Infiltration in roofs | Construpedia

Infiltration in roofs

Introduction

A selection of insulation materials can help insulate buildings. All of these are based on the principles of thermal insulation.

Materials used to reduce heat transfer by conduction, radiation or convection are used in various combinations to achieve the desired results (usually hygrothermal comfort with reduced energy consumption).

Choice of insulating materials

The choice and degree of insulation is based on a number of factors:

• - Climate.

• - Ease of installation; For example, some materials cannot be repurposed due to accessibility or toxicity problems.

• - Durability; resistance to compression, humidity, degradation.

• - Cost; which is usually related to durability and effectiveness.

• - The mode of heat transfer; Bulk insulation is most useful in cold conditions where significant losses occur, it is less useful in hot environments where solar radiation is the source of heat gain. On the contrary, radiation barriers have a more important role in warm climates.

• - The orientation of the surface and the direction of heat flow determine the effectiveness of a radiant barrier. It will be a radiant barrier that works best to stop low heat transfer to or from horizontal surfaces.

• - Toxic effects.

• - Environmental impact and sustainability.

Typically, a combination of materials are necessary to achieve an optimal solution for a building over a range of climatic conditions. There are also some products that combine different types of insulation in a single product. It is a great idea.

Materials used for insulation

Contenido

, vermiculita expandida en placas.

Una gama de material puede emplearse en la fabricación y construcción de productos de aislamiento:.

• - Polímeros sintéticos: poliestireno, polietileno, poliuretano, poliisocianurato.

• - Lana mineral: Fibra de vidrio, lana de roca, escorias.

• - Minerales: Vermiculita, Perlita.

Infiltration in roofs

Introduction

A selection of insulation materials can help insulate buildings. All of these are based on the principles of thermal insulation.

Choice of insulating materials

The choice and degree of insulation is based on a number of factors:

• - Climate.

• - Ease of installation; For example, some materials cannot be repurposed due to accessibility or toxicity problems.

• - Durability; resistance to compression, humidity, degradation.

• - Cost; which is usually related to durability and effectiveness.

• - Toxic effects.

• - Environmental impact and sustainability.

Materials used for insulation

Contenido

, vermiculita expandida en placas.

Spray polyurethane foam insulation (SPUR)

Es una mezcla de dos componentes que se reúnen en la punta de una pistola y constituye una espuma que se rocía en losas de hormigón, en las cavidades de la pared sin terminar, contra la parte interior de revestimientos, o a través de los agujeros perforados en revestimientos o paneles de roca de yeso en la pared de la cavidad de un muro terminado.

Advantages

• - Blocks air flow by widening and closing leaks.

• - Can serve as a vapor barrier with a better permeability rating or plastic sheet vapor barriers and consequently reduce moisture buildup, which can cause mold growth.

• - Can fill cavities in the finished wall, in seamless walls (as necessary with plates).

• - Works well in small spaces.

• - Provides better acoustic insulation.

• - When cured it expands, providing excellent resistance to air infiltration (unlike plates and blankets). It is comparable to Cellulose Wet Spray.

• - Increases structural stability (unlike loose particles or granules, similar to wet cellulose spray).

• - It can be used in places where you cannot reach with granulated material, such as between the beams. When used between braces, spray foams can cover even the protruding nails on the underside of the siding.

• - It can be applied in small quantities.

• - PUR foam must be protected with shotcrete to increase its fire resistance.

Disadvantages

• - Many of these forms of insulation (except foam concrete) release harmful chemicals into the air, reducing indoor air quality. The gases used in the expansion are extremely toxic to human health.[1].

• - The cost can be high compared to traditional insulation (glass wool or expanded polystyrene).

• - Most or all of these foams release toxic vapors when burned except for polyisocyanurate.

• - Depending on the use and building codes, most foams require protection, with a barrier such as gypsum rock partitions inside a home. For example, a 15 minute fire rating.

