Related to the economic development of clusters

Following the development of the concept of interorganizational networks in Germany and the practical development of clusters in the United Kingdom, various authors indicate the existence of at least four methods that allow identifying the existence of a cluster "Cluster (informatics)"), namely:

It is also expected - particularly in the German model of organizational networks - that interconnected companies should interact and take corporate actions at least at two different levels of the organizations involved.

Value System Cluster

It is the most common of business clusters. Value systems are business groups that buy and sell their products or services among themselves and with third parties. The physical proximity of suppliers and buyers allows for reduced costs and a better match between supply and demand. Supply and inventories require close cooperation between companies.[10]​ The value chain is made up of substantive and support activities, all of its activities add value to the product/service and contribute to the company's profit margin. The activities of the Chains grouped in the Value System generate synergies (suppliers, company with its departments, distributors), which add value with their attributes, quality and price, in the customer's perception; which contributes to the competitiveness of companies.

Human capital supply

These clusters are based on occupational categories.

Companies that use the same type of occupations and skills of workers can draw from a larger pool of potential employees. This type of group reduces the cost of employee searches and often increases the productivity of all workers in the region. To the extent that these types of workers are concentrated in certain areas, training institutions can prosper economically and raise the general level of productivity in the region.[11]​.

Related to knowledge

In general, at least three types of business clusters can be identified, based on different types of knowledge:

Michael Porter states that clusters have the potential to affect competition in five ways:

The process of identifying, defining, and describing a cluster is not standardized. Individual economic consultants and researchers develop their own methodologies. The entire cluster analysis relies on the evaluation of local and regional employment patterns, based on SIC codes.

An alternative to clusters, which reflects the distributed nature of operations arising from globalization, is Hubs and Nodes.

For example, in the mid-to-late 1990s, several successful computer technology companies emerged in California's Silicon Valley. This led anyone who wanted to create a startup to do so in Silicon Valley. The increase in the number of startups in Silicon Valley has resulted in a number of venture capital firms relocating or expanding their offices in Silicon Valley. This, in turn, encouraged more entrepreneurs to locate their nascent companies there.

In other words, venture capitalists (the sellers of the financing) and dot.com entrepreneurs (the buyers of the financing) "conglomerated" in and around a geographic area.

The cluster effect in the capital market also brought about a cluster in the labor market. As an increasing number of companies were launched in Silicon Valley, computer scientists, programmers, engineers, etc., realized that more job opportunities would be found by moving to Silicon Valley. This concentration of technically qualified people in the Valley meant that entrepreneurs across the country knew that their chances of finding job candidates with the right skills were far superior in the Valley, which gave them an additional incentive to move there. This, in turn, led to higher-tech workers moving there.

Contenido

El efecto del clúster puede ser más fácilmente percibido en cualquier aglomeración urbana, ya que la mayoría de los establecimientos comerciales del mismo tipo tenderán a agruparse de manera espontánea por categorías. Zapaterías (o tiendas de telas), por ejemplo, nunca están aislados de su competencia. En cambio, es mucho más común encontrar calles enteras de ellos, a pesar de que difícilmente hay una razón para que se agrupen en esa región específica.

El efecto clúster es similar al (pero no el mismo que) efecto de red. Es similar en el sentido de preferencias de precios independientes tanto de los mercados como de sus participantes se basan en la percepción que cada uno de los demás más que en el hecho de que el mercado sea la suma de todas las acciones de sus participantes como suele ser el caso. Así pues, al ser un efecto mayor que la suma de sus causas, y como ocurre espontáneamente, el efecto clúster es generalmente citado como ejemplo de surgimiento.

Los gobiernos y las empresas a menudo tratan de utilizar el efecto clúster para promover un lugar particular como un lugar particularmente bueno para cierto tipo de negocios. Por ejemplo, la ciudad de Bangalore, en La India ha utilizado el efecto clúster con el fin de convencer a una serie de empresas de alta tecnología a instalar tiendas allí. Del mismo modo, la ciudad de Las Vegas se ha beneficiado a través del efecto clúster de la industria del juego.

El efecto clúster no sigue siempre, sin embargo, su influencia relativa viene dictada también por otros factores de mercado como los ingresos previstos, la fortaleza de la demanda, los impuestos, la competencia y la política.

Examples

Examples of clusters are Silicon Valley in California (United States), where a large number of technology companies are concentrated (microelectronics, information technology and biotechnology) and Kista, its Swedish counterpart. Automobile manufacturing is concentrated in Detroit (also known as the Motor City). In Hollywood California for cinematography.

In Spain, there are relatively recent examples regarding the creation of clusters. In the Community of Madrid, Spain, there is Madrid Network, a network of clusters that brings together 12 industrial sectors such as automotive, health, renewable energy, finance, graphic design, etc. and four Technology Parks associated with Universities, forming a network of almost 400 companies. There is also the case of the Cluster of Fishing Companies in Third Countries, created at the end of 2004 and which brings together more than 120 fishing companies distributed in more than 28 countries.

A business group is a geographic concentration of interconnected companies, suppliers and associated institutions in a particular field. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can compete nationally and globally.

In the case of Silicon Valley, as noted, for example, increased overcrowding in the valley led to severe shortages of office and residential space, which in turn has forced many companies to relocate to other locations such as Austin, Texas and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina.

Examples:

As a mere geographical agglomeration of businesses, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, there would be three clusters: the footwear cluster on Federación Street, the clothing cluster on Medrano, starting at 54th Street in Sector Reforma, and the Jewelry Cluster, in Plaza Tapatia. But clusters can be more than mere accumulations of companies of the same line of business in a given geographic space. In Argentina there is one, that of edible oils, which has grown at impressive rates and now represents thirty-something percent of that country's exports.

