Rotation system

It includes the drill bit or bit and the entire set of tubular tubes that provide it with rotational energy to cut or crush the formation. In general terms, the rotation system is composed of a drill string (drill string) and a mechanism that provides it with rotating energy.

The drill string comprises:.

Among the mechanisms that provide rotation to the string are:

The traditional system is the rotary table, which consists of a rotating table located on the drilling floor or "iron", which is driven by a differential connection that is linked to a high-power motor. A quadrant bushing (kelly bushing) is coupled to this rotating table, which has a hexagonal or square hole in its center into which a tubular cross-section that is equally hexagonal or square is inserted, which finally transmits the power to the drilling string that is threaded beneath it. This hexagonal or square pipe is called a "quadrant" (kelly), and it rotates next to the table.

Modern equipment uses a Top Drive system, which consists of an electric motor connected to the traveling block whose purpose is to provide rotation to the drilling string and inject the drilling fluid into it, thus fulfilling the functions of the traditional rotating joint in rotary table systems. It also incorporates pipe handling systems such as links with elevators, torque wrenches and force wrenches.

circulation system

This system works with high pressures, since it consists of the circulation of drilling mud at high pressure, whose objective is to "Lubricate", "Cool" and "Transport" the debris (rubble or trimmings) removed by the bit as it passes through the ground. It is of vital importance since without this system the drill would not be able to penetrate even 5 meters into the ground, because the great friction generated would raise the temperature and melt the wick.

A typical circulation system in a rotary drilling rig is composed of:[2]​.

Some of these are explained below:

These pumps are the heart of the circulation system. Its main function is to move large volumes of mud at low and high pressures. The most common are:

It is a reinforced, flexible and extremely strong rubber hose. The flexibility feature allows drill pipe to be lowered and raised during drilling operations while mud (extremely abrasive) is being pumped through and under the pipe. They are generally 7.62 mm or more in inner diameter so that there is no appreciable pressure drop and are available in lengths greater than 75 feet.

They are the first units of solids control equipment, it is a unit that separates and vents or burns the gas from the mud that comes out of the well and that may have been contaminated during drilling. The gas/mud separators have no moving parts and the separation process is carried out by difference in densities between the components to be separated, composed of a cylinder that has several walls inside, in which upon its return, the drilling fluid collides with them, separating the gas that is less dense and the fluid that is more dense.

Its primary function is to separate the coarsest fraction of the cuttings, particles between 74 (mesh 200 x 200) and 600 microns (mesh 30 x 30). It is made up of one or several separate meshes that are mounted in a vibrating box connected to an electric motor, which, through pulleys or axles, imparts the necessary vibration to separate the solids extracted or cut from the subsoil from the drilling fluid.

It is a fluid designed with specific physical, chemical and rheological properties for each application in the drilling, completion or well rehabilitation process. Its composition depends on the physical-chemical characteristics of the layers to be drilled: final depth, availability, costs, contamination, etc. The fluid can be based on water (fresh or salt), oil (diesel), mixtures of both (direct or inverse emulsions), gas, air, or mixtures of water and gases (foams).

power system

It is the system responsible for providing power to all rotary drilling equipment, as well as personnel facilities and accommodations. They allow rotary drilling equipment to be classified according to the type of main power: mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic or steam.

The most common form of power generation in a rotary drilling rig is the use of internal combustion engines. These engines are normally powered by diesel fuel. Their number depends on the size of the equipment to which they will supply power, typically between 1 and 8 motors, and may be even more.

The power generated by the prime movers is transmitted to the equipment to provide movement. If the drill is mechanical, the power is transmitted directly from the prime mover to the equipment. If the drill is electric, the mechanical power of the motor is transformed into electrical power with generators. Then, this electrical power is transmitted to electric motors attached to the equipment, achieving its movement.

Most equipment today uses an electrical system to transmit power. Generators produce electricity that is transmitted to main equipment using electrical cables.

Mechanical transmission systems are almost obsolete, although they are still used in some old equipment. It consists of a series of belts, chains, pulleys, toothed sprockets and gears that transmit power directly from the internal combustion engines to the main equipment of the drill. It is also called Composite Transmission System.

security system

Also known as a well control system, its main function is to block the advance of any influx of fluids from the formation towards the well when an attack occurs (intrusion of fluids from the formation towards the well).[1]​.

The system must be designed to allow (1) closing the well from the surface, (2) controlling the extraction of formation fluids found within the well, (3) pumping a higher density mud into the well, and (4) inserting or removing the drill string from the well under pressure.[1]​.

The basic components of the well control system are:.

The arrangement of blowout preventer valves, also called "BOP" (from English blowout preventer) or "BOP valves", includes:

It is an arrangement of chokes, valves and lines that allow the controlled extraction of fluids from the well. It is designed so that the flow can be diverted through any of the available chokes.[1]​.

It is a system of tanks that allow the storage of high pressure required in the hydraulic system to open or close annular or ram blowout preventers. The main components of an accumulator unit are the fluid reservoir, high-pressure hydraulic pumps, accumulator bottles, pipes, manifold, valves and pressure regulators.[1]​.

