, during the interregnum in which General Manuel González was president of the republic, his compadre, Díaz became governor of the state.

In May 1901, the Juárez Association was founded, the basic organization of the precursors of the Revolution in Oaxaca.

In September 1909, the Mier y Terán Casino Theater, currently "Macedonio Alcalá", was inaugurated. That same year, on December 18, Francisco I. Madero visited the city of Oaxaca. He created an anti-reelectionist club, where the opposition was represented, in 1910, by Benito Juárez Maza.

Contemporary Era

On January 14, 1931, the state of Oaxaca once again suffered a terrible earthquake. The city of Oaxaca was almost completely destroyed. The damage was greater, both in urban architecture and in the economy of Oaxacans. As a result of this, there was a strong emigration to other parts of the country which, added to that generated by the Revolution, caused the city's population to drop to 33 thousand inhabitants in 1935.[15]​.

A year later, on January 9, 1932, the treasure of tomb 7 in Monte Albán was found by Alfonso Caso: a burial site inside which the largest number of Mesoamerican objects to date was found. This, together with the discovery of tombs 1 and 2 in Zaachila made by Roberto Gallegos in 1959, enriched the contents of the State Institute of Sciences and Arts.

On April 25, 1932, the city of Oaxaca celebrated the IV Centennial of having been elevated to the category of city. To commemorate that date, an intense program of activities was developed, highlighting the Regional Exhibition held at the former Aguilera hacienda and the Racial Tribute, the prelude to the current Guelaguetza, held on the Fortín hill.[15]​.

By the 1940s, with the construction of the Pan-American Highway bordering the north of the city, Oaxaca de Juárez began to open to tourism.[16]​.

Until 1950, the urban area covered the original layout of the city. The neighborhoods of Marquesado, Xochimilco, Jalatlaco, San Martín Mexicapan and San Juan Chapultepec were beginning to integrate into the urban perimeter. The main exits from the city (the highway to Mexico, the Isthmus and San Felipe) are the axes around which the new human settlements are grouped.[17]​.

On January 17, 1955, the Institute of Sciences and Arts became the Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca.

On January 18, 1959, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the coronation of the Virgin of Soledad, he received the Pontifical Bull naming the building Basilica Menor de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad "Basilica de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (Oaxaca)").[18]​.

In August 1969, a series of rains throughout the state caused the Atoyac River to overflow, flooding a large part of the city of Oaxaca. The waters destroyed crops and communication routes, including the main bridge to Monte Albán. Oaxaca was declared a "zone of national tragedy".[19]​.

On March 7, 1970, a total eclipse of the sun occurred visible in the city of Oaxaca. The national and international interest of astronomers, researchers and scientists that the eclipse captured motivated the construction of the "Canuto Muñoz Mares" Municipal Astronomical Observatory in the city, inaugurated on February 10, 1973.[20]​.

Taking advantage of the natural slope of Cerro del Fortín, the Guelaguetza Auditorium was built in 1974 on the old "Rotonda de las Azucenas", the first auditorium built in 1932 on the occasion of the .[21]​.

21st century

In 2006, a political-social movement developed in the city of Oaxaca, originated by teacher protests demanding the resignation of then-governor Ulises Ruiz, due to acts of corruption. Section 22 of the CNTE requested the zonal change of teachers and better conditions for the education of marginalized students that prevail in the vast majority of schools, as well as a salary increase. This movement triggered, in the early morning of June 14, 2006, the violent eviction of teachers who were demonstrating in the city's main square. That same month, the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca (APPO) was created, made up of several groups representing Oaxacan civil society, where the teachers lost control of the movement, and acts of repression and murder by the government arose that affected society in general.

The visual legacy of the conflict remains on the streets of Oaxaca, where political art and murals have become part of the urban landscape of the historic center. Artistic collectives such as ASARO"), Lapiztola") and Colectivo Subterráneos use the city walls as a canvas for works that address issues of social justice and collective memory.[29]​.

In 2010, during the July 6 elections, the city of Oaxaca was the main center of organization for opposition groups. After 80 years, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) lost the government elections and the opposition coalition (PAN, PRD, PT and Convergencia) won, as in the municipal elections, so the mayor's office was governed by the PAN, PRD, Convergencia coalition, represented by Luis Ugartechea Begué.

On March 20, 2012, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake occurred in the vicinity of Ometepec, Guerrero and Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca. The earthquake, which occurred at 12:02 p.m., was felt in a large part of the central area of ​​the Mexican Republic.[30]​ In the city of Oaxaca, there were water and electricity outages, as well as minor damage to buildings.[31]​.

After competing with the cities of Arequipa in Peru, Krakow in Poland and George Town in Malaysia,[32]​ from November 19 to 22, 2013, the city of Oaxaca de Juárez hosted the XII World Congress of the Organization of World Heritage Cities, whose theme was "Heritage cities, sustainable cities."[33]​.

On April 25, 2014, the 482nd anniversary of the city of Oaxaca was celebrated, which was organized by the state government and led by the governor in charge, Javier Villacaña Jiménez and the secretary of Cultures and Arts of the state, Francisco Martínez Neri.

From 2012 to date, demonstrations in the city have been more frequent, not only on the part of the Oaxacan teachers, but now, unions, transportation concessionaires and rural populations are demonstrating by blocking, taking buses by force and interrupting free transit.

On April 25, 2017, when José Antonio Hernández Fraguas was Municipal President, the 485th anniversary of Oaxaca being elevated to the rank of city was celebrated, so from April 24 to 29 of the current year, the celebrations were held with activities such as the First Meeting of Traditional Cooks and Traveling Shows.

Contenido

Localizada a 488 km[34]​ (vía supercarretera) y 583 km (vía federal) al sureste de la Ciudad de México, la ciudad de Oaxaca de Juárez, cabecera del municipio homónimo "Oaxaca de Juárez (municipio)") se encuentra ubicada en la región de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, en el Distrito del Centro, entre los paralelos 17°1′ y 17°10′ de latitud norte; los meridianos 96°40′ y 96°47′ de longitud oeste; con una altitud entre los 1500 y 3,200 m; ocupando el 0.09 % de la superficie total del estado con una extensión territorial de 85.48 km².

Oaxaca de Juárez se encuentra en medio de un conjunto de tres valles fluviales localizados entre el Nudo Mixteco, la Sierra Juárez y la Sierra Madre del Sur. Estos tres valles conforman una especie de "Y" donde cada uno de los brazos posee un nombre específico: al noroeste se encuentra el valle de Etla; al oriente, el valle de Tlacolula; y al sur, el valle de Zimatlán-Ocotlán. La ciudad está rodeada por varias elevaciones, sobresaliendo al norte el cerro de San Felipe del Agua (a 3,500 ) donde se localiza el Parque nacional Benito Juárez, al sur el cerro de Monte Albán, al este el cerro de San Antonio de la Cal y al noroeste los cerros del Creston y del Fortín, este último decretado el 30 de octubre de 2004 como Parque Estatal.[35]​.

Hydrography

In the Central Valleys the availability of water is abundant, however, the weight of the population in this region has made this resource a scarce element. The low availability causes insufficiencies in surface and groundwater for supply, which leads to overexploitation of the existing aquifer in this region; without leaving aside pollution, which has reduced the potential for use of several aquifers, rivers and bodies of water.

The main river in the region, the Atoyac, is part of the Río Atoyac-Verde hydrographic basin which, due to its magnitude and economic importance, is the livelihood of more than one and a half million inhabitants settled in several municipalities of the Central Valleys and for the city of Oaxaca de Juárez with almost one million inhabitants. However, the accelerated growth of human settlements has created a serious supply of water, increasingly scarce and of lower quality due to pollution from industry, agriculture and populations that lack drainage and sewage treatment plants. Situation due to which the Atoyac River is the most polluted river in the entity.[36]​.

Several rivers cross the city of Oaxaca: the Atoyac River, the San Felipe River, the Jalatlaco River (currently piped and on which the Calzada de la República runs), the Seco River and the Salado River. Both the Atoyac River and the Salado River remain semi-dry most of the year. The Atoyac River, in its original channel, passed through what is now the center of the city. In order to avoid periodic flooding, in 1561 Spanish engineers decided to divert the riverbed to the south, where it is today.

The city has some artificial bodies of water. One of these is located in the city of Las Canteras, built in the old green quarry mines with which most of the colonial buildings in the city of Oaxaca were built. Currently it is a recreation place with artificial lagoons[37]​ where species of largemouth bass, mojarra, and charal reproduce.[38]​.

Flora and fauna

Oaxaca presents a great variety of flora and fauna, both native and introduced. The predominant vegetation in the valleys corresponds to trees (evergreen and deciduous) such as ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum), casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia), framboyan (Delonix regia), sage (Salvia officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), mulatto stick (Bursera simaruba), thyme (Thymus), huamúchil (Pithecellobium dulce), Cazahuate (Ipomoea arborea), laurel (Ficus nitida) and huaje (Leucaena leucocephala), from which the name of the city comes.

Among the wild fauna are the cenzontle (Mimus polyglottos), the goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), the common lark (Mimus saturninus), pigeons (Columba livia domestica), doves (Columbina talpacoti), opossums (Mexican marmosa), squirrels, badgers and raccoons; among the domestic: the horse, the cat, the dog, chickens, among others.[39]​.

• - Ahuehuete.

• - Casuarina.

• - Cazahuate.

• - Huaje.

• - Cenzontle.

• - House Sparrow.

• - Pigeon.

• - Raccoon.

Seismicity

Geological risks (earthquakes, landslides and faults) stand out in the city of Oaxaca. Like the State, it has the highest seismicity in the country.[40] Throughout its history, being located in a highly seismic area, the city has been partially or almost totally destroyed by earthquakes. To mention, the one recorded on January 15, 1931 of magnitude 7.8 (which damaged public buildings, as well as temples and former convents in towns in the Valley of Oaxaca[30]​) and the one on September 30, 1999 of magnitude 7.4.[41]​

http://www.normateca.sedesol.gob.mx/work/models/SEDESOL/Resource/2612/Atlas_Estados/20067_OAXACA_DE_JUAREZ/INFORME_FINAL_OAXACA.pdf.

The city of Oaxaca is divided into 3 seismic zones, the safest being the area located in San Felipe del Agua due to its rocky soil, followed by the Central Zone and finally the area of ​​the UABJO University City and Exhacienda Candiani, this being the most vulnerable due to the presence of aquifers located in its depths. Likewise, this city has 12 Geological Faults that are located within this same capital of which there was a record of an intense earthquake in the year 1879 of magnitude 7.3 located its epicenter 52 km northeast of Tlacolula de Matamoros, with a depth of 25 km, this being one of the strongest located within the Central Valleys region.

During the year 2012, the strongest earthquake until then was recorded, with a magnitude of 7.8 with its epicenter in Pinotepa Nacional.

In 2017, one of the most powerful would be recorded, on September 7, with magnitude 8.4, with an epicenter 120 km southeast of Tehuantepec. Later, its aftershock was recorded in the same month of September, specifically on the 23rd, with a magnitude of 6.1.

The most recent occurred on February 16, 2018, with a magnitude of 7.2 with an epicenter also in Pinotepa Nacional.