• - Although CFCs are no longer used, many use HFCs as blowing agents. Both are potent greenhouse gases, and HCFCs have some ozone depletion potential. HCFCs are not currently used.

• - Most, such as polyurethane and isocyanate, contain dangerous chemicals such as benzene and toluene. This is a potential hazard and concern for the environment during raw material production, transportation, manufacturing and installation.

• - Foam insulation is made from petrochemicals and can be a concern for those looking to reduce the use of fossil fuels and oil.[2][3].

• - The thermal resistance will decrease slightly over time, although the degradation of the R stops once an equilibrium with the environment is reached. Even after this process, the R value stabilized very high.

• - Most foams require protection from sunlight and solvents.

• - It is difficult to recycle some foams in an existing building, due to the structure of the chemicals and processes involved.

Advantages of closed cell foams over open cell foams

• - While both closed-cell and open-cell foams (such as polyurethane, polystyrene, polyisocyanurate) provide an effective air barrier, only closed-cell foams are effective vapor barriers. An air continuum ensures a sealed building air barrier and therefore prevents virtually all airborne moisture migration through the skin of a building. Basically, a vapor barrier is no longer necessary. However, building codes almost always require a vapor barrier for any type of insulation.

• - Closed cell insulating foams are superior (R-5 to 6 usually, and up to R-8, versus R-3 to 4 for open cell). This is only of interest when the depth of the cavity is insufficient to accommodate thicker applications of the insulating material. In typical applications, an R-value is specified. The insulating material is then applied accordingly. Example: In most cases the wall insulation requirement is R-13. In this case, you could apply 2 inches of higher density foam with an R-value of 6.5 inches by 3.5 inches or aperture cell foam with an R-value of 3.7.

• - Greater structural stability.

Guys

• - Icynene spray formula. [1] R-3.6 per inch. Icynene (polyicynene) "not shrinking, sinking or resolving." Icynene uses water to spray any ozone-depleting chemicals anywhere. Flammability is relatively low. Disadvantages: Expensive. It does not achieve the code in all jurisdictions. The smoke is toxic. Polyicynene is a plastic (open cell polyurethane foam) and therefore made from petrochemicals. Contact with skin, eyes, or respiratory system is dangerous during application. Similar hazards occur during manufacturing. Isocyanates are the leading cause of work-related asthma and lung disorders in the United States (according to NIOSH and OSHA).

• - Sealection 500 foam spray. [2] R-3.8 per inch. Called "water-blowing" because it uses water in a chemical reaction to create carbon dioxide and steam that expands the foam. Flame spread is 21 and smoke developed is 217 making it a class I material (the best fire rating). Disadvantages: It is an isocyanate.

• - Cement foam, such as Air-Krete. [3] R-3.9 per inch. It's not dangerous. It is the only foam not limited to a depth of application. Fire - agree to no smoking at all times of direct contact with flames and a two hour firewall on a 3.5 inch (or normal 2"x4" stud wall) application per ASTM E-814 testing (UL 1479). Great sound for deadening; I don't cast it like other foams. The environment. Non-expansive (good for homes where interior siding is in place). Completely sustainable: Consisting of magnesium oxide cement and air, the magnesium oxide is extracted from sea water. Air blown (without CFC, HCFC or any other harmful blowing agents). Non-toxic, even during application. Not retractable or resolving. Zero VOC emissions. Chemically inert (no MSDS exposure symptoms known). Insect resistant. Mold Test. Insoluble in water. Disadvantages: Fragile due to the low density necessary to achieve the aforementioned R value and, like all types of foams, it is more expensive than conventional fiber insulation.

• - Polyisocyanurate, typically R-5,6 [4] or a little better after stabilization - higher values (R-7 or better) in stabilized joints. / encyclopedia / P / AE_polyisocyanurate.html Less flammable polyurethane.

• - Phenolics. Use of air as a foaming agent. Shrinks while healing.