Rotation system

It includes the drill bit or bit and the entire set of tubular tubes that provide it with rotational energy to cut or crush the formation. In general terms, the rotation system is composed of a drill string (drill string) and a mechanism that provides it with rotating energy.

The drill string comprises:.

Among the mechanisms that provide rotation to the string are:

The traditional system is the rotary table, which consists of a rotating table located on the drilling floor or "iron", which is driven by a differential connection that is linked to a high-power motor. A quadrant bushing (kelly bushing) is coupled to this rotating table, which has a hexagonal or square hole in its center into which a tubular cross-section that is equally hexagonal or square is inserted, which finally transmits the power to the drilling string that is threaded beneath it. This hexagonal or square pipe is called a "quadrant" (kelly), and it rotates next to the table.

Modern equipment uses a Top Drive system, which consists of an electric motor connected to the traveling block whose purpose is to provide rotation to the drilling string and inject the drilling fluid into it, thus fulfilling the functions of the traditional rotating joint in rotary table systems. It also incorporates pipe handling systems such as links with elevators, torque wrenches and force wrenches.

circulation system

This system works with high pressures, since it consists of the circulation of drilling mud at high pressure, whose objective is to "Lubricate", "Cool" and "Transport" the debris (rubble or trimmings) removed by the bit as it passes through the ground. It is of vital importance since without this system the drill would not be able to penetrate even 5 meters into the ground, because the great friction generated would raise the temperature and melt the wick.

A typical circulation system in a rotary drilling rig is composed of:[2]​.

Some of these are explained below:

These pumps are the heart of the circulation system. Its main function is to move large volumes of mud at low and high pressures. The most common are:

It is a reinforced, flexible and extremely strong rubber hose. The flexibility feature allows drill pipe to be lowered and raised during drilling operations while mud (extremely abrasive) is being pumped through and under the pipe. They are generally 7.62 mm or more in inner diameter so that there is no appreciable pressure drop and are available in lengths greater than 75 feet.

They are the first units of solids control equipment, it is a unit that separates and vents or burns the gas from the mud that comes out of the well and that may have been contaminated during drilling. The gas/mud separators have no moving parts and the separation process is carried out by difference in densities between the components to be separated, composed of a cylinder that has several walls inside, in which upon its return, the drilling fluid collides with them, separating the gas that is less dense and the fluid that is more dense.

Its primary function is to separate the coarsest fraction of the cuttings, particles between 74 (mesh 200 x 200) and 600 microns (mesh 30 x 30). It is made up of one or several separate meshes that are mounted in a vibrating box connected to an electric motor, which, through pulleys or axles, imparts the necessary vibration to separate the solids extracted or cut from the subsoil from the drilling fluid.

It is a fluid designed with specific physical, chemical and rheological properties for each application in the drilling, completion or well rehabilitation process. Its composition depends on the physical-chemical characteristics of the layers to be drilled: final depth, availability, costs, contamination, etc. The fluid can be based on water (fresh or salt), oil (diesel), mixtures of both (direct or inverse emulsions), gas, air, or mixtures of water and gases (foams).

power system

It is the system responsible for providing power to all rotary drilling equipment, as well as personnel facilities and accommodations. They allow rotary drilling equipment to be classified according to the type of main power: mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic or steam.

The most common form of power generation in a rotary drilling rig is the use of internal combustion engines. These engines are normally powered by diesel fuel. Their number depends on the size of the equipment to which they will supply power, typically between 1 and 8 motors, and may be even more.

The power generated by the prime movers is transmitted to the equipment to provide movement. If the drill is mechanical, the power is transmitted directly from the prime mover to the equipment. If the drill is electric, the mechanical power of the motor is transformed into electrical power with generators. Then, this electrical power is transmitted to electric motors attached to the equipment, achieving its movement.

Most equipment today uses an electrical system to transmit power. Generators produce electricity that is transmitted to main equipment using electrical cables.

Mechanical transmission systems are almost obsolete, although they are still used in some old equipment. It consists of a series of belts, chains, pulleys, toothed sprockets and gears that transmit power directly from the internal combustion engines to the main equipment of the drill. It is also called Composite Transmission System.

security system

Also known as a well control system, its main function is to block the advance of any influx of fluids from the formation towards the well when an attack occurs (intrusion of fluids from the formation towards the well).[1]​.

The system must be designed to allow (1) closing the well from the surface, (2) controlling the extraction of formation fluids found within the well, (3) pumping a higher density mud into the well, and (4) inserting or removing the drill string from the well under pressure.[1]​.

The basic components of the well control system are:.

The arrangement of blowout preventer valves, also called "BOP" (from English blowout preventer) or "BOP valves", includes:

It is an arrangement of chokes, valves and lines that allow the controlled extraction of fluids from the well. It is designed so that the flow can be diverted through any of the available chokes.[1]​.

It is a system of tanks that allow the storage of high pressure required in the hydraulic system to open or close annular or ram blowout preventers. The main components of an accumulator unit are the fluid reservoir, high-pressure hydraulic pumps, accumulator bottles, pipes, manifold, valves and pressure regulators.[1]​.