Related to the economic development of clusters

Following the development of the concept of interorganizational networks in Germany and the practical development of clusters in the United Kingdom, various authors indicate the existence of at least four methods that allow identifying the existence of a cluster "Cluster (informatics)"), namely:

It is also expected - particularly in the German model of organizational networks - that interconnected companies should interact and take corporate actions at least at two different levels of the organizations involved.

Value System Cluster

It is the most common of business clusters. Value systems are business groups that buy and sell their products or services among themselves and with third parties. The physical proximity of suppliers and buyers allows for reduced costs and a better match between supply and demand. Supply and inventories require close cooperation between companies.[10]​ The value chain is made up of substantive and support activities, all of its activities add value to the product/service and contribute to the company's profit margin. The activities of the Chains grouped in the Value System generate synergies (suppliers, company with its departments, distributors), which add value with their attributes, quality and price, in the customer's perception; which contributes to the competitiveness of companies.

Human capital supply

These clusters are based on occupational categories.

Companies that use the same type of occupations and skills of workers can draw from a larger pool of potential employees. This type of group reduces the cost of employee searches and often increases the productivity of all workers in the region. To the extent that these types of workers are concentrated in certain areas, training institutions can prosper economically and raise the general level of productivity in the region.[11]​.

Related to knowledge

In general, at least three types of business clusters can be identified, based on different types of knowledge:

Michael Porter states that clusters have the potential to affect competition in five ways:

The process of identifying, defining, and describing a cluster is not standardized. Individual economic consultants and researchers develop their own methodologies. The entire cluster analysis relies on the evaluation of local and regional employment patterns, based on SIC codes.

An alternative to clusters, which reflects the distributed nature of operations arising from globalization, is Hubs and Nodes.

For example, in the mid-to-late 1990s, several successful computer technology companies emerged in California's Silicon Valley. This led anyone who wanted to create a startup to do so in Silicon Valley. The increase in the number of startups in Silicon Valley has resulted in a number of venture capital firms relocating or expanding their offices in Silicon Valley. This, in turn, encouraged more entrepreneurs to locate their nascent companies there.

In other words, venture capitalists (the sellers of the financing) and dot.com entrepreneurs (the buyers of the financing) "conglomerated" in and around a geographic area.

The cluster effect in the capital market also brought about a cluster in the labor market. As an increasing number of companies were launched in Silicon Valley, computer scientists, programmers, engineers, etc., realized that more job opportunities would be found by moving to Silicon Valley. This concentration of technically qualified people in the Valley meant that entrepreneurs across the country knew that their chances of finding job candidates with the right skills were far superior in the Valley, which gave them an additional incentive to move there. This, in turn, led to higher-tech workers moving there.

Contenido

El efecto del clúster puede ser más fácilmente percibido en cualquier aglomeración urbana, ya que la mayoría de los establecimientos comerciales del mismo tipo tenderán a agruparse de manera espontánea por categorías. Zapaterías (o tiendas de telas), por ejemplo, nunca están aislados de su competencia. En cambio, es mucho más común encontrar calles enteras de ellos, a pesar de que difícilmente hay una razón para que se agrupen en esa región específica.

El efecto clúster es similar al (pero no el mismo que) efecto de red. Es similar en el sentido de preferencias de precios independientes tanto de los mercados como de sus participantes se basan en la percepción que cada uno de los demás más que en el hecho de que el mercado sea la suma de todas las acciones de sus participantes como suele ser el caso. Así pues, al ser un efecto mayor que la suma de sus causas, y como ocurre espontáneamente, el efecto clúster es generalmente citado como ejemplo de surgimiento.

Los gobiernos y las empresas a menudo tratan de utilizar el efecto clúster para promover un lugar particular como un lugar particularmente bueno para cierto tipo de negocios. Por ejemplo, la ciudad de Bangalore, en La India ha utilizado el efecto clúster con el fin de convencer a una serie de empresas de alta tecnología a instalar tiendas allí. Del mismo modo, la ciudad de Las Vegas se ha beneficiado a través del efecto clúster de la industria del juego.

El efecto clúster no sigue siempre, sin embargo, su influencia relativa viene dictada también por otros factores de mercado como los ingresos previstos, la fortaleza de la demanda, los impuestos, la competencia y la política.

Examples

Examples of clusters are Silicon Valley in California (United States), where a large number of technology companies are concentrated (microelectronics, information technology and biotechnology) and Kista, its Swedish counterpart. Automobile manufacturing is concentrated in Detroit (also known as the Motor City). In Hollywood California for cinematography.

In Spain, there are relatively recent examples regarding the creation of clusters. In the Community of Madrid, Spain, there is Madrid Network, a network of clusters that brings together 12 industrial sectors such as automotive, health, renewable energy, finance, graphic design, etc. and four Technology Parks associated with Universities, forming a network of almost 400 companies. There is also the case of the Cluster of Fishing Companies in Third Countries, created at the end of 2004 and which brings together more than 120 fishing companies distributed in more than 28 countries.

A business group is a geographic concentration of interconnected companies, suppliers and associated institutions in a particular field. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can compete nationally and globally.

In the case of Silicon Valley, as noted, for example, increased overcrowding in the valley led to severe shortages of office and residential space, which in turn has forced many companies to relocate to other locations such as Austin, Texas and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina.

Examples:

As a mere geographical agglomeration of businesses, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, there would be three clusters: the footwear cluster on Federación Street, the clothing cluster on Medrano, starting at 54th Street in Sector Reforma, and the Jewelry Cluster, in Plaza Tapatia. But clusters can be more than mere accumulations of companies of the same line of business in a given geographic space. In Argentina there is one, that of edible oils, which has grown at impressive rates and now represents thirty-something percent of that country's exports.