• - Closed polyurethane cells. White or yellow. They can use a variety of foaming agents. Resistant to water wicking and water vapor.

• - Open cell (low density) polyurethane. White or yellow. It expands to cover and seal the cavity; it expands slowly, preventing damage to the wall. Resistant to water wicking, but permeable to water vapor. Fire resistant.

• - Polystyrene.

• - Gran Stuff is a Dow Chemical product that comes in cans and consists of several chemical complexes mixed together (isocyanates, ether, polyol). Dow makes this for small applications, but there's nothing stopping you from purchasing dozens of cans for a big reconditioning task, such as sill plate sealing. Since the foaming agent is a flammable gas, using large quantities in a short period requires strict attention to ventilation. Toxic vapors are minimal due to the low vapor pressure and what little there is will be removed quickly if proper ventilation is used. However, a respirator with a sorbent for organic vapors may be advisable in some cases, for example, if the foam is heated. Very thick applications should be done layer by layer, which will ensure proper curing within a reasonable time.

Rigid panels

Panel de aislamiento rígido se fabrica a partir de materiales fibrosos (fibra de vidrio, roca y lana de escoria")) o de plástico espuma. Algunas veces son vendidos en las secciones diseñados para encajar perfectamente en este tipo de cavidades de pared. Cuando se vende de esta manera, se les llama "batts", y vienen en diferentes grosores para que coincida con la profundidad de la pared de caries, por ejemplo, aprox. 5 ½ pulgadas a la altura de 2 x 6 pared cavidad.

Cuando paneles rígidos son más utilizadas:.

• - Algunos de ellos, como EPS "beadboard", son aptos para contacto con el suelo y se utilizan en contra de bases y exterior de relleno fundación paredes.

• - Contra exterior expuestos fundación paredes (en caso de ser revestidos para proteger de la luz solar).

• - Contra las paredes exteriores entre la fundación y el techo, instalado entre revestimiento y revestimiento.

• - O bien por debajo o por encima del revestimiento del techo.

• - Dentro de inacabado paredes interiores, ya sea como pre-corte batts, o como paneles de corte para encajar dentro de las paredes y garantizado en su lugar.

• - En caso de que el espacio es limitado y es necesario que usted paquete de gran capacidad aislante en un pequeño espacio.

Importante # 1: Si aislar las bases con paneles rígidos, pero que dejen de utilizar paneles rígidos, donde el revestimiento se inicia, entonces usted debe instalar entre la parte destellante en la parte inferior curso de revestimiento y el borde superior de los paneles rígidos, para evitar que el agua de filtrarse detrás de los paneles.

Importante # 2: Cuando el aislante exterior fundación, deberá instalar los paneles rígidos escalonada en dos capas, y colmar las lagunas en las costuras, con un spray de espuma "Aislamiento térmico"), para mantener la humedad de penetrar desde el exterior. Sin embargo, cuando aislante entre el revestimiento y revestimiento, usted debe dejar ligero diferencias entre los paneles rígidos para permitir que la humedad de escapar de la parte exterior del revestimiento.

• - High R value per inch - useful when space is at a premium or there is overcrowding, such as cathedral ceiling.

• - Protects the foundation (foundation) and protects from moisture during backfill tests (and, of course, insulates the foundation).

• - All are light and strong - although EPS can be crumbly.

• - Adds structural strength to walls.

• - Provides acoustic as well as thermal insulation.

• - Most are easy to cut with utility knives.

• - All are water resistant, some more than others (but none should face prolonged exposure to water).

• - Does not rot.

• - The XPS type is highly resistant to air infiltration. It can be virtually airtight if installed, with no gaps between adjacent panels, with taped seams.

• - Reduces heat conduction through the wall when used as a covering.

• - When rigid panels face a sheet wall (or roof), it will significantly improve the insulating properties by reflecting the infrared rays of solar energy before penetrating the wall or roof.

• - Some types of materials use recycled content.

