Institutions are social and cooperative systems created under legal impositions, which seek to order and normalize the behavior of a group of individuals (which can be an entire society). Institutions transcend individual wills, identifying themselves with the imposition of a purpose considered as a social good, that is, something that would be "normal" for that group. Its operating mechanism varies widely in each case, although the development of numerous rules or norms stands out, which are usually not very flexible and adaptable.[19]​.

Many institutions are formally established organizations, although others are not; They do not even have to correspond to a physical place, extending to behavior and customs considered important for a society, such as particular formal organizations of government and public service, or even to contingent social facts (such as driving a car on the right in some countries and on the left in others), or to the appreciation felt for a worthy person, respect and consideration (this or that artist or popular character is considered an institution).

Institutions, like human beings, have evolved over time, which has allowed the generation of order and social stability, where each member of the group must adhere to certain norms and rules, giving rise to the division of labor and the organization of tasks and roles; but for institutions to be formed they must meet certain characteristics: "The formation of institutions requires shared intentionality, language and other cognitive abilities largely absent in other primates."[20]​ That is, current institutions would come historically from their previous states, being able to preserve some primitive characteristics, in which case it would be a path-dependent phenomenon.[21]​.

Douglas North mentions that institutions are the constraints designed because they structure political, economic and social interaction. They are made up of two informal restrictions, for example, taboos, customs, traditions, etc. and formal limitations, for example, property rights laws. The purposes of institutions would be: 1) Create order and reduce uncertainty, and 2) Provide the incentive structure in a transaction cost economy are a critical element of economic results, and institutions - together with the effectiveness of the application and technology - determine transaction costs. Every economic development consists of increasing specialization, division of labor and technology in a continuously more productive way.[22]​.

As structures and mechanisms of social order, institutions are one of the main objects of study in the social sciences, such as anthropology, sociology, political science, economics and business administration, among others. Institutions are also a central subject of study for law, the formal regime for the creation and implementation of rules.

The term "institution", from the Latin institutio, from in, which implies penetration; statuere, to park, place, and the suffix -ción, which implies action or effect,[23] shares etymological root with institute, instruction, instructor and governess.

The physical location in a place, often in a building (other times in a public square); and the use of equipment (furniture, instruments) and documents (often compiled in an archive for management and conservation), is usually inseparable from an institution, and constitutes its material expression. Also characteristic are the transformations that the passage of time undergoes to such buildings, equipment and documents (especially if adequate maintenance is not carried out); especially serious if they are due to destructive events, such as fires, floods, theft or acts of war; but also undertaken voluntarily, such as improvements, modernizations, enlargements (annexed constructions) and more or less radical modifications; in extreme cases, reconstructions and transfers.[24]​.

Institutiones or Institutas are a set of books intended for the introductory teaching of Roman Law.

Institutions are creations of collective human action that, with a permanence character, seek to satisfy ethical social needs. Within these we find the legal institutions that are created in the world of law under coercive norms and seek an ideal of justice.[25]​ Next to the legal norms appear the institutions that are behaviors that the Law regulates, and that are basic for coexistence to develop in accordance with certain patterns of life. These behaviors, which are basic for the development of coexistence, are called institutions, for example: marriage, family, contract, property.[26]​ Some authors rely on the idiomatic meaning as something that achieves the firmness of the fundamental and considers the basic forms as a legal institution.[27]​ Another sector of the doctrine considers that legal relationships sometimes present great analogies because they refer to the same subject (usufructuary and bare owner, creditor and debtor, guardian and ward, etc.) The doctrine thus considers that the set of legal norms referring to a specific class of legal relationships constitute the so-called Legal Institution. From the point of view of the scientific exposition of a normative set, the concept of institution, understood in this way, has great systematic value, since it allows the organization of related matters forming the institutions of that legal system.

There is extensive bibliography on Spanish legal institutions in the New World and other public law institutions in Indian Law that are fundamental for the theoretical and practical foundation of institutionalism and institutions in Latin America.[28]​.

Contenido

Las instituciones políticas son las que se refieren a la sociedad política") y que regulan la estructura y órganos del gobierno del Estado. Según el criterio presentado por la Unesco en 1948, referente a los puntos de vista de los demás objetos de estudio de la ciencia política, las instituciones políticas tienen relación con los conceptos de Constitución, gobierno federal, gobierno regional y gobierno local (instituciones municipales o ayuntamientos).

