Hippodamus of Miletus (considered by many to be the first urban planner in history) made the urban plan for Piraeus, the port of Athens, on a grid that is now known as hippodamic, and which has been repeated many times. Nero also behaved like an urban planner when, after the fire of Rome, he had the city rebuilt on a plan different from the original layout.

Philip II included several urban planning ideas in the laws of the Indies when dealing with the construction of new cities in the New World (a process in which Spain carried out one of the largest creations of new cities in history). Since the century, cities have also been founded throughout Europe, although probably in the majority the guiding idea was more to demonstrate the power of the monarch than to make useful cities, which does not mean that there are a few of great beauty.

Baron Haussmann designed the renovation of Paris. Camilo Sitte was the most prominent member of the Vienna Urban School. Other notable urban planners are Otto Wagner. In 1928 the first International Congress of Modern Architecture took place and in 1947 the British urban planning law (the Town and Country Planning Act 1947) was approved, as a result of the New Towns Movement.

At the initiative of the Higher Institute of Urban Planning of the University of Buenos Aires, in 1949 the United Nations Organization (UN) declared November 8 as World Urban Planning Day as a date to remember actions necessary for the common good such as the increase in parks and recreational areas, the remodeling of some urban areas, the completion of urban development works, the decongestion of overpopulated areas and those measures that reduce air and water pollution. This date is the beginning of various initiatives for sustainable urban development and a milestone for the celebrations of urban planners around the world.

In 1970, the postmodern city emerged and going beyond the framework in which urbanism - the city - was constrained by etymology and definition, today it is a discipline with a much broader objective and is used for the comprehensive planning of the territory. Urbanism, synonymous with planning and organization, is concerned with providing sectoralized territorial models in which each of these areas is assigned development in accordance with its abilities. Thus, there will be some purely urban land, others that can be developed, that is, susceptible to becoming urban when the needs of growth and expansion determine it, and, finally, non-developable land without any expectation of evolution towards civic spaces.[7]​.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, symbolically represented by the fall of the Berlin Wall, the bipolar confrontation that characterized the history of the post-war century began to fade. Global concerns were then accentuated, such as climate change or global warming, which led, for example, to the inclusion of the 1991 Madrid Protocol as part of the Antarctic Treaty System. This multiplication of environmental concerns encouraged the creation of related university courses and the incorporation of urban planning from an environmental perspective. Although the premise that expresses the organicity of cities is traditional, the concept did not go beyond a simple enunciation until the development of the theory that, within the framework of great history, explains them as organisms and their ontological justification as part of a process of generating entities of increasing complexity within the field of environmental planning and that aims to explain why towards the first decade of the century the world population has become mostly urban, as proposed by Marcelo Pazos,[8][9]​ professor of Environmental Planning at the University of Salvador, in Buenos Aires.

The term "urbanism" comes from the Latin word urbs ​​('city'), which was developed in Antiquity and referred par excellence to the capital of the Roman world, Rome. It appears for the first time in the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy in 1956, where it is defined as "a set of knowledge that refers to the study of the creation, development, reform and progress of towns in order to meet the needs of urban life." It is clear that the idea of ​​a town "Town (rural population)") does not fit the current dimension of urban planning, being the idea of ​​a city, in the modern sense of the term, the one that best fits the field of this discipline.

The urban has a condition that more profoundly distinguishes modern life from that of traditional-rural life; it is not a spatial condition or a demographic or productive delimitation, but rather a behavior, a way of life, which is determined by the singular characteristics of the city as a material entity: specifically its size, density and heterogeneity. The urban is the effect that the size, density and heterogeneity of the city have on the social character of collective life.[7]​.

Although the term urban planning was initially used to designate all urban planning phenomena, as the construction and building phenomenon has gone beyond the urban space itself, this term has been displaced in practice by territorial planning when referring to interventions in extra-urban land, where supralocal interests protected by higher public authorities come into play: national defense, roads, environment, etc. In Spain, the term Territorial Planning is also used for planning in supra-municipal areas, in which there are generally important functional relationships between municipalities and the need to coordinate municipal urban plans is appreciated.

Currently the term urban planning is applied to urban planning; to all knowledge related to the construction of cities or urban centers, and is distinguished from the term “urbanization”, which is, today, directly related to construction processes, but not to urban planning. The term territorial planning is used, however, to designate urban planning activity aimed at interlocal land planning, from a broader perspective of spatial planning, covering areas of a rural nature.

