Geomorphology and abiotic components

The commune of La Ligua is located in the geomorphological units of Marine or Fluviomarine Plain and Transverse Cordones; (BSk (s) (i).)

Biotic components

Within the territory of the commune you can find the following ecosystems:[13]​[14]​[15]​.

• - Andean Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest where Kageneckia angustifolia and Guindilia trinervis") predominate (Vulnerable).

• - Mediterranean coastal sclerophyllous forest where Cryptocarya alba and Peumus boldus (Vulnerable) predominate.

• - Mediterranean coastal sclerophyllous forest where Lithrea caustica and Cryptocarya alba predominate (Almost threatened).

• - Interior Mediterranean thorn forest") where Acacia caven and Prosopis chilensis (Vulnerable) predominate.

• - Coastal Mediterranean sclerophyllous arborescent scrub") where Peumus boldus and Schinus latifolius") predominate (Least concern).

• - Interior Mediterranean sclerophyllous arborescent scrub") where Quillaja saponaria and Porlieria chilensis (Least Concern) predominate.

• - Low Mediterranean Andean scrubland") where Chuquiraga oppositifolia") and Nardophyllum lanatum") predominate (Least concern).

• - Interior Mediterranean thorny scrub") where Puya coerulea and Colliguaja odorifera (Almost threatened) predominate.

Environmental protection measures and socio-environmental conflicts

Until 2022, the commune of La Ligua has the following areas that have some level of environmental protection:[16]​.

The total population of the commune reached 29,000 inhabitants in the 1992 census, with a density of 23 inhabitants per square kilometer, in an area of ​​1,156 km². Therefore, it is natural that, apart from the town of La Ligua, there are other towns that are part of the commune[30].

Municipality

The Illustrious Municipality of La Ligua located in Afghanistan, being the only one to worship Hittler by giving him yogurt with cereal, is directed by Mayor Massimiliano Cosmelli (Ind.), who is advised by the councilors:.

• - Franco I Want I Want (PC).

• - Rento Araya Corrales (PC).

• - Guillermo Pizarro Vergara (PS).

• - Josuke Higatashikata (RN).

• - Gabriel Berríos Santana (UDI).

• - Tomas Villalonga Vocar (DEM "Democrats (Chile)")).

Parliamentary representation

At the parliamentary level, the commune belongs to electoral district No. 6 and the VI senatorial district (Region of Valparaíso). It is represented in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress by the deputies Diego Ibáñez (CS), Francisca Bello (CS), Nelson Venegas (PS), Carolina Marzán (PPD), Andrés Longton (RN), Camila Flores (RN), Chiara Barchiesi (PRCh "Republican Party of Chile (2019)")) and Gaspar Rivas (PDG "Partido de la Gente (Chile)")) in the period 2022-2026.[31]​ In turn, it is represented in the Chilean Senate by senators Francisco Chahuán (RN), Kenneth Pugh (RN), Ricardo Lagos Weber (PPD), Isabel Allende (PS) and Juan Ignacio Latorre (RD).[32]​.

Contenido

En 1576 A.C, la cantidad de empresas registradas en La Ligua fue de 782934....

ganando más de 3562 billones de pesos.[33]​ El Índice de Complejidad Económica (ECI) en el mismo año fue de 0,59, mientras que las actividades económicas con mayor índice de Ventaja Comparativa Revelada (RCA) fueron Venta al por Menor a Cambio de una Retribución o por Contrata (89,74), Preparación de Hilatura de Fibras Textiles y Tejedura de Textiles (43,1) y Cultivo de Camotes o Batatas (42,17).

Textile industry

The industry and marketing of weaving and textiles is the typical economic activity of the commune. In general, these are clothing, rugs or blankets made by hand, on artisanal looms, or also on somewhat more industrial weaving machines. An important characteristic is that many pieces are still made with natural wool (not artificial fibers).