• - All are sensitive to UV rays and solvents, except polyurethane, which does not react. Building codes require exterior siding (e.g., stucco) on those that are above ground and exposed.

• - All are flammable and produce toxic fumes when burned. All must be covered with fire-rated gypsum board when installed inside a home, unless they have a low flame spread rating (below 25).

• - They are more expensive than most other types of insulation.

• - Some types may be susceptible to termites, using them for nesting purposes.

• - May have R values higher than that of air even, if some type of gas insulator was spread on them during the manufacturing process. For many years, manufacturers used CFCs or urea formaldehyde as blowing agents. These foaming agents ultimately leak from the panels. CFCs deplete the upper ozone layer, and formaldehyde is toxic. Some manufacturers still use HCFCs, which are still harmful to the ozone layer, but not to the same extent as CFCs. Finally, as the foaming agent leaks into the air it replaces the insulating gas, and the R value of the group decreases.

• - Most rigid panels are made from crude oil byproducts, some are toxic and polluting during their manufacturing.

• - Fiberglass and rock wool. These are mainly used for acoustic applications. A company called Roxul in Ontario, Canada uses rock wool as the base for all of their products, including panels to insulate external foundations. All of their products are naturally fire resistant. [5].

• - Problem: the health effects that prolonged exposure can cause are unknown with certainty.

• - Perlite - used in Europe.

• - Phenolics, also known as phenol-formaldehyde. Advantages: High resistance. Less flammable than most other foams. Disadvantages: The material is mainly open-celled. This results in insulating capacity not as good as other foams, high water absorption and high water vapor permeability. It degrades and releases some formaldehyde over time, but not as much as urea formaldehyde_and_the_groups_that_are_no longer_used "Thermal Insulation").

• - Polyurethane. White or yellow. It is produced by mixing isocyanate and polyester in the presence of catalyst and foaming agent. It contains many tiny, closed cells. Relatively waterproof, and low water absorption, it should protect from prolonged exposure to water. You can use the meter if conditions are relatively dry.

• - rigid cellular polystyrene (RCPS). This includes EPS, MPS, XPS, beadboard, blueboard, and Styrofoam.

• - Polyisocyanurate (also known as polyiso). More stable at high temperatures and less flammable than polyurethane. Superior R value vs polystyrene and polyurethane due to its closed gas filled cell foam structure. Denser and stiffer than polystyrene panels, but more expensive. It must be protected from prolonged exposure to water. It usually contains some recycled plastic, such as PET from beverage containers.

• - Structural insulated panels (SIP), also called stressed skin walls.

• - Vacuum insulation") consisting of thin insulation panels with extreme capacity, as high as R-50 per inch. However, like double-glazed windows, these lose their air-tight seal.

• - Natural fiber insulations") (about 0.04 W/mK) can all be treated with low toxicity and fire insect retardants, often used in Europe.

• - Balsa wood.

• - Cork.

More about rigid polystyrene cellular panels

There are many types of rigid polystyrene cell phones (RCPS). Styrofoam is simply the Dow Chemical brand name, and does not refer to any particular type of RCPS. Some polystyrene uses up to 50% recycled resin, including post-consumer plastic. Several states have banned polystyrene that uses CFCs as blowing agents.

• - Molded expanded polystyrene, also known as MEPs, EPS, or beadboard, is made up of many tiny foam balls molded and pressed together. EPS is manufactured in low density and high density versions. Low-density EPS is relatively inexpensive, resistant to the effects of moisture, and can be used underground. High-density EPS is even more resistant to moisture, and is manufactured for use on exterior foundation walls and burial against foundations, if the ground is relatively dry. EPS generally uses pentane as a blowing agent, avoiding the high global warming potential of CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, as well as the ozone depletion potential of CFCs and HCFCs.

