metrology laboratory

In this laboratory, the science that aims to study units and measurements of magnitudes is applied; It also defines the technical requirements of the measurement methods and instruments.

Metrology laboratories are classified hierarchically according to the quality of their standards. Although the structures may vary in each country, as a general rule there are three levels (the conditions will be stricter the higher the level of the laboratory):

1. • National laboratory: it is the one that has the primary national standard and the national transfer standards (those actually used to avoid wear and tear of the primary).

2. • Intermediate laboratory: these are usually university laboratories, research centers and the like.

3. • Industrial laboratory: in the company's own facilities, to carry out quality control or test prototypes.

At any level, laboratories can be classified based on the nature of the measurements performed: dimensional metrology, electrical metrology, materials testing, etc.

Clinical laboratory

The clinical laboratory is the place where "in vitro" determinations of human (or animal, in veterinary medicine) biological properties are made that contribute to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of health problems. They use methodologies from various disciplines such as biochemistry, hematology, immunology and microbiology. In the clinical laboratory, clinical samples are obtained and studied, such as blood, urine, feces, synovial fluid (joints), cerebrospinal fluid, pharyngeal and vaginal exudates, among others.

1. • Discover diseases in subclinical stages.

2. • Ratify a clinically suspected diagnosis.

3. • Obtain information about the prognosis of a disease.

4. • Establish a diagnosis based on a well-defined suspicion.

5. • Monitor a treatment or know a certain therapeutic response.

6. • Specify risk factors.

A laboratory information management system (LIMS), sometimes called a laboratory information system (LIS) or laboratory management system (LMS), is a software-based solution with features that support the operations of a modern clinical laboratory. Key features include, but are not limited to, data tracking and workflow support, flexible architecture and data sharing interfaces, which "fully support use in regulated environments." The functions and uses of an LIS have evolved over the years from simple sample tracking to an enterprise resource planning tool that manages multiple aspects of laboratory informatics.

scientific laboratory

Virtually all branches of natural sciences develop and progress thanks to the results obtained in their laboratories.

It is the laboratory where we work with biological material, from the cellular level to the level of organs and systems, analyzing them experimentally. The aim is to distinguish, with the help of certain material, the structure of living beings, to identify the compounds that make them up. Measurements are also made and observations are made from which the conclusions of these experiments are drawn. It consists of a light or electronic microscope, Petri dishes, thermometers; all this for microbiology, surgery equipment, dissection tables for zoology, biosafety elements such as gloves and laboratory coat and safety glasses.

It is one that refers to chemistry and that studies compounds, mixtures of substances or elements using chemical tests, helps to analyze the theories that have been postulated throughout the development of this science and to make new discoveries. They can be classified into physical chemistry laboratories, chemical analysis laboratories, organic synthesis laboratories and inorganic laboratories.

In a chemistry laboratory, a wide variety of instruments or tools are used, which, together, are called laboratory materials. They can be classified according to the material:

• - Metal: handle, ring, double nut, spatula, rack, saucer scale, lighters, universal foot, laboratory tweezers, mohr tweezers, metal tweezers, punch, wire mesh, tripod and spoon.

• - Glass: stirrer, separating ampoule, distillation flask, gibbson flask, burette, crystallizer, funnel "Funnels (laboratory)"), kitasate, flask, Erlenmeyer, volumetric flask, pipette (which can be of two types: graduated or volumetric), petri dish, test tube "Test tube (chemistry)"), retort, serpentine, test tube, cooling tube, glass rod "Glass rod (chemistry)"), beaker, watch glass, etc.

• - Plastic: plastic clamp, piseta (or wash bottle), test tube, propipette.

• - Porcelain: crucible, mortar "Mortar (utensil)") with pestle, porcelain capsule, clay triangle, Büchner Funnel, etc.

• - Wooden: racks, wooden clamp.

• - Rubber: hoses, knob.

• - Electronic instruments: microscope, stopwatch.

The physics laboratory is ideal for doing experiments with electricity, electronics, optics and related things. It has a large number of plugs and cables where they carry out tests.

