The first description of a heated greenhouse is in the Sanga Yorok,*[4][5][6]*a treatise on agriculture compiled by a royal physician of the Joseon dynasty of Korea during the 1450s, in its chapter on growing vegetables during winter.[7]​ The treatise contains detailed instructions on constructing a greenhouse capable of growing vegetables, forcing flowering, and ripening fruits within an artificially heated environment,[8]​using ondol, the traditional Korean underfloor heating system, to maintain heat and humidity; cob walls to retain heat; and semi-transparent oiled hanji windows to allow light penetration for plant growth and provide protection from the outside environment.[9]

The first Dutch horticultural greenhouses were built around 1850, for growing grapes. It was found that growing in heated greenhouses with the highest level of glass increased yield. Plants grew faster when they were given more light and when the warm environment was constant. This means that, if there were no greenhouses, plantations that were originally only grown in hot countries could not be exploited in the Netherlands.

In Westland the arid sandy moraine lands were sanded. The sand was brought into the peat bogs and wet clays and thus a good subsoil was created for horticulture. Finally, the largest concentration of horticulture and greenhouses in the entire world was created, in Westland "Westland (municipality in the Netherlands). This was due to the moderating influence of the surrounding water, the large amount of sunlight near the coast, the proximity of large concentrations of inhabitants and the innovations of the greenhouse construction sector.

The storms of 1973 and 1972 were the reason for carrying out technical and systematic scientific investigations in the construction of the greenhouses. Together with pioneers from industry and trade, the first Dutch greenhouse construction regulations (NEN 3859) were drawn up. Since then, much more research has been done that has generated mathematical models (e.g. the construction of Casta greenhouses), with which quality requirements are translated into an architectural design. These mathematical models have been continually modified and adjusted, and are one of the reasons why Dutch greenhouses have such a good reputation.

The idea of ​​growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has been around since Roman times. The emperor Tiberius, according to the description of Pliny the Elder.[10]​[11]​ ate a vegetable similar to cucumber daily.[12]​ His gardeners used artificial methods of cultivation (similar to the greenhouse system) to have it available on their table every day of the year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts that were placed in the sun every day and then brought inside to keep them warm at night. Cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with both oiled cloth known as specularia and sheets of selenite (also known as lapis specularis),.

The ancient Roman agricultural author Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella gives the first reference to the cultivation of plants in tubs, their hibernation in specially constructed buildings and temporary cultivation under glass in his work De re rustica&action=edit&redlink=1 "De re rustica (Columella) (not yet redacted)"), volume 11, chapter 3/52:.

Starting in the 19th century, the taste for citrus fruits led to the emergence of collections of orange trees, bitter orange trees and other citrus trees in the main European princely courts. At first, to protect them from the elements, temporary wooden buildings were erected over the plants each winter, but starting around 1600, the plants began to be cared for in pots that were moved to covered buildings, often with wide, well-oriented arches. It was in Italy, a country in which the trend appeared in the Renaissance gardens of the pleasure villas, where the arches under which citrus trees were planted were first glazed—as glass manufacturing technology allowed large surfaces of transparent glass to be manufactured—thus protecting them from the cold of winter. Curiously, there they were called limonaia, but in the rest of Europe it was the term orangerie that became common.

One of the most impressive orangeries was built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart between 1684 and 1686, for the royal gardener André Le Nôtre at Versailles, who is also credited with using bucket transport wagons to take them out in the spring-summer and shelter them in the autumn-winter.

In the context of European expansion, a fashion developed for collecting ornamental and useful plants that were perceived as exotic, coming especially from Asia, America and Australia. The main impetus for the development of the greenhouse came from the cultivation of pineapple in Europe. The pineapple was a fruit that particularly fascinated Europeans for its unusual shape, smell and taste. Although the pineapple had spread very quickly in tropical areas around the world after its discovery by Christopher Columbus, transporting the fruit to Europe was almost impossible during the era of sailing.[14]​.