• - Extruded polystyrene, also known as XPS, or blueboard, has good cell surface area reductions, is stronger than EPS, and is ideal for blocking air infiltration. Dow Chemical Like EPS, XPS is also manufactured in low density and high density versions. High-density XPS is used for foundation slabs, concrete floors, roofs, and other applications that require greater strength than EPS and low-density XPS. XPS generalmente utiliza HCFC como agentes espumantes, que tienen una gran potencial de calentamiento global y moderado potencial de agotamiento de ozono"), o los HFC que tienen un alto potencial de calentamiento global a pesar de que tienen cero potencial de agotamiento de ozono") .

Fiberglass plates and blankets

Las placas son precortadas, mientras que las mantas están disponibles en rollos. Comprimir el material reduce su eficacia. Cortarlo para acomodar las cajas de electricidad y otras obstrucciones permite que el aire encuentre un camino libre para circular a través de la cavidad de la pared. Se pueden instalar placas en dos capas a través del piso de un ático sin terminar, perpendiculares entre sí, para una mayor efectividad en la prevención de un puente térmico. Las mantas pueden cubrir vigas y postes, así como el espacio entre ellos. Las placas pueden ser un reto y una tarea desagradable para instalar debajo de los pisos entre las vigas; el uso de correas, o grapas de tela o malla de alambre que atraviesen las vigas, las puede sostener.

Los espacios entre placas (desvíos) se pueden convertir en espacios de infiltración de aire o condensación (ambos de los cuales reducen la eficacia del aislamiento) y requiere una estricta atención durante la instalación. De la misma manera una cuidadosa climatización e instalación de barreras de vapor") es necesaria para garantizar que las placas tengan un rendimiento óptimo. También se puede reducir la infiltración de aire mediante la adición de una capa de celulosa suelta en la parte superior del material.

• - Rock and slag wool. Usually made from rock (basalt, diabase) or iron ore slag from blast furnaces. Some rock wool contains recycled glass. Fireproof. [6].

• - Fiberglass. Made from molten glass, typically with 20% to 30% recycled industrial waste and post-consumer content. Non-combustible, except for the outer layer (if present). Sometimes the manufacturer modifies the outer layer to make it fire resistant. Some types of fiberglass are uncoated, some have paper facing with a thin layer of asphalt, and some have a laminated face. Paper liners are vapor retarders, not vapor barriers. The laminate-faced ones are vapor barriers"). The vapor barrier must face the proper direction.

• - High density fiberglass.

• - Plastic fiber, usually made from recycled plastic. It does not cause irritation like fiberglass, but is harder to cut than fiberglass. Not used in the US. Flammable, but treated with flame retardant.

Natural fiber insulations (about 0.04 W/mK), treated with low toxicity and insect fire retardants, are available in Europe: cotton, hemp, linen, coconut, and wool, often mixed with polyester fibers and light wood fiber, and cellulose (often with polyolefin).

Plates as the residential insulating option

Historically, fiberglass boards became the preferred choice for home construction at the turn of the century, it is useful to understand how this evolved, as there are no inherent advantages. [Commercial and industrial construction typically does not use plates.] In the 1970s in response to oil price shocks, many US state governments sought to cut off home heating oil. And it led to the building code's increasing use of insulation for all new housing needs. At the same time, Owens Corning' fiberglass lobbied intensely to convince building officials who wrote and separately administered the four building codes used in the U.S. It also aimed to eliminate other types of housing insulating material (such as polyurethane) over safety or hazard. The result was that Owens Corning successfully lobbied for mandatory 2" x 6" (50 x 150 mm) fiberglass insulated wall construction. It suits lumber merchants as well as it suits Owens Corning. Then, taking into account the prevalence of non-wind proof cladding materials, and the prevalence of sleet (wind ice) during the winters of the northern states, the need was created to ensure the entire 150mm of fiberglass remained ice free and dry at all times. Building code officials also made it mandatory to secure and seal wind- and sleet-proof plywood siding in connection with all siding. It adapted the plywood industry very well - which in turn led to the North American development of its now massive oriented strand board (OSB) industry.

