Contenido

Dependiendo de las clases de signos que se emplee, se diferencia la comunicación verbal y no verbal.[3]​.

En muchas ocasiones los signos verbales y los signos no verbales se combinan en un mensaje, dando lugar a formas mixtas de comunicación. Un ejemplo sería un anuncio publicitario, el cine o un cómic.

Si se atiende a la relación que se establece entre emisor y receptor, se diferencia una comunicación unilateral y otra comunicación bilateral.

La comunicación unilateral se produce cuando el receptor no se convierte en emisor. Sucede en las señales de tráfico. La comunicación bilateral") se produce cuando el receptor se puede convertir a su vez en emisor. Sucede en una conversación.

Non-verbal communication

Nonverbal communication involves transmitting meaning in the form of nonverbal messages. Non-linguistic signs are used. Examples of non-verbal communication include gestures, facial expressions, body language, eye contact, dress, haptics (communication through touch), chronemics (meaning of time in communication), and kinesics (body language), among others. Oral communication itself contains non-verbal elements such as paralinguistics (non-verbal elements that accompany linguistics, for example tones of surprise, interest, disinterest, fear, tiredness, insinuations, etc.) According to studies, 55% of human communication occurs through non-verbal facial expressions and 38% through paralanguage.[4]​ This includes the same written communication in which it is possible to determine meanings in the writing style, the distribution of spaces between words and the use of emoticons to convey emotions. In this sense, colors are used to convey a message, such as the blue and red mark on taps, sounds, such as the siren of an ambulance, and gestures, such as the wink of an eye.

Some of the purposes of non-verbal communication[5]​ include complementing and illustrating the message to reinforce or emphasize it, replace or substitute, control or regulate and even contradict. This gives great importance to non-verbal communication because it contributes to reinforcing the ideas and purposes of the sender and helps the receiver "Receiver (communication)") to better decode the message they receive.

Verbal communication

Verbal communication or linguistic communication is that which uses words as signs. It cannot be isolated from a number of factors to be effective, including non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of linguistic symbols or signs, known as lexemes and grammatical rules in which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to the common properties of language. With these signs, the objects and facts of reality are represented, and by uniting them through the rules of grammar, complex messages are constructed, that is, the sentences "Prayer (grammar)"), with which thoughts are represented. In the event that two people speak the same language, they will recognize the signs that each one pronounces, and their meaning, in such a way that it will evoke in the mind a thought or an idea that is what they want to transmit.

Learning this occurs normally and intensely during the years of human childhood. Most languages ​​in the world use sounds and gestures as symbols that enable communication with other languages, which tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language or idiom and a dialect. Constructed languages ​​such as Esperanto, programming language, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted by the properties shared by human language.

Fundamentally, verbal communication is oral, using words spoken with the voice. It can also be written. In writing, sounds are transformed into letters, and spoken words into graphic words.

Written communication

Written communication, unlike verbal communication, has another way of interaction between sender and receiver "Receiver (communication)"), occurring over time or even never, although what is written can last. Throughout history, this type of communication has developed thanks to the impact of technologies and science. These development processes are divided into three stages: Pictograms as the most primitive forms of human writing; the development of alphabets in different languages ​​written on physical supports such as stone, wax, clay, papyrus and, finally, paper; and finally the information transmitted through electronic means.

Written communication requires the interpersonal skills of processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, managing and evaluating in such a way as to enable collaboration and cooperation. Misunderstandings can be anticipated and resolved through forms, questions and answers, paraphrasing, examples and stories.[7]​.

Cross-communication combines the horizontal flow of information, between people at the same or similar organizational level, with the diagonal flow, between those at different levels who do not have direct reporting relationships with each other.

This type of communication is used to accelerate the flow of information, improve understanding, and coordinate efforts to achieve organizational objectives.

There is a lot of communication that does not follow the organizational hierarchy, but rather crosses the chain of command. The company environment offers many opportunities for oral communication, from informal meetings of the company soccer team and the lunch hour that employees spend together, to more formal conferences and committee and board meetings. This type of communication also exists when members of different departments form task teams or project groups.

