Evaluation of old shipping companies

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Ancient Rome

• - 260 BC. C. Battle of Miles.

• - 256 BC. C. Battle of Cape Ecnomo.[23].

• - 57 a. C. Navigare necesse este, vivere non est necesse. Phrase attributed to Pompeu by Plutarch.[37][38][39][40].

• - 31 a. C. Battle of Actium. The winners included the Liburni.

• - 10 a.m. C. Transportation of a 263-ton obelisk by sea, from Heliopolis (Egypt) to Rome.[41][42][43][44]

Carrying such a heavy load demonstrates the technical and shipbuilding capabilities of the ancient Romans.

• - c 2 d. C. According to Pliny the Elder Gaius Caesar saw the remains of a Spanish ship in the Red Sea.[45][46].

• - 37 d. C. Obelisk of Caligula.[47][48][49][50]

In 1586 and under the direction of Domenico Fontana, the obelisk in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican was transported, raised and planted. It was a very complex and dangerous operation. It was necessary to coordinate 900 direct workers, 75 horses, thousands of meters of rope and a few winches and pulleys. To prevent obstacles that would jeopardize the maneuver, Pope Sixtus V had decreed the death penalty for anyone who broke the silence. And a gallows and an executioner were in the square to remember the decree. Tradition says that a certain Panal, captain of a Genoese ship, seeing that the ropes were in danger of breaking under the effort, exclaimed: "Wet the ropes! ". ("Acqua alle corde" or "Aiga, dai de l'aiga ae corde" according to different narrations). Fontana had the ropes wet and Panal was rewarded instead of being hanged.[51].

• - 37-41 d. C. Ships of Nemi.

• - c 150 d. C. Isis (ship) "Isis (ship)").

• - 180 d. C. Aulus Gellius. Noctes Atticae

*Aulus Gellius gave a list of the vessels of his time.[52]

Roman ships (in Latin and plural): Gaul, corbitae, caudiceae, longae, hippagines, cercuri, celoces (celetes in Greek), Lembo, oriae, renunculi, actuariae, prosumiae (geseoratae, horiolae), stlatae, scaphae, pontoons, vaetitiae, hemioliae, Phaselis, parón, myoparones, intron, caupuli, camarae, placidae, cydarum, tatariae, catascopium.

• - 357 AD. C. Ammiano Marcellinus described the transport of a 500-ton obelisk.[53].

• - c 410. Noni Marcel (Nonius Marcellus). Noni Marcelli peripatetic Tuburticensis of compendious doctrine for Litteras ad filium[54]

In chapter (pl.).

• - 429 d. C. The Vandals crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, from Hispania towards Africa.

• - 450 d. C. Description of the ships called Liburni by Vegetius.[55]

According to Vegetius (Book II chapter XXV), each legion transported a certain number of very light canoes (made from a hollowed-out log) to build bridges over the rivers in case of need.[56][57].

Various considerations

• - c 499 BC. C. Siege of Naxos by a band of 200 ships commanded by the Persian Megabates and Aristagoras of Miletus.

• - 492 BC. C. Estol of Darius I the Great destroyed by a storm.

Completion of the canals to the Red Sea started by Necao II.

Conquest of India. Regular trade between Persian gold and the Indus River.

• - c 480. Bridge of Xerxes over the Hellespont.

• - 480 BC. C. Channel of Xerxes.

The Persian fleet consisted of more than 4000 ships (1207 trirems and many smaller ships).

A storm destroyed about 400 triremes.

According to Plutarch, the ship of the Persian admiral Ariamaenes was much taller than the Greek ships.

• - 480 BC. C. Battle of Salamis.

• - 466 BC. C. Cimón II, Greek admiral.

• - c 460 BC. C. Exploration of the Persian Sataspes on an Egyptian ship.

• - 394 BC. C. Battle of Cnidus.

• - 373 BC. C. Pharnabazo II. Estol against Egypt.

• - 279 BC. C. Lighthouse of Alexandria.

• - 200 BC. C. Nabataean pirates.

• - c 165 BC. C. Defeat of a Persian war flock.