Given that the city of Oaxaca has eventually suffered the effect of strong earthquakes that occur to the north and south of the Central Valley, and by some generated in the isthmus region, during 2003 the Seismic Instrumentation and Registration Center (CIRES) began the design and instrumentation of the Oaxaca Seismic Alert System, SASO, which provides an early public warning notice to the population of the State capital.[42]​.

Según la Clasificación climática de Köppen, Oaxaca de Juárez posee una mezcla climática entre un clima Subtropical de tierras altas y un Clima de montaña

.[43]​ La temperatura promedio anual es de 20 °C.

Los meses más calurosos son abril y mayo, mientras que los meses más fríos son diciembre, enero y febrero.[43]​

La ciudad de Oaxaca está a una altitud de 1550 metros sobre el nivel del mar, lo que significa que siempre habrá una gran diferencia de temperatura entre el día y la noche. El clima es agradable, con temperaturas que oscilan entre los 8 °C y 25 °C en los meses más fríos y los 14 °C y 32 °C en los meses más calientes. Los únicos registros de nevadas en la ciudad datan de 1957

[44]​ y 1881.

[45]​.

rainy season

The official rainy season in Oaxaca City begins in May, sometimes a little earlier in April, and lasts until the end of September or beginning of October. During these months, the mornings and afternoons are sunny and warm until the clouds begin to swirl in the mountains, after which the rain falls and it quickly clears again. From time to time, late into the night, it will rain gently. This causes humidity to increase, reaching 80% during the rainiest and hottest days of summer. The rainiest months are from June to September, with precipitation exceeding 150 mm and August being the rainiest of these, the average temperatures are 20 °C and 21 °C, but the maximum temperatures occasionally exceed 30 °C.

drought season

October to May is the driest time in Oaxaca City, where there will be little or no rain, and where humidity will be at its lowest level. The days are warm, almost hot, and dry. On the contrary, the nights are cold and can reach 8 °C, and in January up to 5 °C, although it is not common. March is the least rainy month.

El municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez está conformado por la Cabecera Municipal y 13 Agencias Municipales y de Policía, que se integran por colonias, barrios, fraccionamientos y unidades habitacionales; así como por las reservas ecológicas que se encuentren dentro de su demarcación territorial.

Agencias Municipales:.

• - Donají.

• - Pueblo Nuevo.

• - San Felipe del Agua.

• - San Juan Chapultepec.

• - Trinidad de Viguera.

• - Santa Rosa Panzacola.

• - San Martín Mexicapam de Cárdenas.

Agencias de Policía:.

• - Candiani.

• - Cinco Señores.

• - Dolores.

• - Guadalupe Victoria.

• - Montoya.

• - San Luis Beltrán.

De acuerdo con la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 del INEGI, en Oaxaca de Juárez "Oaxaca de Juárez (municipio)") viven 264 251 habitantes, de los cuales 119 946 son hombres (45.4 %) y 144 305 son mujeres (54.6 %).

Debido a la pequeña extensión del municipio (85.48 km²) la ciudad se extiende por el valle, englobando a más de veinte municipios cercanos.

El área de Oaxaca de Juárez y municipios conurbados poseía en el 2005 una población de 515 mil 440 habitantes, siendo una de las 30 ciudades del país con más de 100 mil habitantes y con mayor crecimiento demográfico neto. La tasa de crecimiento media anual intercensal estatal en el año 2000 fue de 1.3 por ciento y la del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez alcanzó el 1.8 por ciento, rebasando en 43 por ciento el crecimiento demográfico estatal, llegando a tener una densidad de población, en el 2006, de 3 mil 100 habitantes por km².

Actualmente la distribución de la población que vive en localidades rurales ha presentado una disminución considerable, dando como resultado una alta concentración de población en la zona metropolitana.

ethnic groups

According to the XII General Census of Population and Housing 2000 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI), the total population of indigenous people in the municipality amounts to 22,388 people. Their main indigenous languages ​​are Zapotec and Mixtec.

Oaxaca de Juárez is a center of convergence for all different ethnic groups, among them are: the Amuzgos, Cuicatecos, Chatinos, Chinantecos, Chochos, Chontales, Huaves, Ixcatecos, Mazatecos, Mixes, Mixtecs, Nahuatlecos, Triques, Zapotecs, Zoques and Popolocas. The presence of foreigners is also considerable, with Americans being the majority of those who live in the city or arrive as tourist visitors for a season.

The presence of ethnic groups allows, not only the city but also the state, to have a vast cultural wealth, customs and traditions, preserved to date, however, almost in their entirety, backwardness, marginalization and poverty persist.[50]​.

Likewise, in the city there are organizations in charge of protecting the ethnic diversity of the city and the entire state. Festivals that exalt all state cultures are thirsty.

La traza urbana dentro de la ciudad de Oaxaca puede considerarse variada, ya que dentro de él se sitúan varias formas de calles, avenidas, colonias y fraccionamientos que tienen diferentes trazos como el ortogonal, es decir, con líneas horizontales y verticales que se cruzan, e irregular, es decir, calles y avenidas sin sentido, pero en general podemos decir que Oaxaca cuenta con una traza que acorde a su crecimiento se ha alineado con la forma de Ye que tiene el valle, que son tres salidas.

Main roads

The main roads of the city are aligned according to the exits it has, which in this case are 3.

Federal Highway 190 crosses the city, entering through the western part, passing through the city with the name Cristóbal Colón Highway and Héroes de Chapultepec Highway, exiting through the east towards the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Federal Highway 175 from Tuxtepec crosses the city from north to south, entering through the municipality of Santa Lucía del Camino, taking the name of Lázaro Cárdenas Avenue or National Road, part of Eduardo Vasconcelos Boulevard and the Periférico (Eduardo Mata) exiting to the south with the name of Símbolos Patrios.

University Avenue starts from Símbolos Patrios to the intersection of 5 Señores taking the name of Bulevar Eduardo Vasconcelos to the intersection of the Eduardo Vasconcelos stadium continuing towards the north with the name of Avenida Heroico Colegio Militar ending in the blue module.

The Calzada San Felipe begins in the northern part of the city and passes through several notable points, such as the CRENO (Regional Center for Normal Education of Oaxaca), the Faculty of Medicine and Obstetrics (UABJO) and the "Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso" Civil Hospital. After passing the source of the 8 regions, it is known as Calzada Porfirio Díaz, which ends at the intersection with Avenida Héroes de Chapultepec.

The main cruises in the city are: Crucero de Cinco Señores, Parque del Amor, Eduardo Vasconcelos Stadium, Fountain of the Eight Regions, Monument to the Mother and Pueblo Nuevo.

As of March 14, 2014, the first road distributor in the city of Oaxaca operates effectively, facilitating traffic in the Crucero de Cinco Señores, with a depressed passage heading north-south and vice versa and an overpass heading east-west and vice versa.

Shopping plazas

In the city of Oaxaca you can find different shopping plazas such as:

• - Plaza del Valle: McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Sears "Sears Roebuck (Mexico)"), Banamex, HSBC, Cinemex, LOB, Men's Factory, Bruno Corza, Aldo Conti, Chicago Tenis, Vertiche, Sunglass Hut, Hang Ten, Estafeta, Restaurant-Bar La Bartola.

• - Plaza Oaxaca: Domino's Pizza, Restaurante Terranova, Banorte, Gorditas Doña Tota, Soriana Híper, Liverpool, Coppel, Cinépolis, Chicago Tenis, Vertiche, GNC, Chilli Guajilli.

• - Plaza Paseo V: MC Carthys Irish Pub, DHL, AT&T, Titos Restaurante, Dulcería La Sevillana.

• - Plaza Bella: Liverpool, Bodega Aurrera, Coppel, The Italian Coffee Company, McDonald's, Cinemex Plaza Bella, MC Carthys Irish Pub, Martí, Promoda Multimarcas, Capa de Ozono, Vertiche, Papelerías Tony, Pastelería Tartamiel, Domino's Pizza, Steren, Miniso, Pirma "Pirma (brand)"), KFC, Chilli Guajilli.

• - Plaza Parque: El Asador El Vasco, Restaurante-Bar Jardín, Martí Tienda, Banco Santander "Banco Santander (México)"), Grupo Financiero Inbursa, Starbucks Coffe, Adolfo Domínguez, Lacoste, Ferrioni, Tous, +kota.

• - Plaza Mazari: Steren, BBVA "BBVA (Mexico)"), iShopMixup, Terranova Restaurant, Sushiitto, AT&T, Kumon Method, Allianz.

• - Plaza Cristal: Chedraui Periférico, RadioShack Oaxaca, Restaurant El Sagrario, Pastelería Tartamiel.

• - Plaza Tecnomoda: The Italian Coffee Company.

• - Plaza Monte Albán: Waldo's Mart, Monkey Boliche.

• - Plaza Montajes: INE, Banorte, Coppel Piticó, Caja Popular Mexicana, Keyri Uniforms, Farmacias Omega, La Tienda del Sazón.

• - Plaza San Jerónimo: Black Coffee Gallerry, Ay Güey!, Wing Box, Carnaby Street Coffee.

• - Plaza Santo Domingo: OXXO, MC Carthys Irish Pub, Café Brújula, US Consulate.

• - Taquerias and tlayuderias: Taquería El Embrujo, Balcón de La Lechuza, Don Juanito, Mixtacos, Los Sombrerudos, I love Tlayudas, Tlayudas Doña Flavia, Tlayudas "El Negro".

The Oaxacan city also has the presence of American markets such as: Sam's Club, McDonald's, Domino's Pizza, Little Caesars, Pizza Hut, Walmart, AT&T, Kentucky Fried Chicken, The Home Depot, Office Depot and Dairy Queen.

Health

In 2012, the life expectancy of Oaxacans is 72 years.

In 2011, 20,919 deaths were recorded and the majority corresponded to adults: seven out of ten to the population aged 60 and over and two to adults aged 30 to 59.

129 men die for every hundred women. In the 20 to 39 age group, this excess mortality exceeds 300 male deaths per 100 females.

Diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, liver disease and cerebrovascular disease are the main causes of death in the population and represent 34.2% of total deaths.

Generally, from 30 to 44 years old "the population is in a phase of formation or expansion of their own families, carrying out activities linked to the procreation and care of their children; in the workplace, the majority of men and an increasing proportion of women participate in some economic activity." This stage is when habits that affect or will affect the health of adults in the future originate or are strengthened.

According to PAHO, “lifestyle can lead to eating habits, dietary patterns and physical activity that act as risk factors for chronic diseases.”

In Oaxaca, assaults (18.0%) are the main cause of death in men between 30 and 44 years old, followed by liver diseases (16.5%), transportation accidents (8.7%) and human immunodeficiency virus disease (HIV) (5.7 percent); In women, diabetes mellitus (12.2%), liver diseases (6.4%), transportation accidents (6.0%) and malignant tumor of the cervix (4.7%) make up the epidemiological picture of the main causes of death in this segment of the population.

Oaxaca de Juárez has hospital care distributed among hospitals and clinics of various institutions, such as the S.S.A., the I.M.S.S-Solidaridad, the I.S.S.S.T.E. and many other particulars, standing out:.

• - "Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso" General Hospital.

• - General Hospital of Zone #1 of the I.M.S.S "Dr. Demetrio Mayoral Pardo".