Other insulation materials present advantages in terms of stopping air, moisture migration, and recycling so sustainability is not found in fiberglass batts.

Cotton Plates

El algodón es el aislamiento con cada vez mayor popularidad en el medio ambiente como una opción preferible para el aislamiento. Tiene un valor de R de alrededor de 3,7, un valor más alto que la mayoría de placas de fibra de vidrio. El algodón es el principal reciclado de chatarra industrial, proporcionando un beneficio de sustentabilidad. Las placas no utilizan el respaldo de tóxicos de formaldehído que se encuentra en la fibra de vidrio, y la fabricación no es en absoluto como la energía intensiva como la minería y el proceso de producción necesarios para la fibra de vidrio. Ácido bórico se usa como un retardador de llama, y se compara con la sal de mesa en términos de toxicidad humana. Una pequeña cantidad de poliolefina se funde como un adhesivo de obligar a los productos juntos (y es preferible a formaldehído adhesivos). La instalación es similar a la fibra de vidrio, sin necesidad de un respirador, pero algunos requieren más tiempo para cortar el material. Al igual que con cualquier Batt aislamiento, la instalación es importante para garantizar una alta eficiencia energética.

• - Higher R-Value than typical fiberglass boards.

• - Recycled content, formaldehyde or other toxic substances, and very low toxicity during manufacturing (only from polyolefin).

• - Can help you qualify for similar LEED or environmental boosting certification programs.

• - Fibers do not cause itching, nor the risk of cancer from fibers suspended in the air.

• - Difficulty cutting. Some installers may charge a slightly higher cost for installation compared to other boards. This does not affect the effectiveness of the insulation, but may require choosing an installer more carefully, as any boards must be cut to fit the cavity.

• - Even with proper installation, the boards do not completely seal the cavity against air movement (as occurs with cellulose or foam expansion).

• - Still requires a vapor retarder or barrier (unlike cellulose).

• - May be difficult to dry if excessive moisture is allowed to leak into the insulated cavity.

Lost coverage (including cellulose insulation)

Los materiales persidos pueden ser soplados en áticos, enrasar oquedades en muros, y otras zonas de difícil acceso. Son ideales para estas tareas porque se ajustan a llenar los espacios y en los rincones y grietas. También pueden ser en forma de rociado o proyectado in situ. Por lo general con adhesivos a base de agua. Muchos tipos están hechos de materiales reciclados (un tipo de celulosa) y son relativamente económicos.

Procedimiento general para retrofits en las paredes:.

• - Los agujeros del taladro en la pared con agujero vio, teniendo firestops, tuberías de fontanería, y otras obstrucciones en cuenta. Puede ser conveniente para taladrar dos agujeros en la pared cada cavidad / joist sección, uno en la parte inferior y un segundo en la parte superior de ambos y verificación top-off.

• - Bomba de llenar suelto en la cavidad de pared, poco a poco tirando de la manguera hasta que se llena la cavidad.

• - Cap de los agujeros en la pared.

• - Cellulose insulation is environmentally preferable (80% recycled newspaper) and safe. It has a high content of recycled materials and with less risk to the fiberglass installer (loose or fill batts).

• - R-Value 3.4 - 3.8 per inch (imperial units).

• - Loose insulation fills the wall cavity better than batts. Wet-spray applications typically seal even better than dry spray.

• - Class I fire safety rating.

• - It is not formaldehyde based binders.

• - It is not made from petrochemicals or chemicals with high toxicity.

• - Does not seal bypasses as well as closed-cell foams, although wet-spray applications come close.

• - Weight can cause roofs to collapse if the material is very heavy. Professional installers know how to avoid this, and typical sheet rock is fine when dense-compact.

• - It resolves over time, losing part of its effectiveness. Unscrupulous contractors may "fluff" insulation by using fewer bags to be optimal for a desired R-value. Dry-spray (but not wet-spray) cellulose can be installed at 20% of its original volume. However, the standby solution is included in the R-said Value. The dense dry install package reduces and increases the solution's R-value.