In the world for several decades, urban planning has been taught in universities as a liberal discipline independent of other professions. We can find more than 100 universities from different countries that offer this university degree using titles such as: Urban Planning, Bachelor of Urban Planning, Territorial Planning and Environment, Urban Engineering, Urban Planning, City Planning, Urban Planning and Environment, Urban Topography, among others.

In Latin America, the first study program leading to a Master's Degree in Planning in the areas of Urban and Territorial Planning, Society and Environment and Economic and Community Development was the Graduate School of Planning of the University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, created on April 30, 1965. This program is accredited by the Planning Accreditation Board (PAB), the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) and the , among others. It is a requirement to practice in Puerto Rico to pass a revalidation exam to obtain a license granted by the Examining Board of Professional Planners of Puerto Rico Archived on February 27, 2020 in the Wayback Machine. Subsequently, at the undergraduate level, the urban planning career was implemented at the Simón Bolívar University of Venezuela; later the career was implemented in Mexico; at the highest house of study, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)‚ the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM)‚ at the University Center of Art, Architecture and Design of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico. In Argentina, the Bachelor's Degree in Urban Planning is taught at the National University of General Sarmiento (UNGS). Brazil and Colombia, the Urban Management and Development Program was implemented at the Universidad del Rosario and the Urban Planning Program at the Universidad de La Salle (Bogotá) "Universidad de La Salle (Bogotá)").[10]​ and at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón. The European case is led by the Netherlands and France and in North America by Canada.

However, the training of urban planners still continues as a specialization at the postgraduate level in related disciplines, such as planning, architecture, civil engineering, ecology, geography, economics and sociology, among others.

Contenido

El urbanismo táctico incluye en la forma en la que las ciudades crecen, interviniendo espacios existentes subutilizados, asignándoles un uso que no es necesariamente de ocupación arquitectónica o permanente, rescatando posibilidades para que los espacios sean utilizados por las personas y valorizar la ciudad. Este tipo de acciones tiene la finalidad de hacer la ciudad un lugar más humano).[11]​.

El Urbanismo Táctico trata de transformar espacios públicos, barrios, vías, en intervenciones con privilegio al peatón, dejando al vehículo en segundo plano. También proponer estrategias para fomentar medios de transportes alternativos y sustentables. Las intervenciones son realizadas por grupos de acciones, rescatando espacios públicos hechos para el vehículo, cada propuesta es de bajo costo y materiales reciclables. Cada intervención revaloriza la ciudad, propone cuidar el medio ambiente dando un cambio visual a los espacios públicos, también presentar posibles soluciones a problemas de planificación, dando una identidad local de gran impacto.[12]​.

Mike Lydon se refiere a esta disciplina como «una aproximación deliberada a hacer ciudad, un ofrecimiento de ideas locales para retos de planificación local con compromisos a corto plazo y expectativas realistas, planteando intervenciones de bajo riesgo con posibilidad de altas recompensas».

Tactical urbanism in Latin America

In Latin America, tactical urbanism includes short-term actions to generate long-term changes, tries to solve citizen problems, inequality, and more.

On the other hand, it seeks to highlight the value of public places by providing light, fast and cheap solutions made by creative people. Whether in the area of ​​housing, the local economy of a neighborhood or transportation. These were born as a response to a historical scenario of scarcity that today is at a crossroads: between an inherited informality and a necessary formalization of urban processes. This is reflected in multiple case studies such as street vendors, free fairs, occupations of land by neighborhood associations or informal practices that, due to lack of institutional channels or political will, operate reactively seeking to narrow the gap of inequality and representation in the city.

In Latin America, places like Chile, Peru, Ecuador and more, rethink public places, transforming them into opportunities for the city itself. It tries to encourage citizen participation to provide possible solutions to social, economic and urban problems. Propose strategies that promote alternative means with recyclable and economical materials. Cycle lanes offer to rehabilitate streets occupied by private vehicles and public transportation to improve the sustainable development of neighborhoods, cities and more. It is very important that pedestrians can move in public spaces without any difficulties such as architectural barriers and cars.

One of the objectives of tactical urbanism in Latin America is to humanize urban public spaces by rehabilitating each sector, giving possible solutions to planning problems in cities. This strategy can not only be carried out by urban planners and architects but also by people willing to give a new look to public spaces by promoting the use of bicycles or alternative transportation, rehabilitating green areas, painting colored zebra crossings, privileging pedestrians.