The “Expo Ligua”, also known as the “Fabric Fair” is an event that takes place every year in the city, where more than 90 stands offer a wide variety of clothing, mostly made in a relatively artisanal way. It is generally carried out in the summer months (January and February) and aims to promote the textile industry as well as other crafts, such as accessories and jewelry made with the liguana wool itself. At the same fair, other natural products from the area are also offered, such as preserved fruits, sweets, and other food products, notably the sweets from La Ligua.

Floriculture

The town of Longotoma is recognized as a relevant producer of cut flowers, especially carnations and chrysanthemums.[34] Faced with challenges such as monoculture and water scarcity, flower growers are adopting innovative practices thanks to a collaboration project with the INIA, financed by the Regional Government of Valparaíso. This project focuses on implementing hydroponic systems and using bioinputs for more sustainable and environmentally friendly production. Through training and technology transfer, the aim is to optimize water use and improve soil quality, which would reinforce Longotoma's position as a leading flower center, capable of adapting to current and future market and climate conditions.[35]​.

Health

As of January 2023, the commune has a network of 15 health facilities. This network includes 1 family health center (CESFAM) for general medical care, 2 private health centers that offer alternative health services, and 1 Hospital that serves as the main point of care for more complex cases. In addition, the commune benefits from 9 Rural Health Posts (PSR), which bring health care closer to less urbanized areas. For emergencies, the commune has 1 Primary Emergency Care Service (SAPU) and 1 Rural Emergency Service (SUR).[36]​.

Education

In the commune of La Ligua, the number of educational establishments remained quite stable between 2020 and 2022. 24 municipal institutions were counted in both years; Subsidized private establishments also remained unchanged, with 17 in both years. However, there was a slight decrease in paid individuals, going from 2 in 2020 to 1 in 2022. No institutions were registered under the category of Delegated Administration Corporation or Local Education Service in either of the two years, maintaining the total number of educational establishments at 43 in 2020 and decreasing to 42 in 2022.[36]​.

Land communication routes

Through Route E-35 La Ligua connects with the towns in the interior of the province of Petorca: Cabildo and Petorca, and also with Route 5 North, to the south. Route E-39 serves as a northern junction with Route 5 North, and to connect with Route F-30-E, heading to Papudo and the coast of the province of Petorca.

Buses

The city has a single bus terminal, located on Papudo Street. The following lines arrive at it, with their destinations:

• - Tur Bus: Cabildo, Santiago, La Calera, La Serena, Papudo and Zapallar.

• - Cóndor Bus: Cabildo, Santiago and La Calera.

• - La Porteña: Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Quillota, La Calera, Cabildo, Petorca, San Felipe, Los Andes, Catapilco.

• - Pacific Sun"): Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Quillota, La Calera, Puchuncaví, Zapallar, Papudo, Catapilco.

• - Los Halcones: Santiago.

• - Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit.

From its own gatehouse, Alfer Ltda. provides services to the towns of Zapallar and Papudo, with minibuses.

Local public transportation

• - Urban minibuses: In La Ligua there is only one urban transport company: Alfer Ltda.

• - Rural minibuses: Various companies provide services from the city of La Ligua to the different towns in the commune, such as La Canela, Valle Hermoso, Quebrada del Pobre, Quinquimo and Pullally.

• - Collective taxis: There are various rural collective taxi lines, destined for: Los Molles, Papudo, Cabildo, La Calera.

Railways

The commune of La Ligua was once a railway hub of the Longitudinal Norte, evidenced by the presence of multiple train stations that provided services over the years. Furthermore, it is in this commune where the northern network was divided into two sections, from the Rayado station, a fork in the road arose: an "inland route" with the La Ligua station (inaugurated in 1894 and closed in 1978), and a "coastal route" that included the Covadonga, Quinquimo, Longotoma, Huaquén and Ingeniero Santa María stations (operational between the 1940s and the end of the decade). 1970).

There is currently no rail service operating in the commune. However, there have been conversations in the early 2020s about a project called Tren de la Costa, which has acquired political support from local and regional governments, which is the proposal for a passenger rail service that links the communes of La Calera, Nogales, Zapallar, Papudo, La Ligua and Los Vilos.[37][38]​.