Se componen de distintas instituciones cada una de las ramas del gobierno") o poderes del Estado cuya demarcación es propia de la separación de poderes: poder ejecutivo (gobierno, ministerio, secretaría de Estado, departamento ministerial, policía, embajadas, etc.), poder legislativo (parlamento, cámara legislativa, cámara de representantes, cámara alta, cámara baja, congreso, senado, etc.) y poder judicial (tribunal de justicia, fiscalía, abogacía, notaría, etc.).

Además, son instituciones del ámbito político las organizaciones políticas") (clubes políticos, partidos políticos y todas las formaciones políticas") asociadas -coaliciones electorales, grupos parlamentarios, grupos técnicos"),[29]​ caucus-, comités, asambleas, consejos, comisiones, sóviets, grupos de interés o grupos de presión -lobby-, think tanks, fundaciones políticas"), foros políticos") -como la Trilateral, el grupo Bilderberg o el foro de Davos-, etc.).

También tienen funciones políticas instituciones cuya principal función es del ámbito económico y social, como los sindicatos y las organizaciones empresariales.

Legislative institutions

Also called institutions mechanisms; They consist of ideal components of an entity, such as a Regulation, Code, or a Constitution. All of them, with the character of permanent ones, therefore, continue to exist even though some or all of the creative wills of these entities have died.

It is a concept of economic science, defined by the school precisely called economic institutionalism and as understood by this theory (a version developed from liberalism), as the way in which people relate in their natural tendency to, through the search for mere individual interest") (enlightened self-interest, rational egoism), obtain as a consequence the greatest benefit for the social group.

Economic institutions would be the norms, uses and customs that govern the social and economic relations between the members of the group.[30]​ The benefit of an institution increases with the efficiency that it generates in the economy and with the reduction of its transaction costs and information costs"); which will be in direct relationship with the experience accumulated by economic agents and with the transparency and simplicity of the rules of the system; and in inverse relationship with the number of individuals who execute them.

Scientific or research institutions are institutions dedicated to science and scientific research. They are closely linked to educational institutions and the political and economic spheres. Although it is common to identify them with the physical-natural sciences, since their origin they have also been linked to the social or human sciences. For some of them, or in certain contexts, expressions such as scientific infrastructures or scientific facilities are used.

The history of institutions is the historiographic specialty whose object is institutions. Political institutions are especially the object of this specialty, which in fact allow history to be periodized (political history). The main one of all, the State, can be seen from its origins with the establishment of the temple and the palace in the first city states in Sumeria around the 4th millennium BC. C. (which is when the first written documents appear, and with them history), the first kingdoms expanded into empires (those of the ancient Near East - Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, etc. -, those of the ancient Far East - Indian, Chinese, Japanese, etc. - and those of pre-Columbian America), the archaic and classical Greek polis (and its characteristic institutions), the Hellenistic monarchy, the Monarchy, the Republic and the Roman Empire (and its characteristic institutions), the Germanic kingdoms, the feudal, authoritarian and absolute monarchies (within the Catholic or Hispanic Monarchy, its characteristic institutions), the liberal State, the social State, totalitarianisms, etc. The rest of the political institutions are also subject to discipline, both those of powers other than the executive (judicial -courts- or legislative -parliaments-) and those of different spatial scope (local -municipalities-, regional, supranational, etc.).

Institutions of another type are more properly the object of economic and social history: social institutions (marriage, family...), economic institutions (banking, business...), most of them being mixed (the market, property, slavery, the Roman villa, the castle, the burg, the fief, the manor, the mayorazgo, the alfoz "Alfoz (urbanism)"), the community of town and land, the guilds, the guilds, the hansas, monastic and cathedral schools, general studies, the medieval, modern and contemporary university, academies, scientific societies, media of all kinds - from the press to social networks...) In particular, religious institutions would be the object of ecclesiastical history (the Church understood as an institution of each of the religious confessions, the clergy and each of its divisions and organizations of the secular clergy - basilicas, cathedrals, collegiate churches, archpriests, parishes "Parish (religion)"), seminaries, etc.- and regular -religious orders, monastic and their monasteries or abbeys, conventuals and their convents, mendicants, redeemers, military and their commanderies, priorates "Priory (religion)"), beguinages, hermitages, houses of beguines, etc.-...). Since institutions are large producers of documentation, their history is easily justified by the availability of raw material for their study.

Institutionalism in history (not to be confused with the homonymous trend in economics) is a historiographic school opposed to historical materialism, by placing the protagonism of history on institutions, while the latter does so on social classes; It would also oppose providentialism") or an individualistic interpretation of history, which define the historical subject differently. Among the historians who in Spain have dedicated themselves to the history of institutions, Luis García de Valdeavellano stands out.