Pineapple plant shoots had been grown in the greenhouses of botanical gardens such as the Hortus Botanicus Leiden since the middle of the century and had spread so successfully that it was plants from the Leiden Botanical Garden that enabled pineapple cultivation in South Africa.[15] However, compared to the vegetative propagation of these plants, nurturing a shoot to bear fruit to maturity was a much greater challenge for greenhouse cultivation. This required a constantly high soil and air temperature—and reliable thermometers for measuring ambient temperature were not available until 1714[16]—as well as very good lighting conditions. In the 19th century, the Netherlands was considered the leading country in horticulture and, consequently, the first European successes in pineapple cultivation were achieved there. Initially, the decisive factor was the development of appropriate greenhouses.[17] The first greenhouse in which the cultivation of pineapples was theoretically possible due to the light conditions and the soil temperature that could be achieved was built in 1682 at the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam. Three sides of the small house were glazed, the floor was heated from below with peat stoves, and other pipes heated the air in the greenhouse. Inspired by the successes in the Netherlands, the cultivation of this tropical fruit became fashionable, especially in England in the 19th centuries. Pineapples, difficult to transport at the time and therefore scarce, were produced as a symbol of status and prestige of wealthy social groups in small greenhouses (pinery) or in pits covered with glass windows (pineapple pit). Despite the high cost of construction and operation of such greenhouses, they were already widespread in England around 1725,[19]​ and by 1770 they were part of the standard equipment of aristocratic gardens and parks.[20]​ Greenhouse cultivation of pineapples was also adopted as a status symbol in other countries and thus ensured the spread of the corresponding techniques throughout Europe. Louis

The miniature greenhouse developed by Nathaniel Ward in the 1830s made it possible for so-called plant hunters), who wanted to import exotic plants from Africa, America and Asia, to transport sensitive plants to Europe. To preserve these tropical plants under European climatic conditions, further development of greenhouses was necessary. By the end of the century, greenhouses had been built as glass and wooden constructions, but only occasionally with the first glazed gable roofs, e.g. Eiserne Haus ('Iron House') in Stuttgart-Hohenheim (R. F. Hr. Fischer, 1789 or 1791). Another type of construction is the lean-to greenhouses, in which a sloping glass roof "rested" on a solid wall that protected the north.

Contenido

El concepto de invernadero también apareció en los Países Bajos y luego en Inglaterra en el siglo , junto con las plantas. Algunos de estos primeros intentos requirieron enormes cantidades de trabajo para cerrar por la noche o prepararlos para el invierno. Hubo serios problemas para proporcionar calor adecuado y equilibrado en esos primeros invernaderos. El primer invernadero de 'estufa' (calentado) en el Reino Unido se completó en Chelsea Physic Garden en 1681.[22]​ Aún hoy en día, los Países Bajos tienen muchos de los invernaderos más grandes del mundo, algunos de ellos tan grandes que pueden producir millones. de verduras cada año.

La experimentación con el diseño de invernaderos continuó durante el siglo en Europa, a medida que la tecnología producía mejores vidrios y mejoraban las técnicas de construcción. El invernadero del Palacio de Versalles fue un ejemplo de su tamaño y elaboración; tenía más de de largo, de ancho y de alto.

Al botánico francés Charles Lucien Bonaparte se le atribuye a menudo la construcción del primer invernadero práctico y moderno en Leiden, Holanda, durante los años 1800 para cultivar plantas tropicales medicinales.[23]​ Los invernaderos, originalmente solo en las propiedades de los ricos, con el crecimiento de la ciencia de la botánica se dispusieron en las grandes universidades. Los franceses llamaron a sus primeros invernaderos orangeries"), ya que servían para proteger los naranjos de las heladas. A medida que las piñas se hicieron populares, se construyeron pineries, o pozos de piña.