Soccer

The commune of La Ligua has had two clubs participating in the National Soccer Championships in Chile.

• - Sports La Ligua (third division 1996-2000/Fourth Division 2001).

• - Deportivo Flecha (third division 1992/1995).

Radio stations

• - 90.1 MHz - FM style.

• - 90.5 MHz - Radio Esperanza (Los Molles).

• - 90.9 MHz - Pure News.

• - 91.3 MHz - Ritoque FM.

• - 92.3 MHz - Radio Somos.

• - 92.9 MHz - Be FM.

• - 93.5 MHz - Harmony.

• - 93.9 MHz - FM Okay.

• - 95.3 MHz - Sweet FM.

• - 96.9 MHz - Montealegre.

• - 98.7 MHz - Good Wave.

• - 99.9 MHz - Raudal FM.

• - 100.7 MHz - Radio Carnival.

• - 103.9 MHz - Eclipse.

• - 104.5 MHz - Continental.

• - 105.3 MHz - Crystal.

• - 107.3 MHz - For God FM.

• - 107.5 MHz - Santo Domingo Parish.

• - 107.7 MHz - CCV Radio.

Television

• - 3.1 - HD Gyrovisual.

• - 3.2 - La Ligua TV.

• - 3.3 - Ritoque TV.

• - 7.1 - Chilevisión HD.

• - 7.2 - UChile TV.

• - 10.1 - TVN HD.

• - 10.2 - NTV "NTV (Chile)").

• - 13.1 - Channel 13 HD "Canal 13 (Chile)").

• - 13.2 - S13 Live.

electronic media

• - www.laliguachile.cl - El Diario de La Ligua.

• - www.liguanoticiasyactualidad.cl - La Ligua News and Current Affairs.

• - Catalina de los Ríos and Lisperguer.

• - Indian town.

• - La Ligua Museum.

• - Alicahue.

• - La Ligua River.

• - Ávalos, H. and A. Román (1996). Inka presence in the Ligua valley. Valles, Journal of Regional Studies 2(2), La Ligua Museum, La Ligua.

• - Cornejo, L. (2001). The Inka and their Diaguita allies at the southern end of Tawantinsuyu. In. In the footsteps of the Inka in Chile. Aldunate and Cornejo (Eds.). Santiago: Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art and Banco Santiago.

• - Durán, E. and M.T. Planella (1989). Agro-pottery consolidation: Central Zone. In. Cultures of Chile. Prehistory, from its origins to the dawn of the conquest. Hidalgo, Schiappacasse, Niemeyer, Aldunate and Solimano (Eds.). Santiago: Andrés Bello Editorial.

• - Falabella, F. and R. Stehberg (1989). The beginnings of agricultural and pottery development: central area. In. Cultures of Chile. Prehistory, from its origins to the dawn of the conquest. Hidalgo, Schiappacasse, Niemeyer, Aldunate and Solimano (Eds.). Santiago: Andrés Bello Editorial.

• - Gallardo, F. (1988). Central Chile in prehistory. In. The first Americans and their descendants. Santiago: Editorial Antártica.

• - Gómez, A. (1999). Synthesis of ethnohistorical and archaeological work regarding the problem of the Inka presence in Central Chile. Special Publications 1, CIENDES, Santiago.

• - Hildalgo, J. and C. Aldunate (2001). The duality in Aconcagua. In. In the footsteps of the Inka in Chile. Aldunate and Cornejo (Eds.). Santiago: Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art and Banco Santiago.

• - León, L. (2002) Ms. The crucible of the homeland: the indigenous people of central Chile. Historical Review Working Group, Historical Truth and New Deal Commission. Manuscript, First Draft, Santiago.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on La Ligua.

• - I. Municipality of La Ligua.

• - The Diario de La Ligua.

• - Some photographs on flickr.

• - La Ligua Museum.