In the soil laboratories, their properties are analyzed from the point of view of their use in agriculture and livestock, as well as the nutritional characteristics that plants need for their growth, or also to improve the quality of the soil and water, are determined.

In water quality laboratories, water is analyzed both from a chemical and biological point of view, to detect contaminants harmful to health.

Other types of laboratory

In this laboratory, the behavior of users when faced with computer applications, such as a web page, is studied. For this, there are different rooms for experts to observe users. In a product lab, the usability of a software product, application, or web service is usually analyzed and studied.

They are found in schools and institutions dedicated to language teaching and are used to practice the grammatical and syntax rules learned in the theoretical classroom, as well as to improve oral expression (phonology) and listening of the language in question. They use audio equipment (cassette or CD players and headphones), video equipment (screens, video recorders) and computer equipment: computers and various language and language learning programs.

They are found in schools and institutes. They are characteristic of the areas of experimental sciences where practical work takes on a special didactic and pedagogical meaning. In them, different types of practical work are carried out, such as teaching experiences, directed and verification practices, research or inquiry experiences by students, etc. Traditionally, students follow an experience prepared by the teacher through a practice script, writing down what they do in a laboratory notebook and subsequently preparing a practice report.

A school laboratory is a very different environment from a normal classroom as it requires appropriate material, means and facilities. Spanish legislation broadly regulates these spaces; They must be larger than an ordinary classroom, with easy circulation inside, with at least two doors and with natural light and ventilation. Furthermore, its architecture is usually modular, with large work tables attached to the floor as well as stools and sinks with running water. In chemistry there will be a cabinet for gases and extractors. Chemical reagents will be stored under lock and key in metal cabinets in rooms attached to the laboratory. And the gas and electricity installations will be controlled at all times, so an independent electrical panel will be installed per laboratory. In addition to having the equipment for any classroom, they will have specific material for the different subjects.

• - Gravimetry.

• - Volumetry.

• - Conductimetry.

• - Spectrophotometry.

• - Flame emission photometry.

• - Atomic absorption.

• - Mass spectrometry.

• - Chromatography

• Ionic

• Gas.

For the correct use of a laboratory, there are rules of conduct and handling that must be followed. Although each type of laboratory requires specific measures, some of the most common standards to apply in these spaces are the following:

• - In the laboratory there is no eating or drinking.

• - Tie your hair up if you have long hair.

• - Use gloves, gown, safety glasses and other PPE.

• - Wear clothing that protects your skin, closed shoes and do not wear contact lenses if possible.

• - Keep in mind the pictograms and warnings that appear on the chemical reagent bottles.

• - Be careful with electrical devices. Do not handle electrical appliances with wet hands.

• - "Base (chemistry)") acids and bases should be handled with special caution.

• - When heating a test tube, do so from the top of the liquid, never from the bottom to avoid projections and do not point the mouth of the tube towards any person.

• - Avoid breathing unknown gases and do not try any substance.

• - Do not return unused reagents to the bottle, you would contaminate the entire contents.

• - Useless solid materials: matches, filter paper, broken glass, insoluble reagents... do not throw them into the pile, deposit them in the container that exists for this purpose in the laboratory. Take into account correct waste management.

• - Hot appliances should be handled with tongs. Be careful with flammable substances; Make sure there is no lit lighter nearby.

• - Wash your hands before leaving the laboratory and check that all the material has been left clean and in order, the devices disconnected.

In case of accidents, it is very important to follow the instructions of the person in charge of the laboratory and go to a doctor immediately. The basic guideline for action (“PAS”) requires protecting, warning and helping. Furthermore, any laboratory must have a first aid kit prepared for these cases. In any case, the following relief measures can be applied:

• - If cuts have occurred due to broken glass material, wash the wound well with plenty of running water for at least 10 minutes. Disinfect the wound with antiseptics from the first aid kit and let it air dry or cover it with a sterile bandage.

• - If there has been contact with the skin with chemicals, wash immediately with running water for at least 15 minutes.