Institutions are social and cooperative systems created under legal impositions, which seek to order and normalize the behavior of a group of individuals (which can be an entire society). Institutions transcend individual wills, identifying themselves with the imposition of a purpose considered as a social good, that is, something that would be "normal" for that group. Its operating mechanism varies widely in each case, although the development of numerous rules or norms stands out, which are usually not very flexible and adaptable.[19]​.

Many institutions are formally established organizations, although others are not; They do not even have to correspond to a physical place, extending to behavior and customs considered important for a society, such as particular formal organizations of government and public service, or even to contingent social facts (such as driving a car on the right in some countries and on the left in others), or to the appreciation felt for a worthy person, respect and consideration (this or that artist or popular character is considered an institution).

Institutions, like human beings, have evolved over time, which has allowed the generation of order and social stability, where each member of the group must adhere to certain norms and rules, giving rise to the division of labor and the organization of tasks and roles; but for institutions to be formed they must meet certain characteristics: "The formation of institutions requires shared intentionality, language and other cognitive abilities largely absent in other primates."[20]​ That is, current institutions would come historically from their previous states, being able to preserve some primitive characteristics, in which case it would be a path-dependent phenomenon.[21]​.

Douglas North mentions that institutions are the constraints designed because they structure political, economic and social interaction. They are made up of two informal restrictions, for example, taboos, customs, traditions, etc. and formal limitations, for example, property rights laws. The purposes of institutions would be: 1) Create order and reduce uncertainty, and 2) Provide the incentive structure in a transaction cost economy are a critical element of economic results, and institutions - together with the effectiveness of the application and technology - determine transaction costs. Every economic development consists of increasing specialization, division of labor and technology in a continuously more productive way.[22]​.

As structures and mechanisms of social order, institutions are one of the main objects of study in the social sciences, such as anthropology, sociology, political science, economics and business administration, among others. Institutions are also a central subject of study for law, the formal regime for the creation and implementation of rules.

The term "institution", from the Latin institutio, from in, which implies penetration; statuere, to park, place, and the suffix -ción, which implies action or effect,[23] shares etymological root with institute, instruction, instructor and governess.

The physical location in a place, often in a building (other times in a public square); and the use of equipment (furniture, instruments) and documents (often compiled in an archive for management and conservation), is usually inseparable from an institution, and constitutes its material expression. Also characteristic are the transformations that the passage of time undergoes to such buildings, equipment and documents (especially if adequate maintenance is not carried out); especially serious if they are due to destructive events, such as fires, floods, theft or acts of war; but also undertaken voluntarily, such as improvements, modernizations, enlargements (annexed constructions) and more or less radical modifications; in extreme cases, reconstructions and transfers.[24]​.

Institutiones or Institutas are a set of books intended for the introductory teaching of Roman Law.

Institutions are creations of collective human action that, with a permanence character, seek to satisfy ethical social needs. Within these we find the legal institutions that are created in the world of law under coercive norms and seek an ideal of justice.[25]​ Next to the legal norms appear the institutions that are behaviors that the Law regulates, and that are basic for coexistence to develop in accordance with certain patterns of life. These behaviors, which are basic for the development of coexistence, are called institutions, for example: marriage, family, contract, property.[26]​ Some authors rely on the idiomatic meaning as something that achieves the firmness of the fundamental and considers the basic forms as a legal institution.[27]​ Another sector of the doctrine considers that legal relationships sometimes present great analogies because they refer to the same subject (usufructuary and bare owner, creditor and debtor, guardian and ward, etc.) The doctrine thus considers that the set of legal norms referring to a specific class of legal relationships constitute the so-called Legal Institution. From the point of view of the scientific exposition of a normative set, the concept of institution, understood in this way, has great systematic value, since it allows the organization of related matters forming the institutions of that legal system.

There is extensive bibliography on Spanish legal institutions in the New World and other public law institutions in Indian Law that are fundamental for the theoretical and practical foundation of institutionalism and institutions in Latin America.[28]​.

Contenido

Las instituciones políticas son las que se refieren a la sociedad política") y que regulan la estructura y órganos del gobierno del Estado. Según el criterio presentado por la Unesco en 1948, referente a los puntos de vista de los demás objetos de estudio de la ciencia política, las instituciones políticas tienen relación con los conceptos de Constitución, gobierno federal, gobierno regional y gobierno local (instituciones municipales o ayuntamientos).