Finally, communication crosses organizational boundaries when, for example, support members with functional or advisory authority interact with line managers from different departments.

Additionally, written forms of communication keep people informed about the company; including the company's publication and notices on the news board. Modern companies use many types of oral and written cross-communication models to complement the vertical flow of information.[8]​.

The concept of communication in the context of Information Theory is used in a very broad sense in which "all procedures by which one mind can influence another are included." In this way, all the forms that man uses to transmit his ideas are considered: the spoken, written or transmitted word (telephone, radio, telegraph, etc.), gestures, music, images, movements, etc. In the communication process it is possible to distinguish at least three different levels of analysis: technical, semantic and pragmatic. At the technical level, those problems that arise regarding the fidelity with which information can be transmitted from the sender to the receiver are analyzed. In semantics, everything that refers to the meaning of the message and its interpretation is studied. Finally, at the pragmatic level, the behavioral effects of communication are analyzed, the influence or effectiveness of the message as it gives rise to behavior. It is important to highlight that Information Theory is developed as a response to the technical problems of the communication process, even when its principles can be applied in other contexts.

In many cases, communication is often confused with information theory, which corresponds to the mathematical theory of Claude E. Shannon that studies information (channels, data understanding, cryptography and everything related to it) as a physical magnitude. This uses a unit of measurement of information which it calls the "Shannon (unit) bit", that is, the smallest unit that can be learned. This unit of measurement of information is based on the alternative yes or no in each determination that can provide elements for the knowledge of the objects. Thus, for example, the sexuality of a subject can be given by a BIT, simply, male or female. To fix the position of a chess piece on a 64-square board, at least 6 bits or 6 binary questions will be needed.

Although information theory is fundamental to the study of communication and the understanding of its processes, this theory does not respond to the concerns of human communication itself, such as the following, among many others of a social nature:

• - Social relations between individuals or groups within a social problem.

• - Relationship between media communication and political power.

• - Semiological character of communication.

• - Linguistic nature of the communication.

• - Relationship with other social sciences.

Communication theory is a field of information theory that studies information processes[9]​ and human communication.[10]​.

The best-known schools of communication theory are the following:

• - Mechanism: understands communication as a perfect mechanical transmitter of a message from a sender to a receiver.

• - Psychological: considers communication as the act of sending a message to a perceiver (so called because it considers the receiver as the subject of the communication) and in which the sensations and ideas of both parties considerably influence the content of the message.

• - Social constructionism: This point of view, also called "symbolic interactionism", considers communication as the product of creative meanings and shared interrelationships.

• - Systematic: considers communication as a message that goes through a long and complex process of transformations and interpretations from the moment it occurs until it reaches the recipients.

These theories are also studied from the following perspectives:

• - Ontology: asks the question about what is communicated.

• - Epistemology: asks the question about how to communicate.

The following are the basic elements of communication:.

• - Code "Code (communication)"): is a set of signs that are combined following rules (semantics) and that allow their interpretation (decoding), by which the sender prepares the message. The receiver must also know the code to interpret the message. In order for communication to occur between two people of different languages, foreign language is used.

• - Channel: the physical medium through which the message is transmitted from the sender to the receiver.

• - Sender: is the person who intends and is responsible for transmitting information (message), for which he or she needs to prepare it and send it to the receiver. This person chooses and selects the signs that suit him, that is, he carries out a coding process; encodes the message.

• - Receiver "Receiver (communication)"): the person who receives and interprets a message, previously sent by a sender, is called the receiver. That is, it is the one in charge of decoding the signs of the received message. Once such information is interpreted, the receiver can respond, and in this way, take the place of the sender, generating a communicative action.

• - Message: in the most general sense, it is the object of the communication. It is defined as the information or sequence of signs that the sender prepares and sends to the receiver through a specific communication channel or media.

• - Situation "Situation (communication theory)"), communicative situation or context: in the most general sense, it is the space where the communicative act or situation takes place. It is the set of circumstances that affect both the sender and the receiver, and also condition the interpretation of the message. Both sender and receiver must be aware of the circumstances of that communicative act, which is taken for granted in a conversation, for communication to be effective.

