La estereotomía (de estereo —sólido, del griego stereos— y tomía —corte, del griego temno—)[1][2] es una rama de la cantería que estudia el modo en que pueden tallarse, partirse y aprovecharse las rocas extraídas de la cantera con arreglo a su colocación específica en obras de arquitectura e ingeniería; The RAE defines it as Art of cutting stones and wood.[3] Most publications on stereotomy refer to stone, but there is also wood stereotomy, which deals with the design and placement of pieces in wooden construction systems, such as the balloon frame, therefore being outside of stonemasonry. Algunos autores, además, quizá como consecuencia del aún algo incomprendido modo de trabajar del hierro en el XIX, han tomado el diseño de las piezas de este material como parte del arte y la ciencia de la estereotomía; es por ejemplo el caso del ingeniero decimonónico Eduardo Mojados.[4] A pesar de su campo de aplicación histórico, si el concepto se abstrae al diseño de unas piezas, la ciencia abarca cualquier material.[2].
The word stereotomy appears as such in the century in France and in the century in Spain. Stereotomy techniques were widely used in both countries, and were known since the Middle Ages as montea. Mientras que la estereotomía es teórica y trata el diseño (por lo que se puede englobar dentro de la geometría descriptiva), su aplicación práctica se conoce como tomotecnia").[5].
History
La popularidad de los canteros durante la Edad Media europea, que desarrollan la estereotomía en la construcción de las grandes catedrales, terminó por germinar en diversos tratados en el Renacimiento. Los primeros, como el de Serlio, englobaban la estereotomía únicamente dentro de la arquitectura y definían geométricamente elementos arquitectónicos como ventanas, arcos y trompas. Caso destacado de esta tradición es el Compedio de arquitectura y simetría de los templos conforme a la medida del cuerpo humano con algunas demostraciones de geometría (Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón, 1681). In Spain, in the 19th century, more specific treatises began to appear, detailing the shapes of each piece with greater attention. They are called stone cuts or mountain art; es decir, tratan la estereotomía.[6] Los citados los escribían arquitectos y maestros de obra para sus aprendices, sin estar en principio destinados a su publicación; In fact, they were kept secret.[6] They were eminently graphic in nature, so that they contained a series of sheets with geometric calculations for the size and placement of the pieces.
Frame Platform
Introduction
La estereotomía (de estereo —sólido, del griego stereos— y tomía —corte, del griego temno—)[1][2] es una rama de la cantería que estudia el modo en que pueden tallarse, partirse y aprovecharse las rocas extraídas de la cantera con arreglo a su colocación específica en obras de arquitectura e ingeniería; The RAE defines it as Art of cutting stones and wood.[3] Most publications on stereotomy refer to stone, but there is also wood stereotomy, which deals with the design and placement of pieces in wooden construction systems, such as the balloon frame, therefore being outside of stonemasonry. Algunos autores, además, quizá como consecuencia del aún algo incomprendido modo de trabajar del hierro en el XIX, han tomado el diseño de las piezas de este material como parte del arte y la ciencia de la estereotomía; es por ejemplo el caso del ingeniero decimonónico Eduardo Mojados.[4] A pesar de su campo de aplicación histórico, si el concepto se abstrae al diseño de unas piezas, la ciencia abarca cualquier material.[2].
The word stereotomy appears as such in the century in France and in the century in Spain. Stereotomy techniques were widely used in both countries, and were known since the Middle Ages as montea. Mientras que la estereotomía es teórica y trata el diseño (por lo que se puede englobar dentro de la geometría descriptiva), su aplicación práctica se conoce como tomotecnia").[5].
History
La popularidad de los canteros durante la Edad Media europea, que desarrollan la estereotomía en la construcción de las grandes catedrales, terminó por germinar en diversos tratados en el Renacimiento. Los primeros, como el de Serlio, englobaban la estereotomía únicamente dentro de la arquitectura y definían geométricamente elementos arquitectónicos como ventanas, arcos y trompas. Caso destacado de esta tradición es el Compedio de arquitectura y simetría de los templos conforme a la medida del cuerpo humano con algunas demostraciones de geometría (Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón, 1681). In Spain, in the 19th century, more specific treatises began to appear, detailing the shapes of each piece with greater attention. They are called or ; es decir, tratan la estereotomía.[6] Los citados los escribían arquitectos y maestros de obra para sus aprendices, sin estar en principio destinados a su publicación; In fact, they were kept secret.[6] They were eminently graphic in nature, so that they contained a series of sheets with geometric calculations for the size and placement of the pieces.
The appearance of new construction techniques and new materials (steel, concrete, laminated glass) since the Industrial Revolution ended the seriousness of his studies; However, it continued to be used and was a required subject in European architecture schools until well into the century,[7] and continues to be so in stonemasonry modules. The latest treatises—outside of modern reproductions in the field of construction history—date from the end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century. Until that moment, care in the design of construction pieces, especially stone in Spain, was very popular until the end of the century.[8].