• - 113 BC. C. Agatharchids. Description of the Sabeans.

• - 45. The Romans discovered the monsoon wind system. Hippalus makes a trading voyage to India.

• - c 50? Journey through the Eritrean Sea

The work indicates the large merchant ships, with Arab captains and Arab commercial agents, that made the routes through East Africa and India.

It also mentions ships with sewn plate lining. (See Rhapta).

• - 326. The Persian king Shapur conquers dominion of the sea (in the area of the Persian Gulf and Bahrain).

• - 414. Documented rich Arab (Sabaean) merchants living in Ceylon.

• - 512. Roman and Persian trading ships in Ceylon.

• - 550. Cosmas Indicopleustes.

• - 550. Wahriz. Expedition against Yemen with eight ships and 800 Persian warriors.

• - 654. Battle of the masts.[67].

• - 710. Tarif ibn Malik.

• - 711. Tarek ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar.

• - c 717. Thirty Persian merchant ships in Ceylon.

• - 727. Confirmation of the navigation of the Persians in Canton in large merchant ships.

• - 748. Important Persian city on the island of Hainan.

• - 748. According to the testimony of a Buddhist monk who was going to Japan, on the Canton River "there were numerous Persian ships...".

• - 758. The Arabs (Ta-shi) and the Persians (Po-sse) plundered and burned Kwang col (Canton) and abandoned it by sea.

• - 878. Canton Massacre: 120,000 Mohammedans, Jews, Christians and Persians were killed by Baichu or Babshu. See Huang Chao.

• - 898. Al Maqdisi. Description of cartographic knowledge by a sailor.

• - 945. Foundation of some shipyards in Turtuixa by order of Abderramán III.

• - 956. Al Masud. Primitive lighthouses in the Persian Gulf.

• - 1079. Ibn Muçad. "First" treatise on spherical trigonometry.

Medieval ships

6th century

• - 512. Legend of Saint Brandan.

7th century

• - c 630. Isidore of Seville.[75].

9th century

• - 846. Battle of Ostia. Amalfi, Naples and Gaeta against Muslims.

10th century

• - 945. Foundation of some shipyards in Turtuixa by order of Abderramán III.

• - 984. Sunifred Llobet. Translation of an astronomy book. Translation of a treatise on the astrolabe. Ms.Ripoll 225. (Astrolabio sententie).

Beginning of the Late Middle Ages

In the world of nautical and Mediterranean ports there is a very important concept to remember: that of Lingua franca. This simplified speech allowed fluid communication between people with very different languages. It was used normally until the 17th century.

11th century

• - 1018. The Norman Roger I of Tosny, owner of some ships, helped the Countess Ermessenda of Carcassonne, widow of Ramón Borrell, against the Muslim lord of Dénia, Mujahid.

Mujahid had conquered Mallorca and had proclaimed himself emir. With his ships he was attacking the Catalan coast.

• - 1075. The Landnámabók, Scandinavian book. Mentions the magnetic needle.

• - 1079. Pisano-Catalan crusade. Liber maiolichinus.

• - 1079. Ibn Muçad. "First" treatise on spherical trigonometry.

12th century

• - 1120. In an agreement between Ramón Berenguer III and the warden of Lérida they mention gorabs, ships interpreted as caravels.[76].

• - 1163. "... te unam sagittiam, de Provintia convenient, prendiderunt, te tres naves magnas te vacuas ad fauces Arni demersuerunt..." (Translation: "... they captured a saeta that came from Provence and sank three large ships without a crew at the mouths of the Arno River... ).[77].

• - 1183. Beginning of Ibn Jubair's travels. He traveled through the Mediterranean on Christian ships.

• - 1187. Alexander Neckam. References to the magnetic needle: "In the West, the first references to the magnetic compass were found in two books written by the English author Alexander Neckam: De Utensilibus (1187) and De Natura Rerum (1204). This writer states that the sailors of the English...".

• - c 1190. Guyot de Provin, wrote: "The sailors where Pierre une brute et brune, à laquelle par la virtue de la marinière (Magnet), le united volontiers te par ce moyen, ils s'aperçoivent de la droiture du point. Lorsqu'une Aiguille a touché te qu'on la a mise sur un petite Morceau de bois (de Liège, de la paille), ils la posent sur l'eau et le bois la lient sur la surface."