• - "Presidente Juárez" Regional Hospital, belonging to the I.S.S.S.T.E.

• - Mexican Red Cross, Oaxaca State Delegation.

Parallel to this, various higher-level educational institutions provide health services (dentistry, medicine, clinical chemistry and nursing) to the population inside and outside the city of Oaxaca.[51]​[52]​.

There are also headquarters of groups affiliated with certain organizations, both state and private, dedicated to providing social assistance: Drug Addicts Anonymous (DA), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and the Good Will Movement of Neurotics Anonymous, to mention a few, whose main objective is to help patients and people with various problems related to different addictions.[43]​.

Sport

The sporting presence in the city dates back to pre-Hispanic times with the practice of the ball game, a sport with ritual connotations (which could include human sacrifice) practiced in Monte Albán, from the decline of San José Mogote in the Middle Preclassic (1500-700 BC) until the decline of the city, which occurred around the 1st century. Currently, the practice of Mixteca pelota is the link with our indigenous past and it is possible to observe its execution in the facilities of the University City of the UABJO as well as in the July festivities of the Guelaguetza. Mixtec pelota belongs to the Mexican Federation of Indigenous and Traditional Games and Sports, A.C.

Baseball is widely practiced in the city of Oaxaca. The Eduardo Vasconcelos Stadium is home to the Guerreros de Oaxaca, a prominent professional team in the Mexican Baseball League (LMB). The athlete Vinicio Castilla, born in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez, is one of the most prominent baseball players.

Previously, the "Benito Juárez" soccer stadium was the field of the disappeared team "Chapulineros de Oaxaca", which became a member of the 2nd Division and the then 1st Division "A" of Professional Soccer, under the sponsorship of the "Grupo Pegaso" and later in the 3rd Division of Professional Soccer with the sponsorship of the "Grupo Proessa". The Coloso de Ixcotel, previously called “Benito Juárez Stadium”, was owned by the “Deportivo Oaxaca” team, after the former owners of the “Chapulineros” acquired the franchise of the “Guerreros de Acapulco” team, from the 2nd Premier Division of Ascenso. For the 2013 Apertura Tournament, Oaxaca will participate in the Liga de Ascenso MX with a new professional soccer team representing the state, the "Alebrijes de Oaxaca" which was part of the Tecamachalco Project, whose stadium is under construction near the Technological Institute of Oaxaca.[53]​.

The Carrera Panamericana, which emerged in 1950 as a catalyst for tourism on the then recently built Pan-American Highway, is generally held in the months of October and November and attracts people from many parts of the world with its stop in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez.[54]​.

Oaxaca de Juárez has a golf course, the "Club de Golf Vista Hermosa" located approximately 25 minutes north of the city. It has 9 double exit holes, it is semi-flat, with 4 artificial lakes; It is a par 68 with a driving distance of 5,218 yards. It was founded in 1983 on an area of ​​12 hectares. Tennis is present, in a more reserved way, at the Brenamiel Tennis Club with 9 tennis courts in a rural settlement and the Deportivo Oaxaca with 7 courts, both 20 minutes from the center.[55]​.

Contact sports such as boxing, taekwondo, karate are important in the State as they are a sport practiced in universities, which in turn seek a place in the National Universiade games that are practiced every year throughout the country, and therefore Oaxaca is a State that, in addition to having a presence in universities regarding this sport; It also has important athletes in this discipline, a clear example is the Oaxaca native Judo and professional wrestling are regularly practiced, whether in schools, gyms (such as the "Ricardo Flores Magón" Gym, the Oaxaca Arena) or specialized rooms. Athletic races are constant in the city, held for health, sport, commemorating various festivities or mourning anniversaries.[56]​[57]​.

Skateboarding is mainly practiced by teenagers and young people, either in the Skatepark Oaxaca[58]​ or in numerous public squares and parks in the city.[59]​ Recently, the city of Oaxaca hosted the eliminatory in the Monster Army Jam, an event that seeks to grow skateboarding at a national level.[60]​ Cycling is also part of it, as a competition or night and Sunday daytime bicycle tours around the city, always promoting its use under the motto Oaxaca is more beautiful by bicycle.[61]​.

The presence of Extreme Sports is also marked. Paragliding is possible from Zaachila, gliding over the Valley of Oaxaca. The "Fly Inn Oaxaca" is an annual competition for paragliders valid internationally that awards points for worldwide classification.[62]​ Motocross takes place in the city of Oaxaca with the Azteca Motocross Championship, which brings together pilots from entities in central and southern Mexico, in various categories ranging from Children to the Expert division. The city's motocross track has approximately 900 meters of route, of which 80 percent are supercross.[63]​.

Certain areas of the banks of the Atoyac River were prepared as walking paths, basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball courts, which several walkers and passers-by use for recreation and practicing sports. The "Venustiano Carranza" Sports Center is currently under construction, which has a total area of ​​65 thousand square meters and will have 3 soccer fields, 2 fronton fields, 3 multi-fields, 1.5 kilometers of track for runners, 4,791 square meters of children's play area and 19 thousand square meters of green areas and gardens.[64]​.

Public services

The coverage of public services according to the assessments of the H. City Council of Oaxaca de Juárez includes drinking water, public lighting, maintenance of urban drainage, garbage collection and cleaning of public roads, public safety, paving, markets and supply centers and slaughterhouses. According to information provided in the period between 2009 and 2010,[65]​ some of the public services available are distributed as shown below:

According to data from INEGI (2010), 91.7% of the homes in the municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez have some type of drainage (sewer network, septic tank, biodigesters, ecological toilets, etc.); 79% with drinking water and 98% with electricity, although in many cases the conditions in which these services are provided are deficient, highlighting the problems of regular supply of drinking water.

The consolidated urban areas of the city that have 99% of the basic services are located in the central agencies, while the deficit in basic services is partially recorded towards the periphery of the city, where the most recent human settlements that lack infrastructure and equipment for their development are located.[40]​.

Transport

Oaxaca de Juárez public transportation is provided by local bus companies to virtually every corner of the valley and mainly to the city of Oaxaca.

• - Express Transport Service of Antequera, S.C. by R.L. of C.V. of the city of Oaxaca (SERTEXA).

• - Sociedad Cooperativa de Transportes Choferes del Sur, S.C.L.

• - Urban Transport of the city of Oaxaca, S.A. of C.V. (TUCDOSA).

• - Transportes Guelatao Grupo Martínez Ortega.

• - Urban and Suburban Transport Guelatao, S.A. de C.V (TUSUG).

Within the city there is a taxi service provided by various private companies, which operates with the "roulette" system in the streets and "site", where it is necessary to communicate to hire the service.

Until 1999, the railway represented a communication between the city and localities in the metropolitan area, so the entire valley was connected by that means. With its privatization came the closure of the railway line, leaving only the tracks, which to a small extent have been covered by concrete, and the main railway station has been restored to house a museum.

In recent years there have been attempts by various bodies to rehabilitate the railway system either through a suburban train system or electric trams.[66]​.

The entry into operation of a BRT system has been a topic of discussion, this one in particular has found defenders and detractors.

In many neighborhoods of the metropolitan area, motorcycle taxi sites operate with their BAJAJ vehicles.

To transport you to nearby towns, foreign taxi services are used, characteristic for their cherry color, which differentiates them from the taxis in the city center. They generally have their bases on the periphery of the center or in the Central de Abasto.

At the beginning of 2013, the process of renewal, modernization and regularization of the vehicles that provide public transportation service in the city of Oaxaca began, the purpose of which is to guarantee the provision of a profitable service for the concessionaires and an efficient and quality service for the public users of the city of Oaxaca and the 21 municipalities of its Metropolitan Zone, where more than 600 thousand inhabitants are concentrated. All this to confront and address problems regarding the quality of service, environmental pollution, the lack of adequate conditions on primary public transportation roads and fare costs.[67]​.

The entry and exit of passengers to the city of Oaxaca from different places, both inside and outside the state, takes place in the various bus terminals that are located around the city center:

• - The Second Class Bus Station of Oaxaca “Antequera” S.A. of C.V. It offers daily departures and arrivals to the different regions of the interior of the state, as well as to the neighboring states of Puebla, Chiapas and Mexico City.

Media

In the city of Oaxaca, in addition to the local press, you can purchase various national and foreign publications. As in almost the entire national territory, you can tune in to the main television channels in the country, in addition to two local channels with 22 repeaters within the state.[43]​ As in the entire country, international satellite television services have recently been incorporated. Mexican radio has many national and local stations that operate on two frequencies: Amplitude Modulated (AM), with approximately 26 stations that are heard in much of the state,[43]​ and Frequency Modulated (FM), both offer different types of programming. Likewise, Oaxaca is served by various companies with Internet link servers, also having access to electronic mail (email) and Telnet services. There are also conventional services of public telephones, postal service and telegraph.

Communication routes

Oaxaca has sufficient land communication routes, among which the Cuacnopalam-Tehuacán-Oaxaca super highway stands out, which connects this city with the state of Puebla. Likewise, the city is connected with the other municipalities and regions of the state through different highways and rural roads. As far as air communication is concerned, this capital has the Oaxaca International Airport, located in San Juan Bautista la Raya, in the municipality of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, located within the urban area of ​​the city.

However, it is important to mention that the municipality's road network still has 7 percent rural roads and 6 percent gaps, which reflects a deficient and insufficient road structure. Likewise, the Super highways to the Coast and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec are being built.

The government of Gabino Cué on November 20, 2012 inaugurated the first phase of the “5 Señores” Road Distributor, with which it was planned to make vehicular traffic more efficient in the East and West areas of the city. The Second Stage of the Project consisted of modernization work in the lower part of the bridge – the depressed passage – culminating in several complementary works in the city, such as the paving of 11.5 kilometers of surrounding streets; the repaving of 102 thousand square meters; the reconstruction of the asphalt layer of 9 thousand square meters and 7,200 more meters of hydraulic concrete in addition to the improvement of the IV Centenario Bridge, which connects the municipality of Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán with Oaxaca de Juárez.

Enclavada en un valle al centro de la Sierra Madre del Sur, la ciudad de Oaxaca se distingue por una intensa actividad artística, artesanal y cultural.[69]​ Es además, sede de importantes foros y festivales, representando su riqueza y diversidad cultural, arraigada en lo más profundo de sus tradiciones y costumbres.[70]​.

El arte oaxaqueño es un estandarte cultural en México y el extranjero; el colorido, folclore, música, danza y gastronomía, nos habla del arte milenario que, heredado por los propios antepasados, sigue presente al día de hoy, tras haber atravesado un sinnúmero de etapas y obstáculos.

Traditions and customs

Paseo Juárez "El Llano" is one of the main family recreation centers in Oaxaca. It is very frequently used for civic events and temporary cultural exhibitions. In it you can admire a monument dedicated to Don Benito Juárez, placed in 1894.

Known as Floral Walks, the "Fridays of the Plain" are held every Friday throughout the entire period of Catholic Lent. Created by the Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca at the beginning of the century, every Friday the most beautiful woman is chosen with flowers. The young women walk around the park so that the men provide them with flowers that they consider the most beautiful. The one who collects the most flowers will be the winner and will have the honor of being the godmother of Viernes del Llano. You can also listen to marimba and banda music.