• - If burns have occurred on the skin, first wash the affected area with cold water for 10 or 15 minutes. Then apply a suitable ointment. More serious burns require immediate medical attention.

• - If a chemical product has been inhaled, immediately take the affected person to a place with fresh air.

• - If you have ingested any toxic product, you will have to go to the hospital. It is important to take into account the telephone number of the Poison Information Service.

Dangers exist in many laboratories. Laboratory hazards may include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, intense magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are of vital importance.[1]​[2]​ Standards exist to minimize individual risk, and safety equipment is used to protect laboratory users from injury or to assist in the response to an emergency.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has developed a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often called the "laboratory standard." Under this standard, a laboratory must develop a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) that addresses the specific hazards found at its location, as well as how to address them.

To determine the appropriate Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular company or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, the evaluation of current safety, health and environmental practices and the evaluation of hazards. The CHP should be reviewed annually. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO), to develop, manage and evaluate their CHP. In addition, third-party review is also used to obtain an objective "outside view" that provides new insight into areas and issues that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit.

Periodic inspections and audits may also be performed to assess risks from chemical handling and storage, electrical equipment, biological hazards, hazardous waste management, chemical waste, cleaning and emergency preparedness, radiation safety, ventilation, respiratory testing, and indoor air quality. An important element of these audits is the review of compliance with regulations and the training of people who have access to the laboratory or work in it. Training is essential for the safe and continued operation of laboratory facilities. Educators, staff, and management must commit to working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure that laboratory safety videos are relevant and engaging.[3]​.

• - Calibration.

• - Gas hood.

• - Collaboration.

• - Pollution control.

• - Chemical disaster.

• - Chemical test.

• - Laboratory instruments.

• - ISO/IEC 17025.

• - Laboratory mouse.

• - Hazardous waste.

• - Environmental health.

• - Industrial safety.

• - Test tube.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Laboratory.

• - Safety and good practices manual in the laboratory. University of León. Last Review: 12/19/2013.

• - HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT MANUAL AND PROCEDURE: University of Salamanca. 2011.

metrology laboratory

In this laboratory, the science that aims to study units and measurements of magnitudes is applied; It also defines the technical requirements of the measurement methods and instruments.

Metrology laboratories are classified hierarchically according to the quality of their standards. Although the structures may vary in each country, as a general rule there are three levels (the conditions will be stricter the higher the level of the laboratory):

1. • National laboratory: it is the one that has the primary national standard and the national transfer standards (those actually used to avoid wear and tear of the primary).

2. • Intermediate laboratory: these are usually university laboratories, research centers and the like.

3. • Industrial laboratory: in the company's own facilities, to carry out quality control or test prototypes.

At any level, laboratories can be classified based on the nature of the measurements performed: dimensional metrology, electrical metrology, materials testing, etc.

Clinical laboratory

The clinical laboratory is the place where "in vitro" determinations of human (or animal, in veterinary medicine) biological properties are made that contribute to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of health problems. They use methodologies from various disciplines such as biochemistry, hematology, immunology and microbiology. In the clinical laboratory, clinical samples are obtained and studied, such as blood, urine, feces, synovial fluid (joints), cerebrospinal fluid, pharyngeal and vaginal exudates, among others.

1. • Discover diseases in subclinical stages.

2. • Ratify a clinically suspected diagnosis.

3. • Obtain information about the prognosis of a disease.

4. • Establish a diagnosis based on a well-defined suspicion.

5. • Monitor a treatment or know a certain therapeutic response.

6. • Specify risk factors.

A laboratory information management system (LIMS), sometimes called a laboratory information system (LIS) or laboratory management system (LMS), is a software-based solution with features that support the operations of a modern clinical laboratory. Key features include, but are not limited to, data tracking and workflow support, flexible architecture and data sharing interfaces, which "fully support use in regulated environments." The functions and uses of an LIS have evolved over the years from simple sample tracking to an enterprise resource planning tool that manages multiple aspects of laboratory informatics.

scientific laboratory

Virtually all branches of natural sciences develop and progress thanks to the results obtained in their laboratories.

