Definition and context of foundation pathology

Foundation pathology refers to the study and analysis of anomalies, defects or failures that appear in the foundations of a structure. These failures can compromise the stability and durability of a building or infrastructure, and are generally manifested by deformations, settlements, cracks or other visible or internal damage.

The foundations are fundamental elements that transmit the loads of the structure to the ground, so any alteration in their operation can cause serious consequences. Foundation pathology is a discipline that seeks to diagnose, identify the causes and propose solutions to avoid further damage or structural collapse.

Concept and function of the foundation

Foundations are the structural elements that transmit the loads of the building to the ground in a safe and stable manner. Its main function is to distribute weight and forces to avoid excessive settlement or displacement that could affect the integrity of the construction.

There are different types of foundations, such as superficial (footings, slabs) and deep (piles, bored piles), each chosen according to the characteristics of the soil, the loads and the type of construction. A proper design guarantees the stability and durability of the property.

The soil-foundation interaction is complex and depends on the geotechnical properties of the terrain, which must be carefully evaluated in the previous study to avoid future pathologies.

Types of foundations and their vulnerability

Shallow foundations are vulnerable to changes in soil moisture, disproportionate loads or poor compaction. For example, isolated footings may suffer differential settlement if the ground beneath them is heterogeneous.

Deep foundations, such as piles, are designed to reach strong strata, but can be affected by corrosion, erosion or changes in soil pore pressure. In addition, problems in execution can generate structural defects.