Currently, the flower walks are carried out by the high school students of the UABJO, where every Friday it is up to a different high school to organize this event, the students select a godmother by group, who between cheers and gifts of flowers carries out the walk around the monument to Benito Juárez. At the end of which, a jury made up of professors from each school selects the representative godmother for Friday.[71]​.

It is a tradition practiced on the fourth Friday of Lent by Catholic Oaxacans, in remembrance of the biblical passage "Jesus and the Samaritan Woman" (John 4: 5-42). It basically consists of giving fruit-flavored water to passersby, contained in clay jars, which are placed in "stalls" outside the Churches, decorated with bougainvillea and arch-shaped reeds. On some occasions, flavored snow is also given as gifts.

Many places celebrate the Samaritana wearing typical costumes of the region and/or accompanied by marimba music. The water begins to be offered, normally, at 12:00, and in some "stalls", before giving away water, representations of the biblical passage are made.

According to the chronicles, this tradition arose in the Churches of San Francisco and La Merced, during the 19th century. Nowadays, not only churches give away water, private businesses, Catholic homes, government agencies, as well as public and private schools have also participated.

Every Wednesday, Friday and Sunday Mundo Ceiba, AC, organizes a tour through the city center to encourage the use of bicycles as a means of transportation. This tour begins at 9 p.m. m. It lasts an hour and a half and runs through the main streets of the city center, covering approximately 10 km. The ride has the support of State Transit, which is responsible for momentarily closing the roads traveled by cyclists.

Mundo Ceiba, AC, also makes bicycle loans available to the public. Without a doubt, it is a very pleasant experience to tour the beautiful city of Oaxaca and at the same time an opportunity to live with people who like cycling.

The Guelaguetza is the most important cultural celebration that takes place in the city of Oaxaca de Juárez, capital of the state, and is a vital part of the general program of the Los Lunes del Cerro Festivities. The antecedents of the Guelaguetza come from pre-Hispanic times, and undergo changes in the colonial era and are associated with the so-called Corpus festival of the Church of Carmen Alto, a temple that the Carmelite Friars built on the slopes of a hill that the Zapotecs had called Bella Vista, and was celebrated on the Sunday following July 16 and was repeated eight days later in the so-called “octave”. This show is held at the Guelaguetza Auditorium.

As a spectacle, it has its origin from the commemoration of the celebration of the Fourth Centenary of the founding of the city of Oaxaca, held on April 25, 1932, with a program in which ethnic groups representing the seven traditional regions participated in which the State of Oaxaca was then divided, which they called Racial Tribute.

Racial Tribute Program to celebrate the anniversary in which Oaxaca acquired the category of city. First manifestation as a show of La Guelaguetza.

It was not until 1959, after several attempts to repeat a program similar to the one presented in the Racial Tribute, that the first presentations of La Guelaguetza as a show were held and where the participating delegations brought their Guelaguetza, consisting of crafts, typical products, snacks and objects from their regions and places of origin. There is a significant reference that arises from presentations of La Guelaguetza in the city of Guanajuato in the years 1970 and 1971, carried out by the Grupo Folklorico Universitario (today Grupo Folklorico de Oaxaca, Civil Association), where intellectuals and specialists in cultural matters described La Guelaguetza as the Largest Folkloric Show in America.

Likewise, in the towns of Oaxaca, an ancient tradition is known as Guelaguetza in which, when friends are invited to attend a party, wedding, baptism, death or stewardship, the guests show up but not empty-handed, since they always bring their cooperation or Guelaguetza; which can be food, drink, or cash, but this cooperation is not taken as a gift, because whoever receives it, writes it down in a notebook to know what each person is cooperating with, in such a way that when another person in the town celebrates a similar event, the guests bring the same thing that they have received on other occasions from that person.

The maximum festival of the State, the Guelaguetza, is celebrated with calendas, parades and demonstrations of joy, typical dances and traditional food worthy of haute cuisine restaurants. You cannot miss the events in preparation for the great festival, such as the election of the Goddess Centéotl and the parade of the regional delegations. The festivities related to La Guelaguetza de los Lunes del Cerro, begin with the election of the Goddess Centéotl, a contest of beauty, culture and sympathy of the representatives of the different participating delegations, among whom the young woman is chosen who will represent the Goddess Centéotl, indigenous goddess of corn, who will preside over all the celebrations together with the authorities.

They continue with the parade of regional delegations that travel from different regions of the State to present offerings planned months in advance and typical dances that symbolize gratitude to nature. It is organized in the manner of the traditional Calenda of the Central Valleys and takes place on the Saturdays before the two Mondays following July 16. This calendar is headed by the “marmota”, which is a large spherical lantern covered in fabric, the “gigantes”, the “chinas oaxaqueñas”, women of the city carrying flower-filled baskets accompanied by their music band and the rocketeers; They are followed by the other delegations, each of them preceded by musical groups that perform the music of their region. During this festival they wear their colorful traditional costumes and receive signs of admiration from locals and tourists for the feat of walking through the mountains, jungle and Oaxacan mountains, carrying offerings.

The popular name by which this festival is known is Monday of the Hill. The word Guelaguetza has origins in the Zapotec language, and comes from an ancestral act consisting of offering, giving, sharing, giving and giving back, that is, help me and I will help you. So at the end of the native dance, the participants in each dance or dance distribute, throwing the products of the region to which they belong to the public, for example: palm hats, clay pots, coffee, various fruits, among other products.

The Guelaguetza of Lunes del Cerro is expressed in the offering to the City of Oaxaca made by representative groups of the eight traditional regions:

• - Cañada.

• - Coast.

• - Isthmus.

• - Mixtec.

• - Papalopam.

• - Sierra Norte.

• - Sierra Sur.

• - Central Valleys.

Between the first Monday and the eighth, various activities take place such as gastronomic, craft and traditional representations of the most diverse communities in the state, as well as exhibitions, concerts and other series of events of cultural significance organized by the institutions that disseminate the culture of Oaxaca in all its manifestations.

Currently there are two presentations at 10:00 and 17:00.

On the night of the day before Cerro Monday, the representation of the "Legend of Princess Donají" takes place. Princess Donají was the daughter of the Zapotec king Cocijoeza, whose capital of his dominions was in Zaachila. His name meant “Great Soul.” When she was born, a priest from Mitla deciphered the sign of doom in the sky and predicted that she would sacrifice herself for love of her Zapotec people. When the Mixtecs and Zapotecs met in fierce battle, she met the wounded Mixtec prince Nucano, with whom she fell in love. When the Zapotecs were defeated, the Mixtecs asked Donají as a pledge of peace so that King Cocijoeza would respect the treaties. She was taken to live in a palace in Monte Albán. One night when they tried to rescue her, she was sacrificed by a warrior, decapitating her. Her lover Nucano governed the Zapotecs with love in memory of Donají. Their bodies rest under the same slab in Cuilapan.

The municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez displays Donají's head as its official coat of arms today in his memory. This is how the General Coordination of Tourism and Economic Development presents this show, which has become one of the strongest and most indelible traditions of Oaxacans within the festivities of Lunes del Cerro. The Oaxaca Folkloric Ballet stages this legend in this great show.

It is during the celebrations of "Lunes del Cerro", that the "Mezcal Fair" takes place on Paseo Juárez El Llano; in which producers from different regions of the state offer tourism the best of their harvest, highlighting the productivity and fame of the towns of Matatlán (locally known as "La Cuna del Mezcal"), San Carlos Yautepec and Tlacolula de Matamoros. Visitors who gather during the Lunes del Cerro festivities can find a wide variety of gastronomic crafts, such as mezcal creams. Among the great variety of mezcals that the region provides, the worm mezcal stands out.

The Day of the Dead in Oaxaca is celebrated in commemoration of the souls of deceased ancestors, in which it is believed that they return to the earthly world to live with their loved ones, so efforts are made to entertain them in the most attentive way with an offering. November 1st is the day of "carrying the dead", the custom consists of giving relatives and friends of the family a gifted sample of the food that makes up the offering for the dead. Delivery is made house to house. This day the "little angels" are venerated, that is, relatives who died as children. On November 2, the deceased adults are venerated, and in most towns near the Central Valleys it is a tradition to go to the pantheons or cemeteries to arrange the tombs of the faithful deceased and "live with them."

Catholic Oaxacans make a unique effort to create the altar for the dead in their homes, workplaces or schools, which makes this day something very special among the city's Catholic population. In Oaxaca there are various activities during these dates, such as: exhibitions of altars of the dead and mats made of sand, candle lighting of the niches of the General Pantheon, gastronomic tastings and a wide variety of artistic events.

On November 1 and 2, the great pantheons of the Oaxacan capital, El Panteón Jardín and the Panteón San Miguel known as Panteón General, dress up to receive the hundreds of visitors who not only arrive from different parts of the Oaxacan region, but also from the interior of the country and abroad. This is how the tombs are decorated with flowers of various colors, predominating the marigold flower, they are also decorated with food, drink, crosses and everything that remembers the loved one who lies under the cold grave. The view is a perfect representation of the mysticism and tradition that have defined Oaxaca as one of the most culturally rich states.

Father Gay tells us that in the celebration of the Day of the Dead among the ancient Oaxacan peoples, whose day corresponds to the time in which we celebrate it now, "the Indians prepared themselves by killing turkeys and other birds, and a variety of delicacies were available, among which the "petlaltamali" or tamales and the "totomoli" or mole stood out. These delicacies were placed on the altar of the house as an offering to the deceased and, upon arrival At night, the members of the family around the altar prayed to the gods that, through the intercession of their deceased, they would be granted health, good harvests and prosperity. Throughout the night they did not dare to raise their eyes, for fear that if the dead were enjoying the food at that moment, they would suffer doom. The next morning they congratulated themselves for having fulfilled their duty and the delicacies were given to the poor and strangers. They, and by touching them, had made them sacred. Currently, a large quantity of fruits are placed on the altar of the dead, mainly sugar cane and pumpkin, some pieces of bread and a pot of mole as was previously customary. This is how this practice, modifying and transforming over time, substantially preserves its primitive being.

Comparsa: In some towns in Oaxaca they have a particular variant in the celebration of the Day of the Dead “La Comparsa” which is a tour through the streets of the town in which different characters with striking costumes participate (the husband, the wife, the doctor, the widow, death, etc.) walk accompanied by a music band. In some houses the actors represent a small pre-established parliament that contains jokes, gossip and a lot of mischief of the people. In recent years this custom has been spreading as more communities have begun to practice it and it has also become a tourist attraction for national and international visitors..

Radishes Night is a popular festival celebrated on the night of December 23, where horticulturists and artisans shape the tuber.

People from the state and visitors gather in the city's Zócalo to observe the work of the gardeners, who make figures with the radishes. A kind of market is arranged in a round shape on the periphery of the Zócalo trees, where each stall shows its best work.

The first gardeners were the ancient Mixtecs, Zapotecs and Mexicas, who after the conquest of Oaxaca by the Spanish, were led by Francisco Orozco, their destiny was to serve the conquerors, he called that group "nobarias"; On July 7, 1563, they were given land located in the southeastern part of the city, so that they could dedicate themselves to the cultivation of vegetables.