Se componen de distintas instituciones cada una de las ramas del gobierno") o poderes del Estado cuya demarcación es propia de la separación de poderes: poder ejecutivo (gobierno, ministerio, secretaría de Estado, departamento ministerial, policía, embajadas, etc.), poder legislativo (parlamento, cámara legislativa, cámara de representantes, cámara alta, cámara baja, congreso, senado, etc.) y poder judicial (tribunal de justicia, fiscalía, abogacía, notaría, etc.).

Además, son instituciones del ámbito político las organizaciones políticas") (clubes políticos, partidos políticos y todas las formaciones políticas") asociadas -coaliciones electorales, grupos parlamentarios, grupos técnicos"),[29]​ caucus-, comités, asambleas, consejos, comisiones, sóviets, grupos de interés o grupos de presión -lobby-, think tanks, fundaciones políticas"), foros políticos") -como la Trilateral, el grupo Bilderberg o el foro de Davos-, etc.).

También tienen funciones políticas instituciones cuya principal función es del ámbito económico y social, como los sindicatos y las organizaciones empresariales.

Legislative institutions

Also called institutions mechanisms; They consist of ideal components of an entity, such as a Regulation, Code, or a Constitution. All of them, with the character of permanent ones, therefore, continue to exist even though some or all of the creative wills of these entities have died.

It is a concept of economic science, defined by the school precisely called economic institutionalism and as understood by this theory (a version developed from liberalism), as the way in which people relate in their natural tendency to, through the search for mere individual interest") (enlightened self-interest, rational egoism), obtain as a consequence the greatest benefit for the social group.

Economic institutions would be the norms, uses and customs that govern the social and economic relations between the members of the group.[30]​ The benefit of an institution increases with the efficiency that it generates in the economy and with the reduction of its transaction costs and information costs"); which will be in direct relationship with the experience accumulated by economic agents and with the transparency and simplicity of the rules of the system; and in inverse relationship with the number of individuals who execute them.

Scientific or research institutions are institutions dedicated to science and scientific research. They are closely linked to educational institutions and the political and economic spheres. Although it is common to identify them with the physical-natural sciences, since their origin they have also been linked to the social or human sciences. For some of them, or in certain contexts, expressions such as scientific infrastructures or scientific facilities are used.

The history of institutions is the historiographic specialty whose object is institutions. Political institutions are especially the object of this specialty, which in fact allow history to be periodized (political history). The main one of all, the State, can be seen from its origins with the establishment of the temple and the palace in the first city states in Sumeria around the 4th millennium BC. C. (which is when the first written documents appear, and with them history), the first kingdoms expanded into empires (those of the ancient Near East - Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, etc. -, those of the ancient Far East - Indian, Chinese, Japanese, etc. - and those of pre-Columbian America), the archaic and classical Greek polis (and its characteristic institutions), the Hellenistic monarchy, the Monarchy, the Republic and the Roman Empire (and its characteristic institutions), the Germanic kingdoms, the feudal, authoritarian and absolute monarchies (within the Catholic or Hispanic Monarchy, its characteristic institutions), the liberal State, the social State, totalitarianisms, etc. The rest of the political institutions are also subject to discipline, both those of powers other than the executive (judicial -courts- or legislative -parliaments-) and those of different spatial scope (local -municipalities-, regional, supranational, etc.).

Institutions of another type are more properly the object of economic and social history: social institutions (marriage, family...), economic institutions (banking, business...), most of them being mixed (the market, property, slavery, the Roman villa, the castle, the burg, the fief, the manor, the mayorazgo, the alfoz "Alfoz (urbanism)"), the community of town and land, the guilds, the guilds, the hansas, monastic and cathedral schools, general studies, the medieval, modern and contemporary university, academies, scientific societies, media of all kinds - from the press to social networks...) In particular, religious institutions would be the object of ecclesiastical history (the Church understood as an institution of each of the religious confessions, the clergy and each of its divisions and organizations of the secular clergy - basilicas, cathedrals, collegiate churches, archpriests, parishes "Parish (religion)"), seminaries, etc.- and regular -religious orders, monastic and their monasteries or abbeys, conventuals and their convents, mendicants, redeemers, military and their commanderies, priorates "Priory (religion)"), beguinages, hermitages, houses of beguines, etc.-...). Since institutions are large producers of documentation, their history is easily justified by the availability of raw material for their study.

Institutionalism in history (not to be confused with the homonymous trend in economics) is a historiographic school opposed to historical materialism, by placing the protagonism of history on institutions, while the latter does so on social classes; It would also oppose providentialism") or an individualistic interpretation of history, which define the historical subject differently. Among the historians who in Spain have dedicated themselves to the history of institutions, Luis García de Valdeavellano stands out.