19th century

Industrialization opened new possibilities for the use of iron and glass as construction materials. At the beginning of the century in England, George Steward Mackenzie and John Loudon experimented with curvilinear houses, which were greenhouses with semicircular iron and glass roofs to take advantage of as much sunlight as possible evenly. In 1812, Mackenzie designed a quarter-sphere-hothouse for growing peaches and grapes, which consisted of a glass quarter-sphere in front of a brick wall. In 1818, Louden set up several test greenhouses at Bayswather, near London, to find the most favorable form of construction for optimal solar radiation. In 1817 he published Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses and in 1818 Sketches Of Curvilinear Houses, which were received throughout Europe and significantly influenced the later development of glass house construction.[24]

The golden age of greenhouses Victorian England, when the largest greenhouses ever conceived were built; Those tall enough for large trees were often called palm houses. They were usually in public gardens and parks. They were a stage in the century's development of glass and iron architecture, which was also widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls and other large buildings that needed a large, open-plan internal area. One of the earliest examples of a palm house is in Belfast Botanic Gardens. Designed by Charles Lanyon"), designed in 1839 and completed in 1840, it is one of the world's earliest examples of a curvilinear greenhouse. It consists of two wings, the cool wing and the tropical wing containing the vault. Lanyon altered his original plans to increase the height of the vault, thus allowing for much taller floors. It was built by the iron manufacturer Richard Turner. Joseph Paxton also relied on Turner for the construction of The Great Conservatory in the park of Chatsworth House (1837-1840), which was a model for another of his works, the Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. In 1850, Paxton built a house for tropical water lilies with a heated swimming pool, the Victoria Regia conservatory, also in Chatsworth. also built in 1851 by Paxton. Both Paxton buildings have disappeared.[25]​.

• - The Great Conservatory (1837-1840) in the park of Chatsworth House, a work by Paxton demolished in the 1920s.

• - Palm House (1839-1840) in the Belfast Botanic Gardens, work of Charles Lanyon").

• - Palm House at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

• - The Crystal Palace (1850-1851), now extinct, in a photograph from 1854.

• - Palmhouse in the Royal Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh (1858).

An early example of an iron and glass greenhouse outside Britain is the Serre des cactées in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, built by Charles Rohault de Fleury") in 1834-1836.

The oldest known hot water central heating system was built by Marten Trifvald in 1716 for a Newcastle greenhouse. However, it was not until the 1830s that steam heating became widespread in greenhouses and replaced the old individual ovens.

These greenhouses, also called "plant museums," which staged exhibits brought together in a spirit of mastery of nature and exoticism, spread as commercial entertainment venues in the second half of the century in the metropolises of Europe and North America, especially in botanical gardens and in urban parks. For example, the Schönbrunner Palmenhaus "Palmenhaus (Schönbrunn)") ('Schönbrunn Palm House'), 111 m long, 29 m wide and 25 m covered with 45,000 glass panels, opened in Vienna in 1882 and was one of the three largest of its time in the world (with the Knew Garden and the Palm Garden of Frankfurt am Main (1868-1870). In Berlin, from 1905 to 1907, the Große Tropenhaus ('great tropical house') was built in the botanical garden. Notable examples of the greenhouse architecture of the century are the Serre du Congo in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and the Grote Wintertuin in the castle park Laken) in the north of Brussels.

The construction, heating and maintenance of large tropical houses constantly required enormous costs. Only when wealthy manufacturers and merchants were able to emulate the lavish lifestyle of the nobility did glass houses also emerge as places of private bourgeois performance, where festivals were held and tropical flora was the subject of high-level conversation. Since the use of refrigeration technology and the acceleration of overseas logistics, tropical fruits have increasingly reached Europe and taken away the exotic appeal of greenhouses. Although public palm houses were still maintained and recently built in botanical gardens, they have hardly been built as private representative buildings since the end of the century. Historic glass houses as part of village architecture rarely survived changes in ownership, corrosion damage, storms, and vacancies.[26]​.