The gardeners of Trinidad de las Huertas brought their vegetables, selling them in stalls set up for this purpose.

It is said that after the sales were finished, there were still vegetables and so that they would not spoil, they began to make figures with them, so in later years, each horticulturist began to bring his figures, so that not only the vegetables were sold but the figures were exhibited. Over time, the land became an empire of crops whose variety of plants were used. The radishes are planted from the first days of September, in order to have sufficient supply for the festival.

This habit became more and more established as time went by, reaching a point where housewives were looking for these figures to decorate their tables. According to reliable sources from the book “Noche de Rábanos” written by Prof. Alejandro Méndez Aquino, it is known that on December 23, 1897, the then Municipal President, Don Francisco Vasconcelos Flores, organized the first exhibition in which horticulturists participated, exposing their unique and curious creations with radishes in the form of Christmas representations, people, animals, dances and other types of scenes that their imagination dictated. At that time in the history of Oaxaca, the first outdoor exhibition of the Night of Radishes took place in the Plaza del Marqués or the Plaza de las Armas, today Plaza de la Constitución. After the first floriculture competition, it became customary to hold it year after year.

The peculiarity of these radishes is that they have strange shapes and are large in size, so horticulturists take advantage of the amorphous nature of their pieces to create wonders. Among the most common creations are the nativity scenes (which include the Virgin Mary, Joseph, Jesus, the three kings, the shepherds), you can also see a calenda, the Virgin of Solitude, the cathedral, the guelaguetza, a music band and a number of authentic creations by artisans.

Two more categories were proposed some time ago; Immortal Flower and Totomoxtle; The Immortal Flower is a flower from the region that is dehydrated through a natural process and a wide variety of traditional figures and ornaments are made with it. Totomoxtle is the husk or leaf that covers the corn; The leaves are also dried naturally and with them figures are made with motifs similar to those of the radish and the immortal flower. The works that the gardeners and flower growers present are inspired by motifs consistent with the Christmas season: such as the Birth, the Arrival of the Three Wise Men, Oaxacan Traditions, such as the Festival of the Virgin of Soledad, Day of the Dead, typical costumes of the State, Calenda and dances, etc.

The awards ceremony takes place in the central courtyard of the government palace.

Currently, the contest is called by the Municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez, through the Coordination of Cultures, Tourism and Economy, so that horticulturists participate in the contest of figures of radishes, immortal flower and totomoxtle, which takes place in the Plaza de la Constitución next to the Cathedral. Each of the categories is assigned three cash prizes and all participants receive a diploma, as an encouragement for their efforts. The night ends the way great celebrations end in Oaxaca with the burning of a spectacular fireworks castle.

This cultural manifestation of the gardeners of the Valley of Oaxaca on the eve of Christmas Eve is a celebration full of color and folklore.

Museums and arts

In the city you can find artistic exhibition sites such as:

• - The Álvarez Bravo Photography Center.

• - The Institute of Graphic Arts of Oaxaca (IAGO).

• - The Museum of Contemporary Art of Oaxaca (MACO).

• - The Textile Museum.

• - The Painters Museum.

• - The Railway Museum.

• - The Museum of Crafts.

• - The House of Oaxacan Culture.

• - The City House.

• - Santo Domingo Cultural Center.

• - The San Agustín Arts Center.

• - Philately Museum.

• - Oaxaca Ethnobotanical Garden.

Likewise, the city has the School of Fine Arts affiliated with the "Benito Juárez" Autonomous University of Oaxaca. This institution is based in two buildings:

• - The Ex-convent of San José; located in Plaza de la Danza s/n, Col. Centro.

At its entrance we can find a plaque with the following information: "Shelter for Spanish Capuchin nuns. Built by the archdeacon Dn. Diego de las Heras y Torres and by Captain Don Manuel de Landeta and inaugurated on May 6, 1744. Time, earthquakes and abandonment turned it into ruins. Rebuilt, restored and adapted by the governor Lic. Don Eduardo Vasconcelos to be used as the Oaxacan School of Fine Arts in accordance with the decree of July 14, 1950 issued by the XL Legislature of the state."

• - The building of the School of Fine Arts; located within Ciudad Universitaria.

At its entrance we can find a plaque with the following information:

"This work was built with funds provided by the Federal Government (CONACULTA), the teacher Francisco Toledo and the U.A.B.J.O., with C.P. Francisco Martínez Neri being rector.

"Science, Art, Freedom."

Oaxaca de Juárez, Oax. April 2008".

Currently the School offers five educational offers, which are:

• Bachelor's Degree in Plastic and Visual Arts.

• Bachelor of Music.

• Bachelor's Degree in Cultural Management and Sustainable Development.

• Music Instruction.

• Instruction in Plastic Arts.

It also has three spaces for the dissemination of culture and arts:

• The Juárez Room and

• The Shinzaburo Takeda Gallery.

Both located in the former convent of San José; as well as.

• The CU Gallery.

The latter located in the building of the School of Fine Arts.

Oaxaca has had a vast production of painters, among whom is Rufino Tamayo and in recent times Rodolfo Morales, who until his death and together with Francisco Toledo, have promoted culture in the state and mainly in the capital. Rodolfo Nieto, Rubén Leyva, Laura Hernández, Luis Zárate, Sergio Hernández are, among many others, some of the most recognized exponents of contemporary Oaxacan art.[72]​.

Crafts

One of the most important towns in the valley of Oaxaca, in the production of pottery, is San Bartolo Coyotepec, a town located 8 kilometers from the city of Oaxaca, just past the airport. This town is recognized for its unique black clay.

Oaxacan pottery is one of the most recognized in the entire country. Worldwide, its green clay is characterized by the originality of its beautiful pieces that are very common in the capital and the Central Valleys region. Plates, glasses, cups and other decorative and home pieces are mainly produced by potters from Atzompa, 8 km from the city.[73]​.

The palm crafts found in the markets of our city are typical of the Mixteca region, made of reed, a plant similar to bamboo that grows next to streams found in Oaxaca. Mats, hats, vases or purses, baskets, among others, are the result of this unique art that is mainly carried out in Santa Cruz Papalutla, Tlacolula de Matamoros, Ocotlán de Morelos and Villa de Etla.[74]​.

Traditional jewelry is another of the most successful crafts in Oaxaca. The goldsmiths and artisans are influenced by the gold and silver filigree jewelry found in Monte Albán for their craft such as bracelets, rings and chokers. The main places of jewelry production in Oaxaca are its capital, the city of Oaxaca de Juárez, Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Juchitán de Zaragoza "Juchitán de Zaragoza (municipality)"), and Huajuapan de León.

Saddlery is the art of creating artistic works with the transformation of the skin. Its commercialization began in the century in the Jalatlaco neighborhood, in Tlaxiaco and Ejutla, manipulating the skin for clothing or for transportation. The people who worked this trade were called tanners, who mainly made huaraches and household items such as embroidery, bags, backpacks, belts, wallets, desk accessories and hats.[75]​.

Diversity of designs, colors and shapes can be found in almost all the towns of Oaxaca that identify its region. Teotitlán del Valle and Santa Ana del Valle are the most significant regions with their hand-woven rugs and Mitla with its woven cotton tablecloths and curtains. Bedspreads, curtains, rugs, sashes, tablecloths, even handkerchiefs and bags, ponchos, shirts and sheets are woven with wool or cotton thread, silk and other natural fibers.

The Textile Museum of Oaxaca is located in the historic center of Oaxaca, which contains all types of textiles characteristic of our state and part of our history.

Oaxacan painters

• - Rufino Tamayo: born in Oaxaca de Juárez on August 25, 1899. He was a painter of Zapotec descent, a capital figure in the panorama of Mexican painting of the 20th century. Rufino Tamayo was one of the first Latin American artists who, together with the representatives of the well-known "Group of Three" (Rivera, Siqueiros and Orozco), achieved truly international importance and diffusion. Like them, he participated in the important muralist movement that flourished in the period between the two world wars. Their works, however, due to their creative will and characteristics, have a different dimension and are clearly distinguished from those of the aforementioned group and its epigones. He died in Mexico City on June 24, 1991.

• - Francisco Toledo: Mexican plastic artist, born in Juchitán on July 17, 1940. Philanthropist by nature, social fighter and respectful of culture. Toledo is recognized in the world as one of the best artists that Mexico has produced, his work stands out for being an expert and printer, draftsman, painter, sculptor and ceramist, his art reflects his love for nature combining it with his fantastic sense of creating anthropomorphic figures through the play of his brushes. Placing his provocative and transgressive characteristic in the development of his work.

• - Rubén Leyva"): was born in the city of Oaxaca, in 1953. He studied at the School of Fine Arts, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca. He traveled to Portland, Oregon, United States, to train in ceramics at Kathy McFadden's Ceramic Workshop, from 1972 to 1975. The main techniques that Rubén Leyva uses are painting, engraving, sculpture and ceramics. He has been distinguished with the following awards: In 1986 First Prize for Painting in the City of Oaxaca, House of Culture of Oaxaca and Government of the State of Oaxaca. In 1995 his work was selected for the commemorative edition of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (UN). He has held individual and group exhibitions in important museums and galleries in countries such as Holland, Japan, Spain, England, Germany, Italy, Canada, the United States, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Mexico. "Imagination is the best way of life."

• - Fernando Olivera&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fernando Olivera (painter) (not yet written)"): was born in the city of Oaxaca in 1962, in the Merced neighborhood. She studied engraving at the School of Fine Arts with the Japanese master Sinsaburo Takeda: "Some time ago I had the opportunity to travel to the isthmus and saw photos and videos of women and their struggle and participation in the social, political and economic life of the region and from then on I returned to women as a symbol in my painting. The female presence is fundamental, it is like fertility, the earth, continuity."

historic center

The historic center of the city, as well as the archaeological zone of Monte Albán, considered the base and origin of the current community of Oaxaca, were declared by UNESCO in 1987 as "Cultural Heritage of Humanity."

Background

Mesoamerican civilizations managed to have great aesthetic and functional development at the service of the Human and Cosmic scale, the form evolved from simplicity to aesthetic complexity. In one way or another, an ancient architecture is based on these bases that, based on syncretism, incorporates the various political-religious influences and processes.

During the colonial period, the predominant orientation was established by religious architecture, where mendicant monasteries were one of the architectural solutions devised by the friars of the mendicant orders in the century for Evangelization in New Spain, designed for a huge number of non-Catholic indigenous people. They were based on the European monastic model, but added innovative elements in New Spain such as the atrial cross and the open chapel, in addition to being characterized by various decorative trends and a strong appearance like military fortresses.[76]​.

The New Spain baroque influenced the Basilica of La Soledad (1697), the cathedral (1535-1733) and the church of San Agustín (1596), famous for its harmonious façade and for the baroque altarpiece that illuminates its apse, as well as the Temple of the Company of Jesus and the Temple of Our Lady of the Snows, headquarters of the Jesuit Seminary of San Juan. The small church of San Cosme and San Damián, the temple of San Felipe Neri and also those of San Juan de Dios, San Matías Jalatlaco and Santo Domingo de Guzmán "Temple of Santo Domingo de Guzmán (Oaxaca)") can also be linked to the spirit of old Antequera.