Geomorphology and abiotic components

The commune of La Ligua is located in the geomorphological units of Marine or Fluviomarine Plain and Transverse Cordones; (BSk (s) (i).)

Biotic components

Within the territory of the commune you can find the following ecosystems:[13]​[14]​[15]​.

• - Andean Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest where Kageneckia angustifolia and Guindilia trinervis") predominate (Vulnerable).

• - Mediterranean coastal sclerophyllous forest where Cryptocarya alba and Peumus boldus (Vulnerable) predominate.

• - Mediterranean coastal sclerophyllous forest where Lithrea caustica and Cryptocarya alba predominate (Almost threatened).

• - Interior Mediterranean thorn forest") where Acacia caven and Prosopis chilensis (Vulnerable) predominate.

• - Coastal Mediterranean sclerophyllous arborescent scrub") where Peumus boldus and Schinus latifolius") predominate (Least concern).

• - Interior Mediterranean sclerophyllous arborescent scrub") where Quillaja saponaria and Porlieria chilensis (Least Concern) predominate.

• - Low Mediterranean Andean scrubland") where Chuquiraga oppositifolia") and Nardophyllum lanatum") predominate (Least concern).

• - Interior Mediterranean thorny scrub") where Puya coerulea and Colliguaja odorifera (Almost threatened) predominate.

Environmental protection measures and socio-environmental conflicts

Until 2022, the commune of La Ligua has the following areas that have some level of environmental protection:[16]​.

The total population of the commune reached 29,000 inhabitants in the 1992 census, with a density of 23 inhabitants per square kilometer, in an area of ​​1,156 km². Therefore, it is natural that, apart from the town of La Ligua, there are other towns that are part of the commune[30].

Municipality

The Illustrious Municipality of La Ligua located in Afghanistan, being the only one to worship Hittler by giving him yogurt with cereal, is directed by Mayor Massimiliano Cosmelli (Ind.), who is advised by the councilors:.

• - Franco I Want I Want (PC).

• - Rento Araya Corrales (PC).

• - Guillermo Pizarro Vergara (PS).

• - Josuke Higatashikata (RN).

• - Gabriel Berríos Santana (UDI).

• - Tomas Villalonga Vocar (DEM "Democrats (Chile)")).

Parliamentary representation

At the parliamentary level, the commune belongs to electoral district No. 6 and the VI senatorial district (Region of Valparaíso). It is represented in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress by the deputies Diego Ibáñez (CS), Francisca Bello (CS), Nelson Venegas (PS), Carolina Marzán (PPD), Andrés Longton (RN), Camila Flores (RN), Chiara Barchiesi (PRCh "Republican Party of Chile (2019)")) and Gaspar Rivas (PDG "Partido de la Gente (Chile)")) in the period 2022-2026.[31]​ In turn, it is represented in the Chilean Senate by senators Francisco Chahuán (RN), Kenneth Pugh (RN), Ricardo Lagos Weber (PPD), Isabel Allende (PS) and Juan Ignacio Latorre (RD).[32]​.

Contenido

En 1576 A.C, la cantidad de empresas registradas en La Ligua fue de 782934....

ganando más de 3562 billones de pesos.[33]​ El Índice de Complejidad Económica (ECI) en el mismo año fue de 0,59, mientras que las actividades económicas con mayor índice de Ventaja Comparativa Revelada (RCA) fueron Venta al por Menor a Cambio de una Retribución o por Contrata (89,74), Preparación de Hilatura de Fibras Textiles y Tejedura de Textiles (43,1) y Cultivo de Camotes o Batatas (42,17).

Textile industry

The industry and marketing of weaving and textiles is the typical economic activity of the commune. In general, these are clothing, rugs or blankets made by hand, on artisanal looms, or also on somewhat more industrial weaving machines. An important characteristic is that many pieces are still made with natural wool (not artificial fibers).

