Europe

Gardening was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the middle of the century, when it entered political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic." Evoking the utopian image of the Garden of Eden, a time of abundance and plenty where humans did not know hunger or the conflicts that arose from disputes over property. John Evelyn wrote at the turn of the century, "there is no life more laborious than that of a good gardener; but work full of tranquility and satisfaction; natural and instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to piety and contemplation."

Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King Charles VIII brought Italian craftsmen and garden designers from Naples, such as Pacello da Mercogliano, and ordered the construction of Italianate gardens at his residence at Château d'Amboise and at Château Gaillard, another private residence in Amboise. His successor Henry II, who had also traveled to Italy and met Leonardo da Vinci, created an Italian nearby at the Château de Blois.[16] Starting in 1528, King Francis I created new gardens at the Castle of Fontainebleau, which featured fountains, flower beds, a pine forest brought from Provence, and the first artificial grotto in France.[17] The Château de Chenonceau had two gardens of the new style, one created for Diane de Poitiers in 1551, and a second for Catherine de Medici in 1560.[18] In 1536, the architect Philibert de l'Orme, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the Château d'Anet following Italian rules of proportion. The careful harmony of Anet, with its flower beds and water surfaces integrated with sections of vegetation, became one of the first and most influential examples of the classical French garden.[19]​.

The French formal garden (French: jardin à la française) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden (French: jardin à l'anglaise), that is, "forcing nature" rather than leaving it unaltered.[20] Typical French formal gardens featured "beds, geometric shapes and neatly trimmed topiaries", in contrast to the English garden style in which "plants and shrubs appear to grow naturally without artifice." Paris. Originally designed during the mid-century reign of Henry II, the gardens were redesigned in the formal French style for King Louis XIV. The gardens were arranged in symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, trimmed hedges, along with flower beds, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."[23]​.

The French landscape garden") was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence at the end of the century.[20][24]​.

Before the time of the Grand Manner, the few significant gardens that could be found in Britain had developed under continental influence. The traditions of British domestic gardening were more practical than aesthetic, unlike the great gardens of castles and, to a lesser extent, universities. Tudor gardens emphasized contrast rather than transitions, distinguished by color and illusion. They were not intended as a complement to the house or architecture, but were conceived as independent spaces, arranged for cultivation. and displaying flowers and ornamental plants. Gardeners demonstrated their art in knot gardens, with complex arrangements that usually included intertwined buxus hedges and, less frequently, aromatic herbs such as rosemary. Sand paths ran between the open knot hedges, while the closed knots were filled with flowers of a single color. The knot and parterre gardens were always located on flat land, and the raised areas were reserved for terraces. that you could contemplate the complexity of the gardens.[22]​.

Jacobean gardens were described as "a delightful confusion" by Henry Wotton in 1624. Under the influence of the Italian Renaissance, Carolinian gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, ushering in a trend towards unified symmetrical designs that took into account the architecture of the building, and which featured a raised terrace from which the house and garden could be seen. The only surviving Caroline garden is at Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire, but it is too simple to attract much interest. During the reign of Charles II, many new Baroque country houses were built; while in England Thomas Cromwell tried to destroy many Tudor, Jacobean and Carolinian gardens.[22]

Asia

The first recorded Chinese gardens were created in the Yellow River Valley during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where kings and nobles hunted, or where fruits and vegetables were grown. The earliest inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, you, pu and yuan. The you was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while the pu was a garden for plants. During the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), yuan became the character for all gardens.[2]​ The old character for yuan is a small image of a garden; It is enclosed in a square that can represent a wall, and has symbols that can represent the plan of a structure, a small square that can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.[3]​.

A famous royal garden of the late Shang dynasty was the Spirit Terrace, Pond and Park (Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou) built by King Wen of Zhou west of his capital, Yin. The park was described in the Classic of Poetry this way:.

Spotless Cranes have bright white feathers.

Another of the first royal gardens was the Shaqui, or Sand Dunes, built by the last Shang ruler, King Zhou") (1075-1046 BC). It was composed of an earthen terrace, or tai, which served as an observation platform in the center of a large square park. It was described in one of the early classics of Chinese literature, the Records of the Great Historian (Shiji).[5]​ According to the Shiji, one of the most famous features of this garden was the Wine Pond and Meat Forest (酒池肉林). A large pool, large enough to hold several small boats, was built on the palace grounds, lined with oval-shaped polished stones from the seashore. The pool was filled with wine. A small island was built in the center of the pool, where trees, which had meat skewers, were planted. roast hanging from its branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines sailed in their boats, drinking wine with their hands and eating roast meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste.[6]

During the period of Spring and Autumn (722-481 BC), in the year 535 BC. C., Shanghua Terrace, with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by King Jing&action=edit&redlink=1 "King Jing of Zhou (Gui) (not yet written)") of the Zhou dynasty. In 505 BC C., an even more elaborate garden was started, the Gusu Terrace. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake on which ships shaped like blue dragons sailed. From the highest terrace, the view extended to Lake Tai, the Great Lake.[7]​.