The surroundings of the Zócalo housed, according to colonial custom, the institutional buildings and homes of each main family, but the order of Santo Domingo was the main promoter of construction since it began its work in 1529.

The civil architecture of Oaxaca had its part with the excellent mansions, in the style of that belonging to the estate of Pinelo and Lazo de la Vega, current headquarters of the Museum of Oaxaca, and the baroque profiles that identify buildings such as those that house the Institute of Graphic Arts and the Rufino Tamayo Museum of Pre-Hispanic Art.

In the century the neoclassical movement emerged as a response to the objectives of the republican nation, where the strict plasticity of the classical orders is represented in its architectural elements, new religious, civil and military buildings also emerge that demonstrate the presence of neoclassicism.

It is evident in places such as the Alameda de León, an attractive garden inaugurated to honor the governor of the State, General Antonio de León, on October 13, 1843, the romanticism of this place is intensified in the construction style of the Central Building of the University, in the building of the Institute of Sciences and the Government Palace completed in 1887.

20th century

At the beginning of the century, eclecticism characterized Oaxacan architecture. Thus, apart from the School of Medicine, in the former Aguilera estate (1913) there is the Fountain of the Eight Regions, as a symbolic summary of the cultural reality of the region.

The Macedonio Alcalá Theater became a reality between 1903 and 1909, exemplifying the fusion of modernist ingredients in a neoclassical ensemble adding nationalist details, as seen in the Federal Palace, where features of the Mixtec-Zapotec tradition appear.

The Plaza de la Constitución appropriates tradition and versatility with its origin in the layout made in 1529 by Juan Peláez de Berrio, later corrected by Alonso García Bravo, providing references to the century, for example, the previous kiosk from 1857 and the surrounding grove were modified on September 15, 1885, when it was replaced by a statue of Juárez. Since 1901, the modernist kiosk has superimposed a touch of Art Nouveau on the Zócalo. With these transformations made in the name of the most modern trend at all times, time leaves its mark on this and other spaces in the city.[77]​.

Contemporary period

At the end of the century and beginning of the 21st, it wandered through nationalism and deco geometricism, towards rationalist modernism.[78] Other interventions that are setting standards are, for example, the Guelaguetza Auditorium, the main entertainment venue in Oaxaca, which was built by order of Governor Fernando Gómez Sandoval, this building being an open-air stage. In 2008, work began, culminating in 2010.[79]​.

Also the architect Mauricio Rocha, who was in charge of the contemporary architectural intervention of the new San Pablo Academic and Cultural Center in the former convent of San Pablo and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Oaxaca, MACO.[80][81]​.

As well as contemporary-oriented projects: Textile Museum of Oaxaca, MTO. 2008 and Children's Library, BS. 2007, The La Salle University Library opens its doors in August 2010, by Architect Juan José Santibáñez.[82]​.

An important shift in Oaxaca is the trend towards architectures based on the enhancement of heritage properties using new technologies for new needs designed for heritage and economic sustainability, with new uses.

Oaxaca has been put on the Mexican and international map by the researchers and academics of the New Horizons for the Architecture of Communities association, led by Architect Pastor Alfonso Sánchez Cruz, as references for the recovery of the values ​​of vernacular architecture, bioarchitecture, bioclimatic architecture and the vision of architectural heritage as part of sustainable development.[83]​.

[84]​[85]​[86]​.

The National Congress of Mexican Architecture, Oaxaca 2008, specified here the Latin American Charter Oaxaca 2008, on the insertion of contemporary architecture in centers of architectural heritage and organized the International Colloquium of Regional and Sustainable Architecture 2011, with the presence of experts from Uruguay, Colombia, Costa Rica, Italy, Greece, Argentina and Mexico.[87][88][89][90]​.

Uno de los aspectos culturales más famosos del estado de Oaxaca es sin duda su rica oferta gastronómica -que proviene de una fusión entre lo prehispánico y lo colonial, salpicada por ingredientes de otras latitudes que le han dado su toque particular-. Conoce aquí sus principales propuestas.

Cuando visites Oaxaca, saborea el sazón de un pueblo que mantiene viva su exquisita costumbre culinaria. Llegar a Oaxaca significa entrar a un mundo extraordinario de sabores, aromas y texturas.

Un aspecto sobresaliente de la gastronomía, es la interminable lista de antojitos locales y el aprovechamiento de los insectos, como en sus bebidas los gusanos acompañados con la copa de Mezcal. Todo se combina en una aventura plena de sabores y colores, paisajes e historia, fértiles valles y serranías desérticas, paraísos olvidados y playas vírgenes pero, sobre todo, en una memoria del pasado que vive en las costumbres ancestrales; he ahí la Noche de los Rábanos y la gastronomía, hombres y mujeres y hombres fieles a su idiosincrasia o los tradicionales lunes del cerro de la Guelaguetza. Al continuar en el ramo de la comida y los productos relacionados, Oaxaca ocupa el tercer sitio como productor de café y el segundo productor de piña, aunque en la entidad se cultivan arroz, caña de azúcar y ajonjolí; limón, granada roja, zapote, mamey y mango.

Y esta maravillosa gastronomía siendo un patrimonio para todas las personas que la conocen y disfrutan tiene como se ha mencionado una inmejorable variedad de sabores, olores y texturas que solo aquí en Oaxaca se pueden encontrar. Sería difícil mencionar toda la riqueza gastronómica de este estado, sin embargo una vez estando aquí es importante que antes de partir se haya disfrutado de aperitivos como los de Tlacolula de Matamoros de donde dicen se produce uno de los mejores Mezcales, desde luego saborear las diferentes botanas para amenizar el día como lo son las diferentes variedades de insectos, donde se preparan desde tostados en un buen comal hasta en una rica salsa; y claro también si ya está de viaje por aquí disfrute de las ricas sopas que son cocinadas y engalanadas con los más exquisitos mariscos de la región de este estado de Oaxaca. Siempre recordando a lo más notable de esta hermosa región del país mexicano como son sus diferentes tipos de mole, dulces típicos y platos fuertes como lo son los chiles rellenos, la carne de res o cerdo enchilada acompañados desde luego como se mencionó con las exquisitas bebidas de diferentes colores y sabores.

La gastronomía de la capital oaxaqueña es sumamente rica y variada. Combina tanto ingredientes de la cocina indígena como de la europea. Todos estos platillos han pasado de generación en generación y constituyen una parte indeleble de la cultura mexicana en general. Oaxaca es sin duda un punto clave para la elaboración de diversos platillos a nivel nacional e internacional. No obstante a pesar de la distancia entre las regiones que conforman el estado hoy en día también se puede degustar de los platillos típicos provenientes de ellas en los mercados y restaurante representativos de la ciudad.

Entre los platillos típicos oaxaqueños se pueden mencionar:.

Quesillo: También es conocido en diferentes estados de la república mexicana como "queso Oaxaca" o "queso de hebra". Otro aspecto físico que lo caracteriza tanto en su elaboración tanto artesanal como industrial es que una vez finalizado su proceso de presentación el quesillo permite que tenga una consistencia parecida a la de una hebra larga y gruesa, la cual una vez enrollada pareciera tener forma de una pequeña pelota. Su sabor lo hace diferente de las demás variedades de quesos típicos, además que por su consistencia hace que pueda ser desmenuzado en delgados "hilos", para la preparación de platillos como quesadillas, tlayudas, sincronizadas o bien el quesillo puede ser servido como queso para botana.

Tlayudas: Se suele pensar que la tlayuda es un plato preparado, pero en realidad solo es la tortilla, cuyas principales características son el gran tamaño (incluso más de 40 cm de diámetro), su sabor completamente diferente al de otro tipo de tortilla y la ligera dureza en su consistencia (sin llegar a ser tostada), que adquiere al momento de cocerse en un comal comúnmente de barro, en el que se deja semi-tostar, es decir, un cocido mayor que el del otro tipo de tortilla, para luego al ser guardada en un tenate (recipiente hecho de hojas de palma), aunque también, existe la denominación de "Tlayuda preparada".

Memelitas: Las memelitas son tortillas que son más gruesas de lo normal hechas a mano, regularmente ovaladas se les embarra aciento, frijoles molidos y se cocinan un instante se les agrega queso o quesillo, y salsa. O se pueden disfrutar con algún guisado.

Molotes: Los molotes se preparan con una tortilla de masa (sin cocer) un poquito más gruesa que la común donde se agrega un puré de papa con chorizo previamente cocido, se envuelve como un molote, sellado completamente y frito en suficiente aceite, una vez cocido, y sin el exceso de grasa, se acompaña con frijoles molidos o guacamole, un poco de lechuga y queso.

Mole Oaxaqueño: Mención especial se da al tema del mole en Oaxaca ya que puede presumir la preparación de más de una variante de esta comida típica de la ciudad y del estado, tanto es así que desde hace algunos años en las fiestas de la Guelaguetza se incluye el festival de los 7 moles de Oaxaca los cuales son:.

1. • MOLE NEGRO Es suave, dulzón, no muy picoso y de color oscuro. Se elabora con chiles negros (chilhuacle, mulato y pasilla), semillas, especias y chocolate de metate. Tradicionalmente se prepara con carne de guajolote.

2. • MOLE COLORADITO Es de color rojo quemado y de fuerte aroma. Se elabora con chiles rojos (ancho y guajillo), semillas, especias y jitomate. Este mole se prepara con carne de puerco.

3. • MOLE AMARILLO Es muy aromático y su color se acerca al anaranjado. Se elabora con chiles amarillos (chilcostle y chilhuacle), especias y yerbasanta, la cual le da un aroma y sabor característico. Este mole se prepara con carne de pollo criollo y se le agrega verdura (chayote y ejotes), rajas de chile de agua y chochoyotes (bolitas de masa de maíz).

4. • MOLE VERDE Es ligero y de sabor herbal. Se elabora con tomate verde, hierbas (epazote, yerbasanta y cilantro), chile de agua y masa de maíz para espesarlo. En este mole se utilizan carnes de pollo y puerco, y se le agrega verdura (chayote y calabacitas), frijoles blancos y cho¬choyotes (bolitas de masa de maíz).

5. • CHICHILO Es un mole de color negro y de sabor fuerte. Se elabora con chiles chilhuacle y pasilla, especias; tortillas y pepitas de chile quemadas lo que da el color y sabor particular a este platillo y hojas de aguacate para perfumarlo. Se prepara con carne de res, se le agrega verdura (chayote y ejotes), chochoyotes y rajas de chile verde. También hay chichilo rojo, que se prepara con chiles rojos (chilhuacle rojo, guajillo y ancho), y se le da sabor con una hierba de la región llamada “hierba de conejo”.

6. • ESTOFADO O ALMENDRADO Es un mole ligero de jitomate, ajonjolí y especias. Se prepara con carne de cerdo, pollo y chorizo, revuelto con almendras, pasitas, aceitunas, alcaparras y chiles jalapeños.

Nota: En algunas regiones del estado la elaboración del estofado es con finos cuadros de miltomate siendo este su principal ingrediente, además del uso de aceitunas, alcaparras, almendras, pollo o puerco.

1. • MANCHAMANTELES Es un mole ligero de chile ancho, semillas y especias. Se prepara con lomo de cerdo y rebanadas de plátano macho, camote y piña.