• - Frame of reference: it is the environment that frames the situation.

The following are the basic mechanical elements of communication:.

• - Source or Emitter (Sender): device that generates the data to be transmitted, for example telephones or personal computers.

• - Transmitter: transforms and encodes information, generating electromagnetic signals that can be sent through some transmission system. For example, an antenna.

• - Transmission system: it can be from a simple transmission line to a complex network that connects the source with the destination.

• - Receiver: is the person who receives, accepts and interprets the signal (message) coming from the sender, and transforms it in such a way that it can be handled by the destination. For example, a radio "Radio (media)") or a television.

• - Destination, recipient or destination: takes the data from the receiver, for example the audience "Audience (media)").

Communication can have functions such as informing, persuading, regulating and motivating, among many others. The most basic functions are four:

• - Informative: has to do with the transmission and reception of information. Through it the recipient accesses the wealth of social and historical experience.

• - Formative: the formation of habits "Habit (psychology)"), intellectual ability and convictions. In this function, the sender influences the internal mental state of the receiver by providing new information.

• - Persuasive: the sender intends to modify the behavior or opinion of the receiver so that he or she cooperates with a certain purpose. Or you create in your mind a perception about an organization, company, service or product.[11]​ It is called Marketing Communication and is applied to all online and offline social areas, such as political, social, environmental, commercial, etc.[11]​.

• - Entertain: the sender creates content that the receiver enjoys.

Other Functions of communication within a group or team:.

• - Regulatory: the sender aims to regulate the behavior of the receiver, for example in a specific social norm.

• - Control: the sender aims to control the behavior of the receiver, for example by establishing a system of rewards and social sanctions.

• - Motivation: the sender aims to motivate the receiver in carrying out certain acts, for example the boss within a company.

• - Emotional expression: Communication is presented as the means to express ideas and emotions, for example, employees can communicate what they think about their company.

• - Cooperation: communication is an important help in solving problems.

To communicate something about the objects of reality, signs that represent those objects will be used. Words, therefore, are the "name of things."

A sign is anything that we perceive through the senses and evokes another different object or fact with which it maintains a relationship. Depending on the relationship established, there are three types of signs.

• - Indications: based on the cause-effect relationship between two events. The clues convey information that was not known until then.

• - Icons: based on the relationship of similarity between two facts.

• - Symbols: conventional signs that maintain an arbitrary relationship with the fact represented.

THE philosopher and writer Umberto Eco, in his work Il segno") (Sign), makes a description of what a sign is:

Jonathan Swift, author of Gulliver's Travels, also mentions the linguistic sign:

Relationship with other disciplines

• - Marketing:[11]​ is the science that, taking into account the needs and desires of the population through adequate psychosociological knowledge, globally integrates the product, service, idea or act that you want to promote, determining the price or sacrifice that the people who adopt it must bear, defining the way to reach the adopters and designing the most appropriate communication actions depending on the typology of each of the types that make up its target audience, with the aim of achieving maximum efficiency. The most successful non-profit organizations shape their communication strategy as a marketing variable, the most successful political parties shape their communication strategies as a marketing variable, and all companies and organizations that stand out conspicuously use communication as a marketing variable.

• Neuromarketing:[11]​ is a discipline of neuroscience that evaluates marketing and communication actions through the use of neuroscience techniques, measuring the unconscious reactions of individuals, in such a way that it replaces traditional market and opinion studies based on questionnaires, focus groups, etc. According to González-Morales (2016), president of the Spanish Association of Neuromarketing and Neurocommunication (AENENE), who defines neuromarketing taking Philip Kotler's definition of marketing as a starting point, "Neuromarketing is the use of neurosciences with the purpose of facilitating and improving the creation, communication and exchange of actions, services and products of value between groups and individuals who need and want to satisfy their needs through these exchanges."

• - Psychology: this analyzes the subject-object of communication, their problems, needs and ways of assimilating and the influence that the message has on them, especially from the psychology of personality, evolution and social psychology.

• - Sociology: this analyzes the social impact of the message and the dynamics of groups, as well as the way in which social conditions influence the contents and forms of communication.