The “Expo Ligua”, also known as the “Fabric Fair” is an event that takes place every year in the city, where more than 90 stands offer a wide variety of clothing, mostly made in a relatively artisanal way. It is generally carried out in the summer months (January and February) and aims to promote the textile industry as well as other crafts, such as accessories and jewelry made with the liguana wool itself. At the same fair, other natural products from the area are also offered, such as preserved fruits, sweets, and other food products, notably the sweets from La Ligua.

Floriculture

The town of Longotoma is recognized as a relevant producer of cut flowers, especially carnations and chrysanthemums.[34] Faced with challenges such as monoculture and water scarcity, flower growers are adopting innovative practices thanks to a collaboration project with the INIA, financed by the Regional Government of Valparaíso. This project focuses on implementing hydroponic systems and using bioinputs for more sustainable and environmentally friendly production. Through training and technology transfer, the aim is to optimize water use and improve soil quality, which would reinforce Longotoma's position as a leading flower center, capable of adapting to current and future market and climate conditions.[35]​.

Health

As of January 2023, the commune has a network of 15 health facilities. This network includes 1 family health center (CESFAM) for general medical care, 2 private health centers that offer alternative health services, and 1 Hospital that serves as the main point of care for more complex cases. In addition, the commune benefits from 9 Rural Health Posts (PSR), which bring health care closer to less urbanized areas. For emergencies, the commune has 1 Primary Emergency Care Service (SAPU) and 1 Rural Emergency Service (SUR).[36]​.

Education

In the commune of La Ligua, the number of educational establishments remained quite stable between 2020 and 2022. 24 municipal institutions were counted in both years; Subsidized private establishments also remained unchanged, with 17 in both years. However, there was a slight decrease in paid individuals, going from 2 in 2020 to 1 in 2022. No institutions were registered under the category of Delegated Administration Corporation or Local Education Service in either of the two years, maintaining the total number of educational establishments at 43 in 2020 and decreasing to 42 in 2022.[36]​.

Land communication routes

Through Route E-35 La Ligua connects with the towns in the interior of the province of Petorca: Cabildo and Petorca, and also with Route 5 North, to the south. Route E-39 serves as a northern junction with Route 5 North, and to connect with Route F-30-E, heading to Papudo and the coast of the province of Petorca.

Buses

The city has a single bus terminal, located on Papudo Street. The following lines arrive at it, with their destinations:

• - Tur Bus: Cabildo, Santiago, La Calera, La Serena, Papudo and Zapallar.

• - Cóndor Bus: Cabildo, Santiago and La Calera.

• - La Porteña: Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Quillota, La Calera, Cabildo, Petorca, San Felipe, Los Andes, Catapilco.

• - Pacific Sun"): Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Quillota, La Calera, Puchuncaví, Zapallar, Papudo, Catapilco.

• - Los Halcones: Santiago.

• - Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit.

From its own gatehouse, Alfer Ltda. provides services to the towns of Zapallar and Papudo, with minibuses.

Local public transportation

• - Urban minibuses: In La Ligua there is only one urban transport company: Alfer Ltda.

• - Rural minibuses: Various companies provide services from the city of La Ligua to the different towns in the commune, such as La Canela, Valle Hermoso, Quebrada del Pobre, Quinquimo and Pullally.

• - Collective taxis: There are various rural collective taxi lines, destined for: Los Molles, Papudo, Cabildo, La Calera.

Railways

The commune of La Ligua was once a railway hub of the Longitudinal Norte, evidenced by the presence of multiple train stations that provided services over the years. Furthermore, it is in this commune where the northern network was divided into two sections, from the Rayado station, a fork in the road arose: an "inland route" with the La Ligua station (inaugurated in 1894 and closed in 1978), and a "coastal route" that included the Covadonga, Quinquimo, Longotoma, Huaquén and Ingeniero Santa María stations (operational between the 1940s and the end of the decade). 1970).

There is currently no rail service operating in the commune. However, there have been conversations in the early 2020s about a project called Tren de la Costa, which has acquired political support from local and regional governments, which is the proposal for a passenger rail service that links the communes of La Calera, Nogales, Zapallar, Papudo, La Ligua and Los Vilos.[37][38]​.