Inclusive urbanism and urban regeneration

Inclusive urbanism promotes the transformation of blighted neighborhoods by combining physical improvements with social and economic interventions that directly benefit existing residents, seeking to avoid exclusion and gentrification. UN-Habitat points out that inclusive urban regeneration must prioritize the reduction of spatial inequalities, improve quality of life, ensure the permanence of inhabitants and promote community cohesion through effective participatory processes.[14]​.

An example widely studied in Latin America is the model known as "social urbanism" implemented in Medellín, Colombia, during the mayoralty of Sergio Fajardo (2003-2007). This approach, materialized in projects such as the Northeast Comprehensive Urban Project (PUI), used public resources from Public Companies of Medellín to improve public transportation, cultural and educational infrastructure, as well as accessible public spaces. Various investigations have highlighted that the key component of its success was citizen participation through community workshops that increased social integration, the appropriation of public space and helped to significantly reduce violence rates.[15]​.

In Europe, similar initiatives have highlighted the importance of building local capacities during urban regeneration. Housing Europe documented experiences in European cities, highlighting cases such as the Santa Ana neighborhood in Italy, where the need to adapt interventions to local realities, encourage effective community participation, and provide training and financial support to both residents and small local businesses was emphasized to ensure truly inclusive regeneration.[16]​.

Recent theoretical proposals have also been formulated from Latin America on inclusive regeneration. In Venezuela, for example, urban policy researcher and consultant Cristofer Correia has proposed a model of urban regeneration that emphasizes the importance of legal security in the property of residents, significant investment in basic public services, the creation of social facilities (health, educational and community centers) and economic integration through the regulation and financing of informal commerce. His book Inclusive urban regeneration (2021), edited by the Andrés Bello Catholic University, bases its proposals on guidelines from international organizations such as UN-Habitat and on comparative analyzes of global experiences of urban regeneration.[17]​.

Ecological urbanism is a form of urbanism that has as its central axis four basic objectives, compactness, complexity, efficiency and stability.[18]​ As Salvador Rueda defines, ecological urbanism projects three plans at the same scale to formally resolve the variables that are intertwined in cities. Such as biodiversity and the preservation of geographical and natural values ​​of a territory, urban metabolism and urban services and logistics. This form of urban planning wants to address the problems of today's society related to sustainability, rethinking urban occupation models.[19]​.

Hippodamus of Miletus (considered by many to be the first urban planner in history) made the urban plan for Piraeus, the port of Athens, on a grid that is now known as hippodamic, and which has been repeated many times. Nero also behaved like an urban planner when, after the fire of Rome, he had the city rebuilt on a plan different from the original layout.

Philip II included several urban planning ideas in the laws of the Indies when dealing with the construction of new cities in the New World (a process in which Spain carried out one of the largest creations of new cities in history). Since the century, cities have also been founded throughout Europe, although probably in the majority the guiding idea was more to demonstrate the power of the monarch than to make useful cities, which does not mean that there are a few of great beauty.

Baron Haussmann designed the renovation of Paris. Camilo Sitte was the most prominent member of the Vienna Urban School. Other notable urban planners are Otto Wagner. In 1928 the first International Congress of Modern Architecture took place and in 1947 the British urban planning law (the Town and Country Planning Act 1947) was approved, as a result of the New Towns Movement.

At the initiative of the Higher Institute of Urban Planning of the University of Buenos Aires, in 1949 the United Nations Organization (UN) declared November 8 as World Urban Planning Day as a date to remember actions necessary for the common good such as the increase in parks and recreational areas, the remodeling of some urban areas, the completion of urban development works, the decongestion of overpopulated areas and those measures that reduce air and water pollution. This date is the beginning of various initiatives for sustainable urban development and a milestone for the celebrations of urban planners around the world.

In 1970, the postmodern city emerged and going beyond the framework in which urbanism - the city - was constrained by etymology and definition, today it is a discipline with a much broader objective and is used for the comprehensive planning of the territory. Urbanism, synonymous with planning and organization, is concerned with providing sectoralized territorial models in which each of these areas is assigned development in accordance with its abilities. Thus, there will be some purely urban land, others that can be developed, that is, susceptible to becoming urban when the needs of growth and expansion determine it, and, finally, non-developable land without any expectation of evolution towards civic spaces.[7]​.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, symbolically represented by the fall of the Berlin Wall, the bipolar confrontation that characterized the history of the post-war century began to fade. Global concerns were then accentuated, such as climate change or global warming, which led, for example, to the inclusion of the 1991 Madrid Protocol as part of the Antarctic Treaty System. This multiplication of environmental concerns encouraged the creation of related university courses and the incorporation of urban planning from an environmental perspective. Although the premise that expresses the organicity of cities is traditional, the concept did not go beyond a simple enunciation until the development of the theory that, within the framework of great history, explains them as organisms and their ontological justification as part of a process of generating entities of increasing complexity within the field of environmental planning and that aims to explain why towards the first decade of the century the world population has become mostly urban, as proposed by Marcelo Pazos,[8][9]​ professor of Environmental Planning at the University of Salvador, in Buenos Aires.