• - Cybernetics: this analyzes self-regulated and controlled processes, reaction (feedback) and the way in which the media can influence large-scale social processes.

• - Pedagogy: this analyzes the didactic principles for the elaboration and understanding of messages, the formation of convictions and general learning procedures through the media.

• - Education: educational communication is the field of knowledge that studies the relationship between communication and education. Analyzes the process in which people exchange ideas, knowledge and experiences, within an educational context, whether formal or informal. This concept emerged in the 1960s and some authors have used it as a synonym for educommunication.[14]​ In the same way as in the traditional concept of communication, in educational communication the main elements are distinguished: sender, who in this case is the educator; receiver, which corresponds to the role of the student; and the message, which is the teaching/learning content. From the position of the Latin American current of educators and communicators, among them, Paulo Freire, Mario Kaplún, and Daniel Prieto Castillo, they propose dialogue as an essential requirement for a true educational communication process to exist.[15]​ From this perspective, education requires horizontal communication. Against banking education, that is, the deposit or transmission of information by the teacher to the student, a liberating education is proposed, which allows people to critically understand the world. Likewise, the teaching/learning contents are not selected solely by educators, since students also take part in their selection.[16]​.

Professional training in communication covers educational programs that train specialists in the study of communication processes, media analysis, content production and persuasion strategies and information exchange. These programs usually combine theoretical aspects, such as communication theories and audience analysis, with practical skills in audiovisual, digital and traditional media. Wikipedia[17]​.

The study plans in bachelor's degrees and degrees in communication include content related to understanding the social role of the media, critical analysis of messages, creation and management of content on different platforms, as well as technical skills for the production and editing of multimedia materials. These skills prepare graduates to work in the media, institutional communication, multimedia production, social network management, public relations and other areas linked to the circulation of information.

Universities in Latin America where the Bachelor's Degree in Communication is taught

The Bachelor's Degree in Communication, or equivalent programs in Communication Sciences or Social Communication, is taught in various universities in Latin America, both in person and remotely. Some of these institutions are:

• - National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) – offers programs in communication and communication sciences.

• - Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM, Mexico) – teaches the Bachelor's Degree in Communication Sciences.

• - University of Guadalajara (Mexico) – has communication programs and related studies.

• - Tecnológico de Monterrey (Mexico) – offers programs in communication and digital media.

• - Universidad Panamericana (Mexico) – teaches the Bachelor's Degree in Communication.

• - Anáhuac University (Mexico) – offers communication programs with different focuses.

• - National Open and Distance University (UNAD, Colombia) – offers communication programs in distance mode.

• - University of Communication (Mexico) – institution specialized in communication studies.

• - Monteávila University (Venezuela) – offers a Bachelor's Degree in Social Communication.

• - Utel Universidad") (Mexico) – teaches the Bachelor's Degree in Communication in online mode.

• - Portal:Communication. Content related to Communication.

• - Technical communication.

• - Intercultural communication.

• - Communication sciences.

• - Advertising communication.

• - Anthropological linguistics.

• - Metacommunication.

• - Psychology.

• - Sociology.

• - Communication factors.

In Spanish

• - , Flora (1996). Non-verbal communication. ISBN 9788420616162.

• -, Ricardo J.; , O.: Anatomical graphic symbology in the communication process. International Journal of Morphology, 39 (3): 739-742, 2021.

In English

• - , Emory A., A first look at communication theory. 3rd edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. ISBN 0-07-022822-1.

• - , S. W., Theories of human communication. 7th edition, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002.

• - , K., Communication Theories: Perspectives, processes, and contexts. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

• - , E., «Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure.» Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, L. Gasser and M. Huhns, eds., Morgan Kaufmann and Pitman Press, 1989. Abstract.

• - , E., «Toward a Theory of Communication and Cooperation for Multiagent Planning.» Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge: Proceedings of the Second Conference, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, pp. 129–143, 1988. Abstract PDF.

• - , G., Biocommunication and Natural Genome Editing. Springer Verlag, 2009.

In other languages

• - Wiktionary has definitions and other information about communication.

• - Critical theories of social media, Idoneos.com.