Caldo de Piedra: El caldo de piedra es una comida milenaria de origen Chinanteco, en San Felipe Usila.

Allí se prepara este arte culinario para ofrecer en gratitud a las mujeres, niños, ancianos y personas de alta estimación que generalmente se reúnen en la orilla del río. Es un platillo prehispánico, un platillo totalmente indígena, propio y creación de los antiguos chinantecos. Cabe destacar que la comunidad de San Felipe Usila los hombres se dividen la tarea de pescar, agregar verduras y especias, así como seleccionar las piedras, buscar la leña y hacer la fogata para calentar las piedras al rojo vivo, mismas que a su momento se agregan a la sopa para llevar a cabo la cocción.

Chicatanas Tzicatana o Chicatana: Insectos típicos de la temporada de lluvias entre los meses de julio y agosto que para comerlos hay primero que capturarlos.

Después de la recolección, las chicatanas se lavan y se ponen al comal, en este primer paso pierden sus alas.

Acto seguido, se muelen en molcajete, se les agrega ajo, sal y chile y todo se muele hasta obtener una consistente salsa. Si se pregunta a cualquier persona por el sabor de la chicatana, nadie lo contestará; la gente solo dirá que sabor de la salsa de chicatana es difícil describir, solo contestan que tienen sabor a chicatana. Las Chicatanas, un insecto que le da más sabor y folclore a la milenaria y tradicional gastronomía de Oaxaca, algo diferente para probar, otro sabor particular de Oaxaca.

Chapulines: Insectos típicos que se encuentran común mente en los sembradíos de maíz, los cuales se recolectan para poder comerse.

Después de la recolección de los chapulines, procedemos a meterlos a una bolsa plástica durante dos días, cuando pasa ese tiempo de lavan hasta que el agua salga cristalina, el paso siguiente para su preparación es colocarlos en una olla de agua caliente y dejarlos cocer un rato, los escurrimos y los vaciamos en una sartén con aceite caliente los freímos durante un rato y agregamos un caldo hecho con limón y ajo molido, dejamos que se cocinen en ese caldo aproximadamente una hora y ya esta a disfrutarlos agradablemente.

• - Tejate.

• - Tlayuda preparada.

• - Tamales Oaxaqueños.

• - Chapulines.

Tejate: Proviene del nahuatl "Texatl" que significa agua harinada. Los principales ingredientes son harina de maíz de tostado, semillas de cacao fermentadas, huesos de mamey y flor de cacao también llamada Rosita de cacao. Todos los ingredientes se muelen hasta obtener una pasta. La pasta se mezcla con agua fría. Cuando está listo, la flor de cacao se va hacia la superficie formando una cubierta esponjosa. Los bebedores expertos dirán que un buen tejate es aquel con una espesa capa de rosita de cacao.

Esta bebida tradicional se considera muy importante en la cocina, historia, nutrición, y agricultura relacionadas con el maíz en la ciudad de Oaxaca.

Es tan popular entre los lugareños y tan especial para los visitantes nacionales y extranjeros, que anualmente se realiza una feria para exponer las diferentes variedades de esta bebida en la comunidad de San Andrés Huayapam; considerada la cuna del Tejate, esta comunidad se localiza aproximadamente a cinco kilómetros de la capital.

"La refrescante agua de horchata" con trocitos de nuez y cubos pequeños de melón, donde el arroz, se deja reposar como por tres horas, luego se muele con canela, se le agrega agua, se endulza al gusto y se sirve con nuez y melón.

Entre otras bebidas tradicionales tenemos la de tuna con nuez, limón con chía, almendra con tuna, y una variedad de bebidas refrescantes y deliciosas.

"El Tepache": Bebida obtenida por la fermentación de los azúcares de alguna fruta, hoy en día es más común la proveniente de la fermentación varias tipos de fruta generalmente cáscaras de piña y azúcar o piloncillo en agua hervida, la cual se deja fermentar de 5 a 10 días.

Mezcal: Es una bebida artesanal del estado elaborada con la planta que lleva de nombre maguey el cual se caracteriza por tener un sabor muy fuerte para el paladar. Esta bebida se elabora en grandes cantidades en el municipio de santiago matatlan y cada año se realiza la feria internacional del mezcal.

Oaxaca rinde homenajes con una copita de Mezcal, el que se destila en estas tierras Mixtecas y Zapotecas. Para su gente, este elixir es el protagonista de memorables eventos y, junto con la gastronomía, acompaña su esparcimiento, su felicidad, sus dolores y sus sueños. Se trata de un trago sagrado, cuyo valor es muy relevante para los Oaxaqueños. Por eso no es extraño encontrar este destilado prácticamente en todos los rincones de Oaxaca.

Piedrazos: Son pedazos de pan tostado y cortado en triángulos, se ponen a remojar por algunos minutos en vinagre, cuando el pan comienza a hacerse blando es momento de sacarlo y agregarle cebolla, chile en polvo y sal de gusanito.

También otros platillos a considerar son: el pozole, el quesillo (queso Oaxaca), los tamales de hoja de plátano, los chapulines, el Tasajo, la Salchicha Oaxaqueña, los diversos dulces de cajón (mamón, barquillo de lechecilla, cocada, merengue, entre otros), las nieves de Garrafa, el agua de Chilacayota, el chocolate, el Chocolateatole, los distintos tipos de panes: el pan de yema, el pan resobado, las hojaldras, pan de cazuela( pan relleno de chocolate), el pan amarillo, los molletes (pan con sabor a panela)y el mezcal, tanto de gusanito como el curado de ciruela, nanche (mezcal con cualquiera de estas frutas).

Champurrado: Esta bebida es conocida por utilizar la masa con la que se preparan las tortillas. Se desbarata en un poco de agua y después se cuela. Se agrega leche caliente y chocolate con azúcar. La receta es originaria del estado de Oaxaca y se disfruta en las fiestas de San Francisco Jaltepetongo.

Algo que también debemos de tomar en cuenta, es la zona geográfica en la que se realiza, ya que de esto dependerá los ingredientes a utilizar, tal es el caso de Valles Centrales, donde el Champurrado al momento de prepararse solo está compuesto por atole y chocolate con azúcar, dejando de lado la leche como ingrediente de este.

Pan de Yema: Preparado con huevo, es el pan tradicional el cual podrás encontrar en cualquier establecimiento. Tradicionalmente es consumido con chocolate de agua o de leche. En “día de todos los Santos”, como localmente se le llama al día 2 de noviembre, en la localidad e Miahuatlán este pan es adornado con diferentes caritas. Las famosas caritas que adornan el pan de yema en estas fechas, son hechas a base de agua, harina y manteca vegetal.[91]​.

Tasajo: Uno de los lugares ideales para probar esta deliciosa carne es en el Mercado 20 de Noviembre, donde ahí mismo los locatarios asan la carne y donde es muy típico ver mujeres ofreciendo las tradicionales Tlayudas para acompañar la carne.[92]​.

Atole de granillo: Esta bebida es muy popular en las colonias de la periferia de la ciudad, se elabora a base de maíz a medio cocer y quebrajado (es lo que se conoce como granillo). Quebrajado el maíz, se pone a hervir con suficiente agua hasta que se espese un poco, la gente lo toma con o sin azúcar.

Dulces Regionales: Existe una gran variedad de dulces regionales o artesanales, elaborados de gran calidad y transmitidos los conocimientos de su elaboración la receta de generación en generación, algunos de sus nombres son: borrachitos, mamones, menguanitos, barquillos, las tradicionales y muy conocidas empanaditas de sabores como el coco, la piña.

"El chocolate": El chocolate de Oaxaca se caracteriza por su rico sabor, además de ser una bebida tradicional para tomar en las mañanas, así como en las fiestas. Elaborado con cacao y azúcar. El chocolate suele representar respeto y elegancia en la mesa de los oaxaqueños. En el centro de Oaxaca es común encontrar centros chocolateros donde venden chocolate en polvo o en barra, así como chocolate preparado de agua o de leche.

Una característica especial en oaxaca es que podemos ver en algunos negocios que venden chocolate como lo preparan y nos lo entregan en ese momento como una masa que aún se encuentra caliente. Actualmente algunos artesanos como los de chocolateconalas elaboran el chocolate tradicional y rescatan el sabor original*.*.

Nicuatole: (también conocido como Nicuatol, Necuatolli). Elaborado a base de maíz por lo que contiene un alto valor nutricional, de origen prehispánico, consumido principalmente en la zona sur de la república mexicana.

Hay dos versiones para preparar este delicioso postre: con agua o con leche; en ambas en su elaboración se le agrega raja de canela al gusto, la mezcla final se coloca en un recipiente o molde, se le espolvorea azúcar roja y espera que se enfríe. Degustado a temperatura ambiente por personas de todas las edades y para variedad, se le puede agregar frutos secos como nuez molida, almendras, cacahuete, canela, chocolate o algún otro ingrediente o sabor agradable al paladar, satisfaciendo así el gusto del consumidor.[93]​.

Nieves: El lugar perfecto para saborear de estas delicias es en la Plazuela de la iglesia de la Virgen de la Soledad y en Zaachila es la típica villa de provincia mexicana. Ahí, el visitante puede disfrutar de variados sabores del cremoso postre; hay de tuna, de leche quemada, de nuez, que por cierto es producida localmente. La nieve de sabor se elabora en cilindros metálicos colocados en mitades de barriles llenos de hielo y sal. Primero se prepara el agua de sabor y se vacía en el cilindro. Entonces se gira el cilindro de forma rápida y el frío del hielo provoca que el agua se congele y se adhiera a las paredes del cilindro donde es raspada. La operación continúa hasta que toda el agua se congela y se convierta en nieve.

Variedad de dulces regionales: nenguanitos, marquesote, rosca de yema, empanadas de lechecilla, piña y coco, cocadas, mamones (que es un pan color rojo) y borrachos (es un pan color amarillo poroso), mojado con almíbar.

Mercado 20 de Noviembre.

Sin duda parte importante de la gastronomía oaxaqueña es el Mercado 20 de Noviembre. El mercado se encuentra a un par de cuadras del Zócalo de la ciudad. La variedad de comida deleita los sentidos, desde los panes de yema con ajonjolí hasta los exquisitos moles que sirven en las fondas ordenadas en el interior del mercado.

En lo alto de la entrada norte se ve la fecha de 1888, aunque las obras dieron comienzo a principios de 1862, sin embargo, las invasiones y constantes luchas intestinas provocaron más de 20 años de demora para inaugurarse. La fachada norte, sobre la calle de Aldama, es alta y sobria. El ancho pasillo se llena de populares canciones del momento y los cálidos “pásele, pásele” de las cocineras.

Sobre la entrada oriente que desemboca a la calle Miguel Cabrera, se alinean los puestos que venden carne de res y de puerco como: tasajo, chorizo, salchicha de Ejutla, cecina enchilada o blanca, para prepararse en anafres, como tradicionalmente se viene realizando en la cocina oaxaqueña.

En un principio se llamó Mercado de La Industria, posiblemente porque ahí se ofrecían productos de metal, lozas, tejidos, etc. Fue construido sobre terrenos de los que fuera la primera catedral de la Verde Antequera (actualmente Oaxaca de Juárez), San Juan de Dios.