Manasollasa is a Sanskrit text of the century that gives details on garden design and a variety of other topics.[8]​ Both public parks and forest gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the chapter Vana-krida.[8]​[9]​ Shilparatna"), a text of the century, states that flower gardens or public parks should be situated in the northern part of a city.[10]​.

The first recorded Japanese gardens were the "pleasure gardens" of emperors and nobles. They are mentioned in several short passages in the Nihon Shoki, the first chronicle of Japanese history, published in 720 CE. In the spring of 74 CE, the chronicle recorded: "Emperor Keikō put a few carp in a pond, and was pleased to see them morning and evening." The following year, "The emperor threw one double-hulled boat in the pond of Ijishi, in Ihare, and he boarded with his imperial concubine, and they celebrated a sumptuous banquet together." In the year 486, the chronicle records that "Emperor Kenzō went to the garden and feasted on the edge of a meandering stream."

Korean gardens are a type of garden described as natural, informal, simple and unforced, which seeks to blend with the natural world.[12]​ They have a history dating back more than two thousand years,[13]​ but very little is known about them in Europe. The oldest records date back to the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC – 668 AD), when palace architecture and gardens showed a development noted in the Korean History of the Three Kingdoms.

Europe

Gardening was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the middle of the century, when it entered political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic." Evoking the utopian image of the Garden of Eden, a time of abundance and plenty where humans did not know hunger or the conflicts that arose from disputes over property. John Evelyn wrote at the turn of the century, "there is no life more laborious than that of a good gardener; but work full of tranquility and satisfaction; natural and instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to piety and contemplation."

Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King Charles VIII brought Italian craftsmen and garden designers from Naples, such as Pacello da Mercogliano, and ordered the construction of Italianate gardens at his residence at Château d'Amboise and at Château Gaillard, another private residence in Amboise. His successor Henry II, who had also traveled to Italy and met Leonardo da Vinci, created an Italian nearby at the Château de Blois.[16] Starting in 1528, King Francis I created new gardens at the Castle of Fontainebleau, which featured fountains, flower beds, a pine forest brought from Provence, and the first artificial grotto in France.[17] The Château de Chenonceau had two gardens of the new style, one created for Diane de Poitiers in 1551, and a second for Catherine de Medici in 1560.[18] In 1536, the architect Philibert de l'Orme, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the Château d'Anet following Italian rules of proportion. The careful harmony of Anet, with its flower beds and water surfaces integrated with sections of vegetation, became one of the first and most influential examples of the classical French garden.[19]​.

The French formal garden (French: jardin à la française) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden (French: jardin à l'anglaise), that is, "forcing nature" rather than leaving it unaltered.[20] Typical French formal gardens featured "beds, geometric shapes and neatly trimmed topiaries", in contrast to the English garden style in which "plants and shrubs appear to grow naturally without artifice." Paris. Originally designed during the mid-century reign of Henry II, the gardens were redesigned in the formal French style for King Louis XIV. The gardens were arranged in symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, trimmed hedges, along with flower beds, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."[23]​.

The French landscape garden") was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence at the end of the century.[20][24]​.

Before the time of the Grand Manner, the few significant gardens that could be found in Britain had developed under continental influence. The traditions of British domestic gardening were more practical than aesthetic, unlike the great gardens of castles and, to a lesser extent, universities. Tudor gardens emphasized contrast rather than transitions, distinguished by color and illusion. They were not intended as a complement to the house or architecture, but were conceived as independent spaces, arranged for cultivation. and displaying flowers and ornamental plants. Gardeners demonstrated their art in knot gardens, with complex arrangements that usually included intertwined buxus hedges and, less frequently, aromatic herbs such as rosemary. Sand paths ran between the open knot hedges, while the closed knots were filled with flowers of a single color. The knot and parterre gardens were always located on flat land, and the raised areas were reserved for terraces. that you could contemplate the complexity of the gardens.[22]​.

Jacobean gardens were described as "a delightful confusion" by Henry Wotton in 1624. Under the influence of the Italian Renaissance, Carolinian gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, ushering in a trend towards unified symmetrical designs that took into account the architecture of the building, and which featured a raised terrace from which the house and garden could be seen. The only surviving Caroline garden is at Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire, but it is too simple to attract much interest. During the reign of Charles II, many new Baroque country houses were built; while in England Thomas Cromwell tried to destroy many Tudor, Jacobean and Carolinian gardens.[22]