• - aenene.org Archived October 13, 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

Contenido

Dependiendo de las clases de signos que se emplee, se diferencia la comunicación verbal y no verbal.[3]​.

En muchas ocasiones los signos verbales y los signos no verbales se combinan en un mensaje, dando lugar a formas mixtas de comunicación. Un ejemplo sería un anuncio publicitario, el cine o un cómic.

Si se atiende a la relación que se establece entre emisor y receptor, se diferencia una comunicación unilateral y otra comunicación bilateral.

La comunicación unilateral se produce cuando el receptor no se convierte en emisor. Sucede en las señales de tráfico. La comunicación bilateral") se produce cuando el receptor se puede convertir a su vez en emisor. Sucede en una conversación.

Non-verbal communication

Nonverbal communication involves transmitting meaning in the form of nonverbal messages. Non-linguistic signs are used. Examples of non-verbal communication include gestures, facial expressions, body language, eye contact, dress, haptics (communication through touch), chronemics (meaning of time in communication), and kinesics (body language), among others. Oral communication itself contains non-verbal elements such as paralinguistics (non-verbal elements that accompany linguistics, for example tones of surprise, interest, disinterest, fear, tiredness, insinuations, etc.) According to studies, 55% of human communication occurs through non-verbal facial expressions and 38% through paralanguage.[4]​ This includes the same written communication in which it is possible to determine meanings in the writing style, the distribution of spaces between words and the use of emoticons to convey emotions. In this sense, colors are used to convey a message, such as the blue and red mark on taps, sounds, such as the siren of an ambulance, and gestures, such as the wink of an eye.

Some of the purposes of non-verbal communication[5]​ include complementing and illustrating the message to reinforce or emphasize it, replace or substitute, control or regulate and even contradict. This gives great importance to non-verbal communication because it contributes to reinforcing the ideas and purposes of the sender and helps the receiver "Receiver (communication)") to better decode the message they receive.

Verbal communication

Verbal communication or linguistic communication is that which uses words as signs. It cannot be isolated from a number of factors to be effective, including non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of linguistic symbols or signs, known as lexemes and grammatical rules in which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to the common properties of language. With these signs, the objects and facts of reality are represented, and by uniting them through the rules of grammar, complex messages are constructed, that is, the sentences "Prayer (grammar)"), with which thoughts are represented. In the event that two people speak the same language, they will recognize the signs that each one pronounces, and their meaning, in such a way that it will evoke in the mind a thought or an idea that is what they want to transmit.

Learning this occurs normally and intensely during the years of human childhood. Most languages ​​in the world use sounds and gestures as symbols that enable communication with other languages, which tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language or idiom and a dialect. Constructed languages ​​such as Esperanto, programming language, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted by the properties shared by human language.

Fundamentally, verbal communication is oral, using words spoken with the voice. It can also be written. In writing, sounds are transformed into letters, and spoken words into graphic words.

Written communication

Written communication, unlike verbal communication, has another way of interaction between sender and receiver "Receiver (communication)"), occurring over time or even never, although what is written can last. Throughout history, this type of communication has developed thanks to the impact of technologies and science. These development processes are divided into three stages: Pictograms as the most primitive forms of human writing; the development of alphabets in different languages ​​written on physical supports such as stone, wax, clay, papyrus and, finally, paper; and finally the information transmitted through electronic means.

Written communication requires the interpersonal skills of processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, managing and evaluating in such a way as to enable collaboration and cooperation. Misunderstandings can be anticipated and resolved through forms, questions and answers, paraphrasing, examples and stories.[7]​.

Cross-communication combines the horizontal flow of information, between people at the same or similar organizational level, with the diagonal flow, between those at different levels who do not have direct reporting relationships with each other.

This type of communication is used to accelerate the flow of information, improve understanding, and coordinate efforts to achieve organizational objectives.

There is a lot of communication that does not follow the organizational hierarchy, but rather crosses the chain of command. The company environment offers many opportunities for oral communication, from informal meetings of the company soccer team and the lunch hour that employees spend together, to more formal conferences and committee and board meetings. This type of communication also exists when members of different departments form task teams or project groups.