Other large greenhouses built in the century were the Crystal Palace (New York), built for the New York World's Fair in 1853 and burned down in 1856; the Glaspalast (Munich) in Munich, built to house the First German General Industrial Exhibition, held in 1854 and which was also destroyed by fire in 1931; and the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1895) for King Leopold II of Belgium. In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 in the Enoshima Tropical Plant Garden by Samuel Cocking"), a British merchant who exported herbs. It was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923.

• - Greenhouses based on the English model in Berlin-Glienicke in 1839.

• - Serre des cactées (1834-1836), restored in 2010. in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, one of the oldest greenhouses in the world, work of Charles Rohault de Fleury (1777-1846).

• - Large palm house in the former Berlin-Schoeneberg botanical garden, built in 1857-1858, the work of Carl David Bouché.

• - Wuppertal Botanical Garden Greenhouse.

• - Complex of the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1895) in Brussels, an example of 19th century greenhouse architecture.

• - Jardin d'hiver/Wintertuin in the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1876), work of Alphonse Balat.

• - New York Crystal Palace "Crystal Palace (New York)") built in 1853 and lost in a fire in 1856.

• - Glaspalast "Glaspalast (Munich)") in Munich, built in 1854 and destroyed by fire in 1931 (photo from 1854).

• - Botanical Garden of Florence") (1880), the first of its kind built in Italy.

20th century

In the 19th century, the geodesic dome was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the Rodale Institute")[27]​ in Pennsylvania, the Climatron") at the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, designed by T. C. Howard and completed in 1960, the world's first air-conditioned greenhouse and the first geodesic dome enclosed in rigid plexiglass (Perspex) panels; and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky").[28]​ The pyramid is another popular shape for large, tall greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the Muttart Conservatory") in Alberta (c. 1976). A well-known example of this form of construction is the Eden Project greenhouses in Cornwall, which opened in 2001 and are currently the largest greenhouses in the world. In the late 1980s, attempts were made to create a self-sufficient ecosystem in the greenhouse of the Biosphere 2 project.

Greenhouse structures were adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of polyethylene (polyethylene) film became widely available. Arch houses were manufactured by various companies and were often also made by the growers themselves. Built with aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced leading to the construction of many more greenhouses on smaller farms and garden centers. The durability of polyethylene film increased considerably when more effective UV inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the life of the film from one or two years to three and finally four or more years.

Gutter-connected greenhouses became more common in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area increased substantially. Gutter-connected greenhouses are now commonly used both in production and in situations where plants are also grown and sold to the public. Gutter-connected greenhouses are typically covered with structured polycarbonate materials or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown between them to provide greater heating efficiency.

• - Climatron, 42 m in diameter and 21 m high, at the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, Missouri, completed in 1960.

In Spain, due to the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean coast, a proliferation of greenhouse cultivation began in the late 1970s, with the first greenhouse built in El Parador de las Hortichuelas in the 1950s, and the provinces of Almería, Murcia, Alicante and Granada were the main areas of proliferation. A greater impact was noted on the Almeria coast, where almost its entire coastal area is covered by the so-called "sea of ​​plastic." In fact, it is one of the few buildings visible from space, due to the size of the area it occupies.

A clear example of the greenhouse landscape can be found in Campo de Dalías and Campo de Níjar, both in the Almeria municipalities of El Ejido "El Ejido (Almería)") and Níjar. This type of cultivation under plastic was based almost 100 percent on "parral" type greenhouses, also known, in its different variants, as shade mesh"), shade house") or canary greenhouse"), among other terms.

It should be noted that the total extension of greenhouses in Almería amounts to 30,230 hectares,[29]​ which makes this region the place in the world with the largest greenhouse area.[30]​.

• - intensive agriculture.

• - nursery (gardening) "Nursery (gardening)").

• - Physics of the atmosphere, by J. Houghton"), Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80456-6, presents a clear explanation of the greenhouse effect in greenhouses and in the Earth's atmosphere.

• - Valera D.L., Belmonte L.J., Molina F.D., López A. 2016. Greenhouse Agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408 pp.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia gallery about Greenhouse.