It is the laboratory where we work with biological material, from the cellular level to the level of organs and systems, analyzing them experimentally. The aim is to distinguish, with the help of certain material, the structure of living beings, to identify the compounds that make them up. Measurements are also made and observations are made from which the conclusions of these experiments are drawn. It consists of a light or electronic microscope, Petri dishes, thermometers; all this for microbiology, surgery equipment, dissection tables for zoology, biosafety elements such as gloves and laboratory coat and safety glasses.

It is one that refers to chemistry and that studies compounds, mixtures of substances or elements using chemical tests, helps to analyze the theories that have been postulated throughout the development of this science and to make new discoveries. They can be classified into physical chemistry laboratories, chemical analysis laboratories, organic synthesis laboratories and inorganic laboratories.

In a chemistry laboratory, a wide variety of instruments or tools are used, which, together, are called laboratory materials. They can be classified according to the material:

• - Metal: handle, ring, double nut, spatula, rack, saucer scale, lighters, universal foot, laboratory tweezers, mohr tweezers, metal tweezers, punch, wire mesh, tripod and spoon.

• - Glass: stirrer, separating ampoule, distillation flask, gibbson flask, burette, crystallizer, funnel "Funnels (laboratory)"), kitasate, flask, Erlenmeyer, volumetric flask, pipette (which can be of two types: graduated or volumetric), petri dish, test tube "Test tube (chemistry)"), retort, serpentine, test tube, cooling tube, glass rod "Glass rod (chemistry)"), beaker, watch glass, etc.

• - Plastic: plastic clamp, piseta (or wash bottle), test tube, propipette.

• - Porcelain: crucible, mortar "Mortar (utensil)") with pestle, porcelain capsule, clay triangle, Büchner Funnel, etc.

• - Wooden: racks, wooden clamp.

• - Rubber: hoses, knob.

• - Electronic instruments: microscope, stopwatch.

The physics laboratory is ideal for doing experiments with electricity, electronics, optics and related things. It has a large number of plugs and cables where they carry out tests.

In the soil laboratories, their properties are analyzed from the point of view of their use in agriculture and livestock, as well as the nutritional characteristics that plants need for their growth, or also to improve the quality of the soil and water, are determined.

In water quality laboratories, water is analyzed both from a chemical and biological point of view, to detect contaminants harmful to health.

Other types of laboratory

In this laboratory, the behavior of users when faced with computer applications, such as a web page, is studied. For this, there are different rooms for experts to observe users. In a product lab, the usability of a software product, application, or web service is usually analyzed and studied.

They are found in schools and institutions dedicated to language teaching and are used to practice the grammatical and syntax rules learned in the theoretical classroom, as well as to improve oral expression (phonology) and listening of the language in question. They use audio equipment (cassette or CD players and headphones), video equipment (screens, video recorders) and computer equipment: computers and various language and language learning programs.

They are found in schools and institutes. They are characteristic of the areas of experimental sciences where practical work takes on a special didactic and pedagogical meaning. In them, different types of practical work are carried out, such as teaching experiences, directed and verification practices, research or inquiry experiences by students, etc. Traditionally, students follow an experience prepared by the teacher through a practice script, writing down what they do in a laboratory notebook and subsequently preparing a practice report.

A school laboratory is a very different environment from a normal classroom as it requires appropriate material, means and facilities. Spanish legislation broadly regulates these spaces; They must be larger than an ordinary classroom, with easy circulation inside, with at least two doors and with natural light and ventilation. Furthermore, its architecture is usually modular, with large work tables attached to the floor as well as stools and sinks with running water. In chemistry there will be a cabinet for gases and extractors. Chemical reagents will be stored under lock and key in metal cabinets in rooms attached to the laboratory. And the gas and electricity installations will be controlled at all times, so an independent electrical panel will be installed per laboratory. In addition to having the equipment for any classroom, they will have specific material for the different subjects.

• - Gravimetry.

• - Volumetry.

• - Conductimetry.

• - Spectrophotometry.

• - Flame emission photometry.