The treaties described detail, for example, the execution of arches, vaults and rigging, showing the precise geometry that each piece must have to fit into them. In the case of wood, which forms lintel rather than vaulted systems, the treaties specify the notches necessary for joining the pieces and their methods of joining. Antonio Rovira y Rabassa wrote about this material in 1900 (Wood and its stereotomy), as well as about iron, the same year (Iron, its cuts and links).
Execution fields
Wood
Based on their hierarchy and as a general rule, wooden structures (especially in buildings) can be classified into four, of which the intermediate two are framing type:.
This hierarchization of the framing type construction systems is technically accepted enough to appear commonly described in this way.[9] While stacked log houses do not specifically need any type of cuts or notches, since they are stacked, the rest have various ways of treating the joints between construction elements. Although they can currently be reinforced with very resistant glues or screws, traditionally, stereotomy has been thought of, that is, the geometric design of the pieces where there is a joint for structural stability. There is generic literature for the design of these joints, and each manufacturer has its own, published in bulletins and specialized information brochures.
Iron
During the century it was intended that iron adopt the shapes of stone, so its pieces were molded to fit together, designing notches and joints by gravity. At the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century, when the characteristics of the material were verified and research was carried out in the production of steel, a construction of bars was adopted and the joints first became widespread, followed by bolted joints and welded joints, none of which required a stereotomy to make the pieces fit together.
[5] ↑ Escala y estereotomía: El capialzado abocinado en vuelta de la puerta de la sacristía de la capilla de Junterón en la catedral de Murcia Archivado el 30 de agosto de 2009 en Wayback Machine.; José Calvo López, Miguel Ángel Alonso Rodríguez y Ana López Moro.: http://revistas.um.es/imafronte/article/viewFile/37131/35661
[6] ↑ a b Los tratados de cortes de piedra españoles en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII.; Antonio Bonet Correa, 1989.
[7] ↑ Geometría y función estructural en cantería. La cantería y la estereotomía de la piedra en el aprendizaje del arte de construir y otras consideraciones; José Fernández Salas (Madrid, 1996).
The appearance of new construction techniques and new materials (steel, concrete, laminated glass) since the Industrial Revolution ended the seriousness of his studies; However, it continued to be used and was a required subject in European architecture schools until well into the century,[7] and continues to be so in stonemasonry modules. The latest treatises—outside of modern reproductions in the field of construction history—date from the end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century. Until that moment, care in the design of construction pieces, especially stone in Spain, was very popular until the end of the century.[8].
The treaties described detail, for example, the execution of arches, vaults and rigging, showing the precise geometry that each piece must have to fit into them. In the case of wood, which forms lintel rather than vaulted systems, the treaties specify the notches necessary for joining the pieces and their methods of joining. Antonio Rovira y Rabassa wrote about this material in 1900 (Wood and its stereotomy), as well as about iron, the same year (Iron, its cuts and links).
Execution fields
Wood
Based on their hierarchy and as a general rule, wooden structures (especially in buildings) can be classified into four, of which the intermediate two are framing type:.
This hierarchization of the framing type construction systems is technically accepted enough to appear commonly described in this way.[9] While stacked log houses do not specifically need any type of cuts or notches, since they are stacked, the rest have various ways of treating the joints between construction elements. Although they can currently be reinforced with very resistant glues or screws, traditionally, stereotomy has been thought of, that is, the geometric design of the pieces where there is a joint for structural stability. There is generic literature for the design of these joints, and each manufacturer has its own, published in bulletins and specialized information brochures.
Iron
During the century it was intended that iron adopt the shapes of stone, so its pieces were molded to fit together, designing notches and joints by gravity. At the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century, when the characteristics of the material were verified and research was carried out in the production of steel, a construction of bars was adopted and the joints first became widespread, followed by bolted joints and welded joints, none of which required a stereotomy to make the pieces fit together.
[5] ↑ Escala y estereotomía: El capialzado abocinado en vuelta de la puerta de la sacristía de la capilla de Junterón en la catedral de Murcia Archivado el 30 de agosto de 2009 en Wayback Machine.; José Calvo López, Miguel Ángel Alonso Rodríguez y Ana López Moro.: http://revistas.um.es/imafronte/article/viewFile/37131/35661
[6] ↑ a b Los tratados de cortes de piedra españoles en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII.; Antonio Bonet Correa, 1989.
[7] ↑ Geometría y función estructural en cantería. La cantería y la estereotomía de la piedra en el aprendizaje del arte de construir y otras consideraciones; José Fernández Salas (Madrid, 1996).