Finally, communication crosses organizational boundaries when, for example, support members with functional or advisory authority interact with line managers from different departments.

Additionally, written forms of communication keep people informed about the company; including the company's publication and notices on the news board. Modern companies use many types of oral and written cross-communication models to complement the vertical flow of information.[8]​.

The concept of communication in the context of Information Theory is used in a very broad sense in which "all procedures by which one mind can influence another are included." In this way, all the forms that man uses to transmit his ideas are considered: the spoken, written or transmitted word (telephone, radio, telegraph, etc.), gestures, music, images, movements, etc. In the communication process it is possible to distinguish at least three different levels of analysis: technical, semantic and pragmatic. At the technical level, those problems that arise regarding the fidelity with which information can be transmitted from the sender to the receiver are analyzed. In semantics, everything that refers to the meaning of the message and its interpretation is studied. Finally, at the pragmatic level, the behavioral effects of communication are analyzed, the influence or effectiveness of the message as it gives rise to behavior. It is important to highlight that Information Theory is developed as a response to the technical problems of the communication process, even when its principles can be applied in other contexts.

In many cases, communication is often confused with information theory, which corresponds to the mathematical theory of Claude E. Shannon that studies information (channels, data understanding, cryptography and everything related to it) as a physical magnitude. This uses a unit of measurement of information which it calls the "Shannon (unit) bit", that is, the smallest unit that can be learned. This unit of measurement of information is based on the alternative yes or no in each determination that can provide elements for the knowledge of the objects. Thus, for example, the sexuality of a subject can be given by a BIT, simply, male or female. To fix the position of a chess piece on a 64-square board, at least 6 bits or 6 binary questions will be needed.

Although information theory is fundamental to the study of communication and the understanding of its processes, this theory does not respond to the concerns of human communication itself, such as the following, among many others of a social nature:

• - Social relations between individuals or groups within a social problem.

• - Relationship between media communication and political power.

• - Semiological character of communication.

• - Linguistic nature of the communication.

• - Relationship with other social sciences.

Communication theory is a field of information theory that studies information processes[9]​ and human communication.[10]​.

The best-known schools of communication theory are the following:

• - Mechanism: understands communication as a perfect mechanical transmitter of a message from a sender to a receiver.

• - Psychological: considers communication as the act of sending a message to a perceiver (so called because it considers the receiver as the subject of the communication) and in which the sensations and ideas of both parties considerably influence the content of the message.

• - Social constructionism: This point of view, also called "symbolic interactionism", considers communication as the product of creative meanings and shared interrelationships.

• - Systematic: considers communication as a message that goes through a long and complex process of transformations and interpretations from the moment it occurs until it reaches the recipients.

These theories are also studied from the following perspectives:

• - Ontology: asks the question about what is communicated.

• - Epistemology: asks the question about how to communicate.

The following are the basic elements of communication:.

• - Code "Code (communication)"): is a set of signs that are combined following rules (semantics) and that allow their interpretation (decoding), by which the sender prepares the message. The receiver must also know the code to interpret the message. In order for communication to occur between two people of different languages, foreign language is used.

• - Channel: the physical medium through which the message is transmitted from the sender to the receiver.

• - Sender: is the person who intends and is responsible for transmitting information (message), for which he or she needs to prepare it and send it to the receiver. This person chooses and selects the signs that suit him, that is, he carries out a coding process; encodes the message.

• - Receiver "Receiver (communication)"): the person who receives and interprets a message, previously sent by a sender, is called the receiver. That is, it is the one in charge of decoding the signs of the received message. Once such information is interpreted, the receiver can respond, and in this way, take the place of the sender, generating a communicative action.

• - Message: in the most general sense, it is the object of the communication. It is defined as the information or sequence of signs that the sender prepares and sends to the receiver through a specific communication channel or media.

• - Situation "Situation (communication theory)"), communicative situation or context: in the most general sense, it is the space where the communicative act or situation takes place. It is the set of circumstances that affect both the sender and the receiver, and also condition the interpretation of the message. Both sender and receiver must be aware of the circumstances of that communicative act, which is taken for granted in a conversation, for communication to be effective.

• - Frame of reference: it is the environment that frames the situation.