The first description of a heated greenhouse is in the Sanga Yorok,*[4][5][6]*a treatise on agriculture compiled by a royal physician of the Joseon dynasty of Korea during the 1450s, in its chapter on growing vegetables during winter.[7]​ The treatise contains detailed instructions on constructing a greenhouse capable of growing vegetables, forcing flowering, and ripening fruits within an artificially heated environment,[8]​using ondol, the traditional Korean underfloor heating system, to maintain heat and humidity; cob walls to retain heat; and semi-transparent oiled hanji windows to allow light penetration for plant growth and provide protection from the outside environment.[9]

The first Dutch horticultural greenhouses were built around 1850, for growing grapes. It was found that growing in heated greenhouses with the highest level of glass increased yield. Plants grew faster when they were given more light and when the warm environment was constant. This means that, if there were no greenhouses, plantations that were originally only grown in hot countries could not be exploited in the Netherlands.

In Westland the arid sandy moraine lands were sanded. The sand was brought into the peat bogs and wet clays and thus a good subsoil was created for horticulture. Finally, the largest concentration of horticulture and greenhouses in the entire world was created, in Westland "Westland (municipality in the Netherlands). This was due to the moderating influence of the surrounding water, the large amount of sunlight near the coast, the proximity of large concentrations of inhabitants and the innovations of the greenhouse construction sector.

The storms of 1973 and 1972 were the reason for carrying out technical and systematic scientific investigations in the construction of the greenhouses. Together with pioneers from industry and trade, the first Dutch greenhouse construction regulations (NEN 3859) were drawn up. Since then, much more research has been done that has generated mathematical models (e.g. the construction of Casta greenhouses), with which quality requirements are translated into an architectural design. These mathematical models have been continually modified and adjusted, and are one of the reasons why Dutch greenhouses have such a good reputation.

The idea of ​​growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has been around since Roman times. The emperor Tiberius, according to the description of Pliny the Elder.[10]​[11]​ ate a vegetable similar to cucumber daily.[12]​ His gardeners used artificial methods of cultivation (similar to the greenhouse system) to have it available on their table every day of the year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts that were placed in the sun every day and then brought inside to keep them warm at night. Cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with both oiled cloth known as specularia and sheets of selenite (also known as lapis specularis),.

The ancient Roman agricultural author Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella gives the first reference to the cultivation of plants in tubs, their hibernation in specially constructed buildings and temporary cultivation under glass in his work De re rustica&action=edit&redlink=1 "De re rustica (Columella) (not yet redacted)"), volume 11, chapter 3/52:.

Starting in the 19th century, the taste for citrus fruits led to the emergence of collections of orange trees, bitter orange trees and other citrus trees in the main European princely courts. At first, to protect them from the elements, temporary wooden buildings were erected over the plants each winter, but starting around 1600, the plants began to be cared for in pots that were moved to covered buildings, often with wide, well-oriented arches. It was in Italy, a country in which the trend appeared in the Renaissance gardens of the pleasure villas, where the arches under which citrus trees were planted were first glazed—as glass manufacturing technology allowed large surfaces of transparent glass to be manufactured—thus protecting them from the cold of winter. Curiously, there they were called limonaia, but in the rest of Europe it was the term orangerie that became common.

One of the most impressive orangeries was built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart between 1684 and 1686, for the royal gardener André Le Nôtre at Versailles, who is also credited with using bucket transport wagons to take them out in the spring-summer and shelter them in the autumn-winter.

In the context of European expansion, a fashion developed for collecting ornamental and useful plants that were perceived as exotic, coming especially from Asia, America and Australia. The main impetus for the development of the greenhouse came from the cultivation of pineapple in Europe. The pineapple was a fruit that particularly fascinated Europeans for its unusual shape, smell and taste. Although the pineapple had spread very quickly in tropical areas around the world after its discovery by Christopher Columbus, transporting the fruit to Europe was almost impossible during the era of sailing.[14]​.