• - R-values stated on packaging are based on laboratory conditions; Air infiltration can significantly reduce effectiveness, especially for loose fiberglass fill. Cellulose inhibits convection more effectively. In general, loose fill is considered to better reduce the presence of gaps in the insulation than batts, as the cavity is sealed more carefully. Air infiltration through the insulation material itself is not well studied, but would be lower in the case of wet-spray insulations such as wet-spray cellulose.

• - They can absorb moisture.

• - Exfoliated vermiculite plate, a well-known one is Grenamat AL [7], they are plates in densities of 600-750kg/m, free of asbestos, glass fibers and mineral fibers which are totally harmless to health, resistant to temperatures up to 1350 °C, excellent insulators thermal, acoustic and fireproof. Finishes can be applied to their surface: such as HPL, CPL, natural veneer and paper. Due to their high fire resistance and low thermal conductivity, they are used in places where fireproof material is required as a coating. With the plates it is also possible to build various types of structures with fire resistance from 30 minutes to 180 minutes. Self-supporting air and smoke and gas extraction ducts, protection of beams and columns, etc.

• - Slag and rock wool: also known as mineral wool or mineral fiber. Made from rock (basalt, diabase), blast furnace slag iron ore, or recycled glass. Nonflammable. More resistant to airflow than fiberglass. Solid and loses effectiveness when damp or wet, but does not absorb much moisture, and once drying it regains effectiveness. Older mineral wool may contain asbestos, but this is normally in residual quantities.

Rules and regulations

• - 16 CFR Part 1209 (Consumer Products Safety Commission, or CPSC) - refers to resolving density, corrosivity, critical radiant flux, and combustion fumes.

• - ASTM C-739 - loose-fill cellulose insulation - covers all factors of the CPSC regulation and five additional characteristics, R-value, starch content, moisture absorption, odor, and resistance to fungal growth.

• - ASTM C-1149 - Industry standards for self-supporting spray-applied cellulose insulation from exposed wall or cavity application - refers to density, R-value, surface recording, adhesive, combustion fumes, resistance to fungus, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame permanence resistance (no test for this characteristic), substrate deformation (in application of exposed products), and air erosion (in application of exposed products). exposed).

• - 16 CFR Part 460 - (Federal Trade Commission Regulation) commonly known as the "R-Value Rule", intended to eliminate misleading marketing (spoofing) of insulation, and ensure accurate publication of the R-Value and data coverage.

• - Isolation.

• - Superisolation.

• - Thermal resistance.

• - Sustainable architecture.

• - Condensation.

• - Thermal mass.

• - Low energy building.

• - Energy efficient building.

• - Zero energy building.

• - Energy efficiency.

• -U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Building Technologies.

• - Loose-Fill Insulations, DOE/GO-10095-060, FS 140, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC), May 1995.

• - Insulation Fact Sheet, U.S. Department of Energy, update to be published 1996. Also available from EREC.

• - Lowe, Allen. "Insulation Update," The Southface Journal, 1995, No. 3. Southface Energy Institute, Atlanta, GA.

• - ICAA Directory of Professional Insulation Contractors, 1996, and A Plan to Stop Fluffing and Cheating of Loose-Fill Insulation in Attics, Insulation Contractors Association of America, 1321 Duke St., #303, Alexandria, VA 22314, (703)739-0356.

• - US DOE Consumer Energy Information.

• - Insulation Information for Nebraska Homeowners, NF 91-40.

• - Article in Daily Freeman, Thursday, September 8, 2005, Kingston, NY.

• - TM 5-852-6 AFR 88-19, Volume 6 (Army Corp of Engineers publication).

• - CenterPoint Energy Customer Relations.

• - US DOE publication, Residential Insulation.

• - US DOE publication, Energy Efficient Windows.

• - US EPA publication on home sealing.

• - DOE/EC 2002.

• - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.