Gotthard Tunnel
Introduction
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a railway tunnel under the Alps in Switzerland that passes through the Gotthard massif in the Lepontine Alps. With a length of 57.09 km and a total of 151.84 km of tunnels and galleries, it is the longest and deepest railway tunnel in the world. Drilling concluded on October 15, 2010[3] and it was officially inaugurated on June 1, 2016.[4][2].
The work, with a cost of 12 billion Swiss francs,[5] consists of two separate tunnels through which a track runs in each one. It is part of the Swiss project AlpTransit, also known in the various Swiss languages as NRLA in German: Neue Eisenbahn-Alpentransversale / NEAT, in French: nouvelle ligne ferroviaire à travers les Alpes / NLFA, in Italian: Nuova ferrovia transalpina (New rail link across the Alps), which also includes the tunnels Lötschberg and Monte Ceneri between the Swiss cantons of Bern and Valais.
The tunnels are intended to facilitate the passage of the Alps and establish a direct route suitable for high-speed trains. The previous road travel time, which passed through the old tunnel located 600 meters higher, was almost four hours between Zurich and Milan, which with the base tunnel is reduced to two and a half hours.
The mouths of the tunnel are near the towns of Erstfeld (canton of Uri) (north) and Bodio (canton of Ticino) (south).
Generalities
The route through the Gotthard Pass has been, for many centuries, one of the most important routes to cross the Alps on the north-south axis of Europe. Traffic along this route has increased exponentially since 1980, and the roads and railway lines have reached traffic saturation.
To solve these problems and provide a faster means of crossing the Alps, Swiss voters decided to build this tunnel through the Gotthard Massif at an elevation 600 m lower than the previous rail tunnel.
Due to the previous railway layout, freight trains had a maximum weight of 2,000 t, using two or three locomotives. With the new tunnel, freight trains of up to 4,000 t can cross the Alps without additional locomotives and passenger trains can travel at up to 250 km/h, significantly reducing travel times on transalpine routes.