Pineapple plant shoots had been grown in the greenhouses of botanical gardens such as the Hortus Botanicus Leiden since the middle of the century and had spread so successfully that it was plants from the Leiden Botanical Garden that enabled pineapple cultivation in South Africa.[15] However, compared to the vegetative propagation of these plants, nurturing a shoot to bear fruit to maturity was a much greater challenge for greenhouse cultivation. This required a constantly high soil and air temperature—and reliable thermometers for measuring ambient temperature were not available until 1714[16]—as well as very good lighting conditions. In the 19th century, the Netherlands was considered the leading country in horticulture and, consequently, the first European successes in pineapple cultivation were achieved there. Initially, the decisive factor was the development of appropriate greenhouses.[17] The first greenhouse in which the cultivation of pineapples was theoretically possible due to the light conditions and the soil temperature that could be achieved was built in 1682 at the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam. Three sides of the small house were glazed, the floor was heated from below with peat stoves, and other pipes heated the air in the greenhouse. Inspired by the successes in the Netherlands, the cultivation of this tropical fruit became fashionable, especially in England in the 19th centuries. Pineapples, difficult to transport at the time and therefore scarce, were produced as a symbol of status and prestige of wealthy social groups in small greenhouses (pinery) or in pits covered with glass windows (pineapple pit). Despite the high cost of construction and operation of such greenhouses, they were already widespread in England around 1725,[19]​ and by 1770 they were part of the standard equipment of aristocratic gardens and parks.[20]​ Greenhouse cultivation of pineapples was also adopted as a status symbol in other countries and thus ensured the spread of the corresponding techniques throughout Europe. Louis

The miniature greenhouse developed by Nathaniel Ward in the 1830s made it possible for so-called plant hunters), who wanted to import exotic plants from Africa, America and Asia, to transport sensitive plants to Europe. To preserve these tropical plants under European climatic conditions, further development of greenhouses was necessary. By the end of the century, greenhouses had been built as glass and wooden constructions, but only occasionally with the first glazed gable roofs, e.g. Eiserne Haus ('Iron House') in Stuttgart-Hohenheim (R. F. Hr. Fischer, 1789 or 1791). Another type of construction is the lean-to greenhouses, in which a sloping glass roof "rested" on a solid wall that protected the north.

Contenido

El concepto de invernadero también apareció en los Países Bajos y luego en Inglaterra en el siglo , junto con las plantas. Algunos de estos primeros intentos requirieron enormes cantidades de trabajo para cerrar por la noche o prepararlos para el invierno. Hubo serios problemas para proporcionar calor adecuado y equilibrado en esos primeros invernaderos. El primer invernadero de 'estufa' (calentado) en el Reino Unido se completó en Chelsea Physic Garden en 1681.[22]​ Aún hoy en día, los Países Bajos tienen muchos de los invernaderos más grandes del mundo, algunos de ellos tan grandes que pueden producir millones. de verduras cada año.

La experimentación con el diseño de invernaderos continuó durante el siglo en Europa, a medida que la tecnología producía mejores vidrios y mejoraban las técnicas de construcción. El invernadero del Palacio de Versalles fue un ejemplo de su tamaño y elaboración; tenía más de de largo, de ancho y de alto.

Al botánico francés Charles Lucien Bonaparte se le atribuye a menudo la construcción del primer invernadero práctico y moderno en Leiden, Holanda, durante los años 1800 para cultivar plantas tropicales medicinales.[23]​ Los invernaderos, originalmente solo en las propiedades de los ricos, con el crecimiento de la ciencia de la botánica se dispusieron en las grandes universidades. Los franceses llamaron a sus primeros invernaderos orangeries"), ya que servían para proteger los naranjos de las heladas. A medida que las piñas se hicieron populares, se construyeron pineries, o pozos de piña.