• - Atomic absorption.

• - Mass spectrometry.

• - Chromatography

• Ionic

• Gas.

For the correct use of a laboratory, there are rules of conduct and handling that must be followed. Although each type of laboratory requires specific measures, some of the most common standards to apply in these spaces are the following:

• - In the laboratory there is no eating or drinking.

• - Tie your hair up if you have long hair.

• - Use gloves, gown, safety glasses and other PPE.

• - Wear clothing that protects your skin, closed shoes and do not wear contact lenses if possible.

• - Keep in mind the pictograms and warnings that appear on the chemical reagent bottles.

• - Be careful with electrical devices. Do not handle electrical appliances with wet hands.

• - "Base (chemistry)") acids and bases should be handled with special caution.

• - When heating a test tube, do so from the top of the liquid, never from the bottom to avoid projections and do not point the mouth of the tube towards any person.

• - Avoid breathing unknown gases and do not try any substance.

• - Do not return unused reagents to the bottle, you would contaminate the entire contents.

• - Useless solid materials: matches, filter paper, broken glass, insoluble reagents... do not throw them into the pile, deposit them in the container that exists for this purpose in the laboratory. Take into account correct waste management.

• - Hot appliances should be handled with tongs. Be careful with flammable substances; Make sure there is no lit lighter nearby.

• - Wash your hands before leaving the laboratory and check that all the material has been left clean and in order, the devices disconnected.

In case of accidents, it is very important to follow the instructions of the person in charge of the laboratory and go to a doctor immediately. The basic guideline for action (“PAS”) requires protecting, warning and helping. Furthermore, any laboratory must have a first aid kit prepared for these cases. In any case, the following relief measures can be applied:

• - If cuts have occurred due to broken glass material, wash the wound well with plenty of running water for at least 10 minutes. Disinfect the wound with antiseptics from the first aid kit and let it air dry or cover it with a sterile bandage.

• - If there has been contact with the skin with chemicals, wash immediately with running water for at least 15 minutes.

• - If burns have occurred on the skin, first wash the affected area with cold water for 10 or 15 minutes. Then apply a suitable ointment. More serious burns require immediate medical attention.

• - If a chemical product has been inhaled, immediately take the affected person to a place with fresh air.

• - If you have ingested any toxic product, you will have to go to the hospital. It is important to take into account the telephone number of the Poison Information Service.

Dangers exist in many laboratories. Laboratory hazards may include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, intense magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are of vital importance.[1]​[2]​ Standards exist to minimize individual risk, and safety equipment is used to protect laboratory users from injury or to assist in the response to an emergency.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has developed a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often called the "laboratory standard." Under this standard, a laboratory must develop a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) that addresses the specific hazards found at its location, as well as how to address them.

To determine the appropriate Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular company or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, the evaluation of current safety, health and environmental practices and the evaluation of hazards. The CHP should be reviewed annually. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO), to develop, manage and evaluate their CHP. In addition, third-party review is also used to obtain an objective "outside view" that provides new insight into areas and issues that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit.

Periodic inspections and audits may also be performed to assess risks from chemical handling and storage, electrical equipment, biological hazards, hazardous waste management, chemical waste, cleaning and emergency preparedness, radiation safety, ventilation, respiratory testing, and indoor air quality. An important element of these audits is the review of compliance with regulations and the training of people who have access to the laboratory or work in it. Training is essential for the safe and continued operation of laboratory facilities. Educators, staff, and management must commit to working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure that laboratory safety videos are relevant and engaging.[3]​.

• - Calibration.

• - Gas hood.

• - Collaboration.

• - Pollution control.

• - Chemical disaster.

• - Chemical test.

• - Laboratory instruments.

• - ISO/IEC 17025.

• - Laboratory mouse.

• - Hazardous waste.

• - Environmental health.

• - Industrial safety.

• - Test tube.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Laboratory.

• - Safety and good practices manual in the laboratory. University of León. Last Review: 12/19/2013.

• - HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT MANUAL AND PROCEDURE: University of Salamanca. 2011.