The term "urbanism" comes from the Latin word urbs ​​('city'), which was developed in Antiquity and referred par excellence to the capital of the Roman world, Rome. It appears for the first time in the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy in 1956, where it is defined as "a set of knowledge that refers to the study of the creation, development, reform and progress of towns in order to meet the needs of urban life." It is clear that the idea of ​​a town "Town (rural population)") does not fit the current dimension of urban planning, being the idea of ​​a city, in the modern sense of the term, the one that best fits the field of this discipline.

The urban has a condition that more profoundly distinguishes modern life from that of traditional-rural life; it is not a spatial condition or a demographic or productive delimitation, but rather a behavior, a way of life, which is determined by the singular characteristics of the city as a material entity: specifically its size, density and heterogeneity. The urban is the effect that the size, density and heterogeneity of the city have on the social character of collective life.[7]​.

Although the term urban planning was initially used to designate all urban planning phenomena, as the construction and building phenomenon has gone beyond the urban space itself, this term has been displaced in practice by territorial planning when referring to interventions in extra-urban land, where supralocal interests protected by higher public authorities come into play: national defense, roads, environment, etc. In Spain, the term Territorial Planning is also used for planning in supra-municipal areas, in which there are generally important functional relationships between municipalities and the need to coordinate municipal urban plans is appreciated.

Currently the term urban planning is applied to urban planning; to all knowledge related to the construction of cities or urban centers, and is distinguished from the term “urbanization”, which is, today, directly related to construction processes, but not to urban planning. The term territorial planning is used, however, to designate urban planning activity aimed at interlocal land planning, from a broader perspective of spatial planning, covering areas of a rural nature.

In the world for several decades, urban planning has been taught in universities as a liberal discipline independent of other professions. We can find more than 100 universities from different countries that offer this university degree using titles such as: Urban Planning, Bachelor of Urban Planning, Territorial Planning and Environment, Urban Engineering, Urban Planning, City Planning, Urban Planning and Environment, Urban Topography, among others.

In Latin America, the first study program leading to a Master's Degree in Planning in the areas of Urban and Territorial Planning, Society and Environment and Economic and Community Development was the Graduate School of Planning of the University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, created on April 30, 1965. This program is accredited by the Planning Accreditation Board (PAB), the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) and the , among others. It is a requirement to practice in Puerto Rico to pass a revalidation exam to obtain a license granted by the Examining Board of Professional Planners of Puerto Rico Archived on February 27, 2020 in the Wayback Machine. Subsequently, at the undergraduate level, the urban planning career was implemented at the Simón Bolívar University of Venezuela; later the career was implemented in Mexico; at the highest house of study, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)‚ the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM)‚ at the University Center of Art, Architecture and Design of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico. In Argentina, the Bachelor's Degree in Urban Planning is taught at the National University of General Sarmiento (UNGS). Brazil and Colombia, the Urban Management and Development Program was implemented at the Universidad del Rosario and the Urban Planning Program at the Universidad de La Salle (Bogotá) "Universidad de La Salle (Bogotá)").[10]​ and at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón. The European case is led by the Netherlands and France and in North America by Canada.

However, the training of urban planners still continues as a specialization at the postgraduate level in related disciplines, such as planning, architecture, civil engineering, ecology, geography, economics and sociology, among others.

Contenido

El urbanismo táctico incluye en la forma en la que las ciudades crecen, interviniendo espacios existentes subutilizados, asignándoles un uso que no es necesariamente de ocupación arquitectónica o permanente, rescatando posibilidades para que los espacios sean utilizados por las personas y valorizar la ciudad. Este tipo de acciones tiene la finalidad de hacer la ciudad un lugar más humano).[11]​.