19th century

Industrialization opened new possibilities for the use of iron and glass as construction materials. At the beginning of the century in England, George Steward Mackenzie and John Loudon experimented with curvilinear houses, which were greenhouses with semicircular iron and glass roofs to take advantage of as much sunlight as possible evenly. In 1812, Mackenzie designed a quarter-sphere-hothouse for growing peaches and grapes, which consisted of a glass quarter-sphere in front of a brick wall. In 1818, Louden set up several test greenhouses at Bayswather, near London, to find the most favorable form of construction for optimal solar radiation. In 1817 he published Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses and in 1818 Sketches Of Curvilinear Houses, which were received throughout Europe and significantly influenced the later development of glass house construction.[24]

The golden age of greenhouses Victorian England, when the largest greenhouses ever conceived were built; Those tall enough for large trees were often called palm houses. They were usually in public gardens and parks. They were a stage in the century's development of glass and iron architecture, which was also widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls and other large buildings that needed a large, open-plan internal area. One of the earliest examples of a palm house is in Belfast Botanic Gardens. Designed by Charles Lanyon"), designed in 1839 and completed in 1840, it is one of the world's earliest examples of a curvilinear greenhouse. It consists of two wings, the cool wing and the tropical wing containing the vault. Lanyon altered his original plans to increase the height of the vault, thus allowing for much taller floors. It was built by the iron manufacturer Richard Turner. Joseph Paxton also relied on Turner for the construction of The Great Conservatory in the park of Chatsworth House (1837-1840), which was a model for another of his works, the Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. In 1850, Paxton built a house for tropical water lilies with a heated swimming pool, the Victoria Regia conservatory, also in Chatsworth. also built in 1851 by Paxton. Both Paxton buildings have disappeared.[25]​.

• - The Great Conservatory (1837-1840) in the park of Chatsworth House, a work by Paxton demolished in the 1920s.

• - Palm House (1839-1840) in the Belfast Botanic Gardens, work of Charles Lanyon").

• - Palm House at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

• - The Crystal Palace (1850-1851), now extinct, in a photograph from 1854.

• - Palmhouse in the Royal Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh (1858).

An early example of an iron and glass greenhouse outside Britain is the Serre des cactées in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, built by Charles Rohault de Fleury") in 1834-1836.

The oldest known hot water central heating system was built by Marten Trifvald in 1716 for a Newcastle greenhouse. However, it was not until the 1830s that steam heating became widespread in greenhouses and replaced the old individual ovens.

These greenhouses, also called "plant museums," which staged exhibits brought together in a spirit of mastery of nature and exoticism, spread as commercial entertainment venues in the second half of the century in the metropolises of Europe and North America, especially in botanical gardens and in urban parks. For example, the Schönbrunner Palmenhaus "Palmenhaus (Schönbrunn)") ('Schönbrunn Palm House'), 111 m long, 29 m wide and 25 m covered with 45,000 glass panels, opened in Vienna in 1882 and was one of the three largest of its time in the world (with the Knew Garden and the Palm Garden of Frankfurt am Main (1868-1870). In Berlin, from 1905 to 1907, the Große Tropenhaus ('great tropical house') was built in the botanical garden. Notable examples of the greenhouse architecture of the century are the Serre du Congo in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and the Grote Wintertuin in the castle park Laken) in the north of Brussels.

The construction, heating and maintenance of large tropical houses constantly required enormous costs. Only when wealthy manufacturers and merchants were able to emulate the lavish lifestyle of the nobility did glass houses also emerge as places of private bourgeois performance, where festivals were held and tropical flora was the subject of high-level conversation. Since the use of refrigeration technology and the acceleration of overseas logistics, tropical fruits have increasingly reached Europe and taken away the exotic appeal of greenhouses. Although public palm houses were still maintained and recently built in botanical gardens, they have hardly been built as private representative buildings since the end of the century. Historic glass houses as part of village architecture rarely survived changes in ownership, corrosion damage, storms, and vacancies.[26]​.

