Five Points of Architecture
Introduction
The five points of modern architecture (Les Cinq Points d'une Architecture Nouvelle) is an architectural manifesto made by Le Corbusier[1] and his cousin and collaborator Pierre Jeanneret in 1926-27.[2][3][4].
The five points
Le Corbusier developed a set of architectural principles that dictated his technique, which he called "the five points of modern architecture" (in French: les cinq points de l'architecture moderne). His most obvious example is considered to be his Villa Savoye.[5] The five points are:.
There was also a sixth point, but of less importance, because it referred more to aesthetics: it is the elimination of the cornice. Le Corbusier also made reference to the closets that occupy the interior of the building and the distribution of the furniture.
These five points actually took up the constructive principles developed in the United States by the Chicago school "Chicago School (architecture)") under the influence of the teachings of Viollet-le-Duc. Partially taken up in Europe by the architects of modernism (for example, Hector Guimard, whose École du Sacré-Cœur built in Paris in 1895 already respects four of the five points of the Swiss builder, only the roof is still inclined), mixing them with the principles of the hygienist movement of the end of the century and beginning of the century, which sought maximum exposure to the sun with the aim of fighting tuberculosis. Le Corbusier's essential contribution consists of a systematization of his theories. Many buildings of the Modern Movement, and later of the International Style "International Style (architecture)"), would respect these "five points of modern architecture."
Villa Savoye
It was Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye (1929–1931) that most succinctly summarized the five points he had made in the magazine L'Esprit Nouveau and in his book Towards an Architecture, which he had been developing throughout the 1920s.[7] First, Le Corbusier raised the volume of the building above the ground, supporting it with pilotis, reinforced concrete stilts. These pilotis, which provide structural support to the house, allowed him to elucidate his next two points: a free façade, which means that the walls were not load-bearing so they could be designed as the architect wanted, and a free floor plan, which means that the surface could be freely configured into rooms without concerns about the supporting walls. The second floor of the Villa Savoye includes long strips of windows that allow unobstructed views of the large garden that surrounds it, and constitute its fourth point. The fifth point was the roof garden that compensates for the green area consumed by the building and replaces it on the roof. A ramp that rises from the ground floor to the third floor terrace allows an "architectural walk" through the structure. The white tubular railings recall the industrial “liner” aesthetic that Le Corbusier so strongly supported. The driveway around the ground floor, with its semicircular path, measures the exact turning radius of a 1927 Citroën automobile.