The following are the basic mechanical elements of communication:.

• - Source or Emitter (Sender): device that generates the data to be transmitted, for example telephones or personal computers.

• - Transmitter: transforms and encodes information, generating electromagnetic signals that can be sent through some transmission system. For example, an antenna.

• - Transmission system: it can be from a simple transmission line to a complex network that connects the source with the destination.

• - Receiver: is the person who receives, accepts and interprets the signal (message) coming from the sender, and transforms it in such a way that it can be handled by the destination. For example, a radio "Radio (media)") or a television.

• - Destination, recipient or destination: takes the data from the receiver, for example the audience "Audience (media)").

Communication can have functions such as informing, persuading, regulating and motivating, among many others. The most basic functions are four:

• - Informative: has to do with the transmission and reception of information. Through it the recipient accesses the wealth of social and historical experience.

• - Formative: the formation of habits "Habit (psychology)"), intellectual ability and convictions. In this function, the sender influences the internal mental state of the receiver by providing new information.

• - Persuasive: the sender intends to modify the behavior or opinion of the receiver so that he or she cooperates with a certain purpose. Or you create in your mind a perception about an organization, company, service or product.[11]​ It is called Marketing Communication and is applied to all online and offline social areas, such as political, social, environmental, commercial, etc.[11]​.

• - Entertain: the sender creates content that the receiver enjoys.

Other Functions of communication within a group or team:.

• - Regulatory: the sender aims to regulate the behavior of the receiver, for example in a specific social norm.

• - Control: the sender aims to control the behavior of the receiver, for example by establishing a system of rewards and social sanctions.

• - Motivation: the sender aims to motivate the receiver in carrying out certain acts, for example the boss within a company.

• - Emotional expression: Communication is presented as the means to express ideas and emotions, for example, employees can communicate what they think about their company.

• - Cooperation: communication is an important help in solving problems.

To communicate something about the objects of reality, signs that represent those objects will be used. Words, therefore, are the "name of things."

A sign is anything that we perceive through the senses and evokes another different object or fact with which it maintains a relationship. Depending on the relationship established, there are three types of signs.

• - Indications: based on the cause-effect relationship between two events. The clues convey information that was not known until then.

• - Icons: based on the relationship of similarity between two facts.

• - Symbols: conventional signs that maintain an arbitrary relationship with the fact represented.

THE philosopher and writer Umberto Eco, in his work Il segno") (Sign), makes a description of what a sign is:

Jonathan Swift, author of Gulliver's Travels, also mentions the linguistic sign:

Relationship with other disciplines

• - Marketing:[11]​ is the science that, taking into account the needs and desires of the population through adequate psychosociological knowledge, globally integrates the product, service, idea or act that you want to promote, determining the price or sacrifice that the people who adopt it must bear, defining the way to reach the adopters and designing the most appropriate communication actions depending on the typology of each of the types that make up its target audience, with the aim of achieving maximum efficiency. The most successful non-profit organizations shape their communication strategy as a marketing variable, the most successful political parties shape their communication strategies as a marketing variable, and all companies and organizations that stand out conspicuously use communication as a marketing variable.

• Neuromarketing:[11]​ is a discipline of neuroscience that evaluates marketing and communication actions through the use of neuroscience techniques, measuring the unconscious reactions of individuals, in such a way that it replaces traditional market and opinion studies based on questionnaires, focus groups, etc. According to González-Morales (2016), president of the Spanish Association of Neuromarketing and Neurocommunication (AENENE), who defines neuromarketing taking Philip Kotler's definition of marketing as a starting point, "Neuromarketing is the use of neurosciences with the purpose of facilitating and improving the creation, communication and exchange of actions, services and products of value between groups and individuals who need and want to satisfy their needs through these exchanges."

• - Psychology: this analyzes the subject-object of communication, their problems, needs and ways of assimilating and the influence that the message has on them, especially from the psychology of personality, evolution and social psychology.

• - Sociology: this analyzes the social impact of the message and the dynamics of groups, as well as the way in which social conditions influence the contents and forms of communication.