Other large greenhouses built in the century were the Crystal Palace (New York), built for the New York World's Fair in 1853 and burned down in 1856; the Glaspalast (Munich) in Munich, built to house the First German General Industrial Exhibition, held in 1854 and which was also destroyed by fire in 1931; and the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1895) for King Leopold II of Belgium. In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 in the Enoshima Tropical Plant Garden by Samuel Cocking"), a British merchant who exported herbs. It was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923.

• - Greenhouses based on the English model in Berlin-Glienicke in 1839.

• - Serre des cactées (1834-1836), restored in 2010. in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, one of the oldest greenhouses in the world, work of Charles Rohault de Fleury (1777-1846).

• - Large palm house in the former Berlin-Schoeneberg botanical garden, built in 1857-1858, the work of Carl David Bouché.

• - Wuppertal Botanical Garden Greenhouse.

• - Complex of the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1895) in Brussels, an example of 19th century greenhouse architecture.

• - Jardin d'hiver/Wintertuin in the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1876), work of Alphonse Balat.

• - New York Crystal Palace "Crystal Palace (New York)") built in 1853 and lost in a fire in 1856.

• - Glaspalast "Glaspalast (Munich)") in Munich, built in 1854 and destroyed by fire in 1931 (photo from 1854).

• - Botanical Garden of Florence") (1880), the first of its kind built in Italy.

20th century

In the 19th century, the geodesic dome was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the Rodale Institute")[27]​ in Pennsylvania, the Climatron") at the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, designed by T. C. Howard and completed in 1960, the world's first air-conditioned greenhouse and the first geodesic dome enclosed in rigid plexiglass (Perspex) panels; and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky").[28]​ The pyramid is another popular shape for large, tall greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the Muttart Conservatory") in Alberta (c. 1976). A well-known example of this form of construction is the Eden Project greenhouses in Cornwall, which opened in 2001 and are currently the largest greenhouses in the world. In the late 1980s, attempts were made to create a self-sufficient ecosystem in the greenhouse of the Biosphere 2 project.

Greenhouse structures were adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of polyethylene (polyethylene) film became widely available. Arch houses were manufactured by various companies and were often also made by the growers themselves. Built with aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced leading to the construction of many more greenhouses on smaller farms and garden centers. The durability of polyethylene film increased considerably when more effective UV inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the life of the film from one or two years to three and finally four or more years.

Gutter-connected greenhouses became more common in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area increased substantially. Gutter-connected greenhouses are now commonly used both in production and in situations where plants are also grown and sold to the public. Gutter-connected greenhouses are typically covered with structured polycarbonate materials or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown between them to provide greater heating efficiency.

• - Climatron, 42 m in diameter and 21 m high, at the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, Missouri, completed in 1960.

In Spain, due to the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean coast, a proliferation of greenhouse cultivation began in the late 1970s, with the first greenhouse built in El Parador de las Hortichuelas in the 1950s, and the provinces of Almería, Murcia, Alicante and Granada were the main areas of proliferation. A greater impact was noted on the Almeria coast, where almost its entire coastal area is covered by the so-called "sea of ​​plastic." In fact, it is one of the few buildings visible from space, due to the size of the area it occupies.

A clear example of the greenhouse landscape can be found in Campo de Dalías and Campo de Níjar, both in the Almeria municipalities of El Ejido "El Ejido (Almería)") and Níjar. This type of cultivation under plastic was based almost 100 percent on "parral" type greenhouses, also known, in its different variants, as shade mesh"), shade house") or canary greenhouse"), among other terms.

It should be noted that the total extension of greenhouses in Almería amounts to 30,230 hectares,[29]​ which makes this region the place in the world with the largest greenhouse area.[30]​.

• - intensive agriculture.

• - nursery (gardening) "Nursery (gardening)").

• - Physics of the atmosphere, by J. Houghton"), Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80456-6, presents a clear explanation of the greenhouse effect in greenhouses and in the Earth's atmosphere.

• - Valera D.L., Belmonte L.J., Molina F.D., López A. 2016. Greenhouse Agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408 pp.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia gallery about Greenhouse.