Para los años cuarenta del siglo ya se le conocía como la Plaza Vieja, donde llegaban las cargas de diversos granos, así como las tortilleras, tizateras (vendedoras de copal y carbón) y vendedores de cestería. En el pasillo oeste los carniceros ofrecen sus productos a los “marchantes”, quienes pueden asar la carne en los braseros, a un costado de los puestos; comerla caminando o sentados sobre el piso, con las tradicionales cebollitas y chiles de agua.

El mercado 20 de noviembre es un testigo de la historia de la ciudad y concentra los sabores y olores que distinguen a Oaxaca de otros lugares del mundo.

Se puede llegar al mercado partiendo del Zócalo, caminando dos cuadras y media hacia el sur, sobre la calle Flores Magón y a mano derecha se ve la entrada de los anafres. O también partiendo del Zócalo andando sobre la calle de Valerio Trujano hacia el oeste, dar vuelta a mano izquierda en la calle 20 de noviembre y caminar un par de cuadras más.

"Margarita Maza de Juárez" food market

The Margarita Maza de Juárez market known as Mercado de Abastos is located to the west of the city and is part of the municipal seat. A series of collective taxi sites from different towns in the central valleys have gathered around it, in addition to which, on one side of said market, is the Second Class Bus Station of Oaxaca, a situation that has led to the market becoming a key point, since it is here where people from of the eight geographic regions of the state, resulting in the concentration, in a single place, of countless languages, customs and products from the different regions, forming a multicultural mosaic.

In this place, a large part of the capital's residents come to obtain basic necessities, such as food, raw materials, spices and a wide variety of products of various kinds.

The market is divided into five main areas: Modules, Dry Zone, Wet Zone, Warehouses and Tianguis.

Saturday is the busiest day and when browsing these sections you can easily find all kinds of products, including: household items, crafts made of clay, leather or palm, typical costumes and accessories.[94]​.

Within the wide range of foods you can buy Tlacolula barbecue "Tlacolula de Matamoros (municipality)"), yellow and pumpkin flower empanadas, grasshoppers, Etla bread, Sola de Vega mezcal, baked and roasted fish from the Isthmus, cheeses and other milk derivatives, different types of meats, fruits, vegetables and grains, among many others.

Benito Juárez Market

In 1886 the Plaza de Armas now known as Zócalo or Plaza de la Constitución was used on weekends as a public market. In the Plaza de Cortés, which was a further street, people also began to sell their products, later called Plaza de San Juan.

On April 2, 1894, General Gregorio Chávez inaugurated the market which he called Porfirio Díaz and this name was changed when Mr. Benito Juárez Maza died in April 1912, in order to remember it perennially and which we now know as Mercado Benito Juárez Maza.

The Portuguese philanthropist, Mr. Manuel Fernández Fiallo, bought the place to use it for people who came from the towns and for those who did not have a space to sell.[95]​.

Located very close to the Zócalo, this market has eight doors for access. Among its aisles are fabrics, flowers, spices, jewelry, baskets, juices, fruits and grasshoppers, among others.[96]​.

craft market

This market founded in 1980 is ideal for purchasing all types of typical souvenirs, crafts and folklore products from the entire state of Oaxaca. Rugs, huipils, bags, footwear, ceramics, alebrijes, bags, shirts, quilts, curtains, tablecloths, masks, skirts, dresses, toys and accessories for home decoration are some of the products found in this quiet space away from marketing.[97]​.

Merced Market

At the beginning of 1900, the atrium of the Church of La Merced itself was a tree-lined space and therefore used by people who came from our towns to sell.

some products. As the city's population grew in the middle of the century, the government of Don Emilio Pimentel (1902-1911) installed a metal coffer that covered a large part of the atrium, forming a more formal market.

Due to the expansion of the population in 1973, they agreed to move it to the corner of Avenida Morelos and Nicolás del Puerto, land occupied by the old market of the city and adjacent to the Francisco J. Mujica School.[98]​.

Today it is one of the most important markets in the city due to its great gastronomic variety, since you can find exquisite memelas and empanadas of various stews and in its dining area a variety of traditional Oaxacan dishes.

Sanchez Pascuas Market

This market began activities on the Explanada del Carmen Alto and in 1972 it opened its location where we find it today. The Sánchez Pascuas Market or also known as Mercado del Carmen Alto, has an access through Joaquín Amaro Street and another through Porfirio Díaz Street, its main attraction is the food sold in the dining rooms and the recommended tamales, memelas, pumpkin flower and yellow empanadas, we can also find juice stores, fruit stores, butchers, chicken shops and sale of many other household items, this place has a Public bathrooms and parking for their clients.[99]​.

Sundays are characterized by being one of the busiest days for Oaxacan diners and families who come to this market to supply themselves with excellent quality items that locals sell.

The city of Oaxaca de Juárez concentrates the largest educational offer in the entire state,[100]​ with practically all levels of basic, upper secondary and higher education.

The municipality has 386 basic and upper secondary education institutions, of which 142 are preschool education centers, 141 are primary level institutions, 65 are secondary, 3 technical vocational training schools and 35 high schools.

In 2010, there were 4,035 postgraduate students, 54,679 people with a professional level, and 66,118 students who had completed primary school.

In addition, there are eight public libraries, in which in 2009 a total of 142,126 consultations were made.

In this city is the main campus of the "Benito Juárez" Autonomous University of Oaxaca, commonly known as the highest educational institution in the state. Prominent national history figures such as Benito Juárez and Porfirio Díaz were his students.

Said University has the following Faculties:

Faculty of Accounting and Administration,

Faculty of Architecture,

Faculty of Languages,

Faculty of Law and Social Sciences,

Faculty of Dentistry,

Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and

Faculty of Chemical Sciences.

As well as the following Institutes and Schools

Science School,

Institute of Educational Sciences,

School of Veterinary Animal Science, School of Economics

Sociological Research Institute,

Institute for Research in Humanities and

School of Fine Arts.

Currently, the "Benito Juárez" Autonomous University of Oaxaca has an agreement with the National Autonomous University of Mexico through which distance education is put into practice, thus benefiting many students who need this modality to continue their studies; Among the degrees taught by the Center for Continuing Education,[101]​ open and distance are:.

• - Bachelor's degree in Political Science and Public Administration.

• - Bachelor's Degree in Social Work.

• - Bachelor's degree in Psychology.

• - Bachelor of Pedagogy.

• - Bachelor's Degree in Law.

These degrees are studied entirely virtually, inducing students to actively participate in the acquisition of knowledge, with the help of an advisor who helps them in the process, resolving doubts, helping them overcome their limitations.

Other higher education centers are:

• - The Technological Institute of Oaxaca (ITO).

• - The Regional Center for Normal Education of Oaxaca (CRENO).

• - The Mesoamerican University.

• - José Vasconcelos University (UNIVAS).

• - The Regional University of the Southeast (URSE)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Universidad Regional del Sureste (URSE) (not yet written)").

• - University of the Gulf of Mexico (UGM).

• - Nationalist University of Mexico (open system).

• - La Salle University.

• - Anahuac University.

• - The Technological Institute of Valle de Oaxaca (ITVO).

Schooling.

In Oaxaca, the population aged 15 years and older, on average, has practically completed the first year of secondary school (average level of schooling 6.9).

Illiteracy.

It also has the "Miguel Cabrera" Center for Artistic Education (CEDART), the only high school specialized in art in the state,[102]​ in front of the San Francisco Garden.

There is a project to create the Intercultural University of Oaxaca, which will be an institution of high academic level, with international presence, with certification of all its administrative and management processes, accredited educational programs, with a strong connection with its environment, a university that leads to diversity, the exchange of experiences, the development of an intercultural policy, respectful of the ethnic groups, cultures and traditions of Oaxaca, in order to achieve sustainable development, always respecting the human rights and equality of men and women. indigenous.

Oaxaca de Juárez is home to several professional sports teams:

Twin cities

The city of Oaxaca is twinned with the following cities around the world:[103]​[104]​.

• - Tierra Nueva, SLP, Mexico[103]​.

• - Palo Alto, United States (1964)[103]​.

• - San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico[103]​.

• - Cancun, Mexico[103]​.

• - Vallagarina"), Italy[103]​[104]​.

• - Mexico City, Mexico[103]​.

• - Mérida "Mérida (Venezuela)"), Venezuela[103]​.

• - Guanajuato "Guanajuato (city)"), Mexico[103]​.

• - Rueil-Malmaison, France[103]​.

• - Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico[103]​.

• - Zacatecas "Zacatecas (Zacatecas)"), Mexico[103]​.

• - Santa Cruz "Santa Cruz (Chile)"), Chile[103]​[104]​.

• - Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico[103]​.

• - Morelia, Mexico[103]​.

• - Antequera, Spain[103]​.

• - Tlaquepaque, Mexico[103]​[105]​.

• - Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico[103]​.

• - Paraíso "Paraíso (Costa Rica)"), Costa Rica[103]​.

• - General Escobedo, Mexico[103]​.

• - Guadalajara "Guadalajara (Mexico)"), Mexico[103]​[106]​.

• - Arequipa, Peru[103]​.

• - Xochimilco, Mexico[103]​.

• - Rayon "Municipality of Rayon (state of Mexico)")[103]​[104]​.

• - Old Havana, Cuba[103]​.

• - Huajuapan de León, Mexico[103]​[104]​.

• - Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala[103]​.

• - Álvaro Obregón "Álvaro Obregón (Federal District)")[104]​.

• - Portal:Oaxaca. Content related to Oaxaca.

• - Guelaguetza Auditorium.

• - Central Valleys of Oaxaca.

• - Oaxaca de Juárez (municipality) "Oaxaca de Juárez (municipality)").

• - Zona Metropolitana de Oaxaca (ZMO) "Zona Metropolitana de Oaxaca (ZMO)").

• - Tule Tree.

• - Guelaguetza.

• - Oaxaca Tunnels.

• - Dalton Palomo M.: Oaxaca Tierra del Sol, State Monograph (Secretariat of Public Education) 1989.

• - National Council of Population and Housing, The Population of the Municipalities of Mexico 1950 - 1990. Ed. UNO Graphic Services, Mexico, Nov., 1994.

• - Dalton, Margaret. Brief history of Oaxaca, Economic Culture Fund 2004 - 302 pages.

• - National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, General Census of Population and Housing 2000. Mexico 2001.

• - López Castro, Pardo Galván. Migration in Western Mexico, El Colegio de Michoacán A.C., 1988 - 280 pages.

• - Ministry of the Interior, National Center for Municipal Studies, Government of the State of Oaxaca, The Municipalities of Oaxaca, Encyclopedia of the Municipalities of Mexico. Graphic Workshops of the Nation, Mexico, D.F. 1988.

• - Secretary of the Interior, National Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development, National Municipal Information System. Mexico 2002.

• - Torres, Gastéllum, Sánchez, Zafra. Cuatro Casa: Vernacular Housing, Editorial Plaza y Valdez, Mexico 2012, ISBN 978-607-402-548-4.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category about Oaxaca de Juárez.

• - Oaxaca City Council.

• - Virtual exhibition about Oaxaca de Juárez at the Cervantes Virtual Center.

• - General aspects of the Municipality of Oaxaca.