• - Cybernetics: this analyzes self-regulated and controlled processes, reaction (feedback) and the way in which the media can influence large-scale social processes.

• - Pedagogy: this analyzes the didactic principles for the elaboration and understanding of messages, the formation of convictions and general learning procedures through the media.

• - Education: educational communication is the field of knowledge that studies the relationship between communication and education. Analyzes the process in which people exchange ideas, knowledge and experiences, within an educational context, whether formal or informal. This concept emerged in the 1960s and some authors have used it as a synonym for educommunication.[14]​ In the same way as in the traditional concept of communication, in educational communication the main elements are distinguished: sender, who in this case is the educator; receiver, which corresponds to the role of the student; and the message, which is the teaching/learning content. From the position of the Latin American current of educators and communicators, among them, Paulo Freire, Mario Kaplún, and Daniel Prieto Castillo, they propose dialogue as an essential requirement for a true educational communication process to exist.[15]​ From this perspective, education requires horizontal communication. Against banking education, that is, the deposit or transmission of information by the teacher to the student, a liberating education is proposed, which allows people to critically understand the world. Likewise, the teaching/learning contents are not selected solely by educators, since students also take part in their selection.[16]​.

Professional training in communication covers educational programs that train specialists in the study of communication processes, media analysis, content production and persuasion strategies and information exchange. These programs usually combine theoretical aspects, such as communication theories and audience analysis, with practical skills in audiovisual, digital and traditional media. Wikipedia[17]​.

The study plans in bachelor's degrees and degrees in communication include content related to understanding the social role of the media, critical analysis of messages, creation and management of content on different platforms, as well as technical skills for the production and editing of multimedia materials. These skills prepare graduates to work in the media, institutional communication, multimedia production, social network management, public relations and other areas linked to the circulation of information.

Universities in Latin America where the Bachelor's Degree in Communication is taught

The Bachelor's Degree in Communication, or equivalent programs in Communication Sciences or Social Communication, is taught in various universities in Latin America, both in person and remotely. Some of these institutions are:

• - National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) – offers programs in communication and communication sciences.

• - Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM, Mexico) – teaches the Bachelor's Degree in Communication Sciences.

• - University of Guadalajara (Mexico) – has communication programs and related studies.

• - Tecnológico de Monterrey (Mexico) – offers programs in communication and digital media.

• - Universidad Panamericana (Mexico) – teaches the Bachelor's Degree in Communication.

• - Anáhuac University (Mexico) – offers communication programs with different focuses.

• - National Open and Distance University (UNAD, Colombia) – offers communication programs in distance mode.

• - University of Communication (Mexico) – institution specialized in communication studies.

• - Monteávila University (Venezuela) – offers a Bachelor's Degree in Social Communication.

• - Utel Universidad") (Mexico) – teaches the Bachelor's Degree in Communication in online mode.

• - Portal:Communication. Content related to Communication.

• - Technical communication.

• - Intercultural communication.

• - Communication sciences.

• - Advertising communication.

• - Anthropological linguistics.

• - Metacommunication.

• - Psychology.

• - Sociology.

• - Communication factors.

In Spanish

• - , Flora (1996). Non-verbal communication. ISBN 9788420616162.

• -, Ricardo J.; , O.: Anatomical graphic symbology in the communication process. International Journal of Morphology, 39 (3): 739-742, 2021.

In English

• - , Emory A., A first look at communication theory. 3rd edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. ISBN 0-07-022822-1.

• - , S. W., Theories of human communication. 7th edition, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002.

• - , K., Communication Theories: Perspectives, processes, and contexts. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

• - , E., «Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure.» Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, L. Gasser and M. Huhns, eds., Morgan Kaufmann and Pitman Press, 1989. Abstract.

• - , E., «Toward a Theory of Communication and Cooperation for Multiagent Planning.» Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge: Proceedings of the Second Conference, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, pp. 129–143, 1988. Abstract PDF.

• - , G., Biocommunication and Natural Genome Editing. Springer Verlag, 2009.

In other languages

• - Wiktionary has definitions and other information about communication.

• - Critical theories of social media, Idoneos.com.

• - aenene.org Archived October 13, 2017 at the Wayback Machine.