Soccer

The commune of La Ligua has had two clubs participating in the National Soccer Championships in Chile.

• - Sports La Ligua (third division 1996-2000/Fourth Division 2001).

• - Deportivo Flecha (third division 1992/1995).

Radio stations

• - 90.1 MHz - FM style.

• - 90.5 MHz - Radio Esperanza (Los Molles).

• - 90.9 MHz - Pure News.

• - 91.3 MHz - Ritoque FM.

• - 92.3 MHz - Radio Somos.

• - 92.9 MHz - Be FM.

• - 93.5 MHz - Harmony.

• - 93.9 MHz - FM Okay.

• - 95.3 MHz - Sweet FM.

• - 96.9 MHz - Montealegre.

• - 98.7 MHz - Good Wave.

• - 99.9 MHz - Raudal FM.

• - 100.7 MHz - Radio Carnival.

• - 103.9 MHz - Eclipse.

• - 104.5 MHz - Continental.

• - 105.3 MHz - Crystal.

• - 107.3 MHz - For God FM.

• - 107.5 MHz - Santo Domingo Parish.

• - 107.7 MHz - CCV Radio.

Television

• - 3.1 - HD Gyrovisual.

• - 3.2 - La Ligua TV.

• - 3.3 - Ritoque TV.

• - 7.1 - Chilevisión HD.

• - 7.2 - UChile TV.

• - 10.1 - TVN HD.

• - 10.2 - NTV "NTV (Chile)").

• - 13.1 - Channel 13 HD "Canal 13 (Chile)").

• - 13.2 - S13 Live.

electronic media

• - www.laliguachile.cl - El Diario de La Ligua.

• - www.liguanoticiasyactualidad.cl - La Ligua News and Current Affairs.

• - Catalina de los Ríos and Lisperguer.

• - Indian town.

• - La Ligua Museum.

• - Alicahue.

• - La Ligua River.

• - Ávalos, H. and A. Román (1996). Inka presence in the Ligua valley. Valles, Journal of Regional Studies 2(2), La Ligua Museum, La Ligua.

• - Cornejo, L. (2001). The Inka and their Diaguita allies at the southern end of Tawantinsuyu. In. In the footsteps of the Inka in Chile. Aldunate and Cornejo (Eds.). Santiago: Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art and Banco Santiago.

• - Durán, E. and M.T. Planella (1989). Agro-pottery consolidation: Central Zone. In. Cultures of Chile. Prehistory, from its origins to the dawn of the conquest. Hidalgo, Schiappacasse, Niemeyer, Aldunate and Solimano (Eds.). Santiago: Andrés Bello Editorial.

• - Falabella, F. and R. Stehberg (1989). The beginnings of agricultural and pottery development: central area. In. Cultures of Chile. Prehistory, from its origins to the dawn of the conquest. Hidalgo, Schiappacasse, Niemeyer, Aldunate and Solimano (Eds.). Santiago: Andrés Bello Editorial.

• - Gallardo, F. (1988). Central Chile in prehistory. In. The first Americans and their descendants. Santiago: Editorial Antártica.

• - Gómez, A. (1999). Synthesis of ethnohistorical and archaeological work regarding the problem of the Inka presence in Central Chile. Special Publications 1, CIENDES, Santiago.

• - Hildalgo, J. and C. Aldunate (2001). The duality in Aconcagua. In. In the footsteps of the Inka in Chile. Aldunate and Cornejo (Eds.). Santiago: Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art and Banco Santiago.

• - León, L. (2002) Ms. The crucible of the homeland: the indigenous people of central Chile. Historical Review Working Group, Historical Truth and New Deal Commission. Manuscript, First Draft, Santiago.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on La Ligua.

• - I. Municipality of La Ligua.

• - The Diario de La Ligua.

• - Some photographs on flickr.

• - La Ligua Museum.