El Urbanismo Táctico trata de transformar espacios públicos, barrios, vías, en intervenciones con privilegio al peatón, dejando al vehículo en segundo plano. También proponer estrategias para fomentar medios de transportes alternativos y sustentables. Las intervenciones son realizadas por grupos de acciones, rescatando espacios públicos hechos para el vehículo, cada propuesta es de bajo costo y materiales reciclables. Cada intervención revaloriza la ciudad, propone cuidar el medio ambiente dando un cambio visual a los espacios públicos, también presentar posibles soluciones a problemas de planificación, dando una identidad local de gran impacto.[12]​.

Mike Lydon se refiere a esta disciplina como «una aproximación deliberada a hacer ciudad, un ofrecimiento de ideas locales para retos de planificación local con compromisos a corto plazo y expectativas realistas, planteando intervenciones de bajo riesgo con posibilidad de altas recompensas».

Tactical urbanism in Latin America

In Latin America, tactical urbanism includes short-term actions to generate long-term changes, tries to solve citizen problems, inequality, and more.

On the other hand, it seeks to highlight the value of public places by providing light, fast and cheap solutions made by creative people. Whether in the area of ​​housing, the local economy of a neighborhood or transportation. These were born as a response to a historical scenario of scarcity that today is at a crossroads: between an inherited informality and a necessary formalization of urban processes. This is reflected in multiple case studies such as street vendors, free fairs, occupations of land by neighborhood associations or informal practices that, due to lack of institutional channels or political will, operate reactively seeking to narrow the gap of inequality and representation in the city.

In Latin America, places like Chile, Peru, Ecuador and more, rethink public places, transforming them into opportunities for the city itself. It tries to encourage citizen participation to provide possible solutions to social, economic and urban problems. Propose strategies that promote alternative means with recyclable and economical materials. Cycle lanes offer to rehabilitate streets occupied by private vehicles and public transportation to improve the sustainable development of neighborhoods, cities and more. It is very important that pedestrians can move in public spaces without any difficulties such as architectural barriers and cars.

One of the objectives of tactical urbanism in Latin America is to humanize urban public spaces by rehabilitating each sector, giving possible solutions to planning problems in cities. This strategy can not only be carried out by urban planners and architects but also by people willing to give a new look to public spaces by promoting the use of bicycles or alternative transportation, rehabilitating green areas, painting colored zebra crossings, privileging pedestrians.

Inclusive urbanism and urban regeneration

Inclusive urbanism promotes the transformation of blighted neighborhoods by combining physical improvements with social and economic interventions that directly benefit existing residents, seeking to avoid exclusion and gentrification. UN-Habitat points out that inclusive urban regeneration must prioritize the reduction of spatial inequalities, improve quality of life, ensure the permanence of inhabitants and promote community cohesion through effective participatory processes.[14]​.

An example widely studied in Latin America is the model known as "social urbanism" implemented in Medellín, Colombia, during the mayoralty of Sergio Fajardo (2003-2007). This approach, materialized in projects such as the Northeast Comprehensive Urban Project (PUI), used public resources from Public Companies of Medellín to improve public transportation, cultural and educational infrastructure, as well as accessible public spaces. Various investigations have highlighted that the key component of its success was citizen participation through community workshops that increased social integration, the appropriation of public space and helped to significantly reduce violence rates.[15]​.

In Europe, similar initiatives have highlighted the importance of building local capacities during urban regeneration. Housing Europe documented experiences in European cities, highlighting cases such as the Santa Ana neighborhood in Italy, where the need to adapt interventions to local realities, encourage effective community participation, and provide training and financial support to both residents and small local businesses was emphasized to ensure truly inclusive regeneration.[16]​.

Recent theoretical proposals have also been formulated from Latin America on inclusive regeneration. In Venezuela, for example, urban policy researcher and consultant Cristofer Correia has proposed a model of urban regeneration that emphasizes the importance of legal security in the property of residents, significant investment in basic public services, the creation of social facilities (health, educational and community centers) and economic integration through the regulation and financing of informal commerce. His book Inclusive urban regeneration (2021), edited by the Andrés Bello Catholic University, bases its proposals on guidelines from international organizations such as UN-Habitat and on comparative analyzes of global experiences of urban regeneration.[17]​.

Ecological urbanism is a form of urbanism that has as its central axis four basic objectives, compactness, complexity, efficiency and stability.[18]​ As Salvador Rueda defines, ecological urbanism projects three plans at the same scale to formally resolve the variables that are intertwined in cities. Such as biodiversity and the preservation of geographical and natural values ​​of a territory, urban metabolism and urban services and logistics. This form of urban planning wants to address the problems of today's society related to sustainability, rethinking urban occupation models.[19]​.