13th century

• - 1226. Robert English (Montpellier). Description of a quadrant.

• - 1226. Two Catalan saeta based in Tarragona practice hearts and capture a Saracen Tarida loaded with wood from the valí of Mallorca.[78].

• - 1229. Andalusian Arabic compass ("cup" of wine, "cup" of compass).[79].

• - 1245-1265. "Conpasso da Navegaré".

• - 1247. 28-oared saeta sold in Mallorca by Italians and bought by an Italian relative. The total price was 64 Melgarese pounds (32 for the ship and 32 for the network: trees, antennas and sails). [1] Archived August 16, 2019 at the Wayback Machine.

• - 1249. Galley captured by Nice: (Page 45) "... three world maps, one compass and two calamities."

• - 1270. King Charles of Anjou decides to assemble an arrow to defend the castle of Licata by sea ("... sagettiam unam pro custodia maritime dicte Castri..." ).[80].

• - 1.273-1274. Ramon Llull. Book of contemplation. Ink composition: "guts, vitriol, gum and water.

A waterproof ink was important for marine charts and a ship's cartulary (account book).

• - 1277. Galley of Spinola (Genoa, Flanders).

• - 1,281. Galley of Mallorca buying wool in London.[81].

• - 1285. Naval battle of Las Hormigas.

• - 1296. Francesco da Barberino. Mentions an arlogio, Orologio (flask).[82][83].

• - 1298. Some authors explain that the caravels were mentioned in "The Seven Departures" of King Alfonso

14th century

• - 1302. Catalan corsairs capture, in the port of Tunis, a Tarida from Pisa and a Genoese arrow. (Yearbook of medieval studies, Volume 38, Part 2, page 844).[87].

• - 1307. Perpetual almanac, by the Tortosa meridian.

• - 1323. Trade between Mallorca and Flanders.[88].

• - 1327. Documents in Catalan about the privateer Martín Sanxez, owner of a barca or saeta de 20 oars ("... a saeta or boats with twenty oars...)". [2].

• - 1331. Coca San Clemente.

• - 1336. Cenne della Chitarra (Arezzo minstrel who died in 1336) mentioned: "... chiane intorno senza caravels..."[89].

• - 1338. Canistro Office. "Scale" on navigation charts.

• - 1338. Saget armada.[90].

• - 1340. Battle of Sluys.

• - 1346. Jaume Ferrer (navigator) "Jaume Ferrer (navigator)") trip to Río de Oro.

• - 1353. A Venetian-Catalan group defeats a Genoese flock.[91].

• - 1353. The oldest document that mentions a two-tree cake in the Mediterranean is a Catalan construction contract from the year 1353.[84][92].

• - 1353. Santa María and Santa Tecla Galleys: "a boxola to sail, a few hours,...".

• - 1375. Catalan Atlas.

15th century

• - 1405-1433. Zheng He's Travels and Explorations.

• - 1409. The oldest document that shows a three-masted nave is a drawing from 1409 in the "Book of Ordinances of the administrator of the squares" of Barcelona.[93].

• - 1428. Two trips of an Italian transport arrow. First import and arrival of playing cards in Rome, from Catalonia via Gaeta [3].

• - 1428. Return of Prince Pedro of Portugal in Lisbon with the ideas or prototype of the Portuguese caravel of discoveries. Prince Peter traveled to Flanders, Venice and Barcelona. He studied carefully the types of ships and naval construction that foreigners used. It is known that he carried a prototype from Venice while he married in Coimbra on September 13, 1428 with Elisabet de Urgell.[94].

• - 1434-35. Michele of Rhodes. "Gallery Factory".[95][96]

Partial translation into Spanish.[97].

• - 1435. Battle of Ponza (1435) "Battle of Ponza (1435)").

• - 1438. Launching of "ung vaisseau pour mero" into the Scluse. "Carvelle" built by Portuguese shipwrights for the Duke of Burgundy.

• - 1438. The Duke of Burgundy orders a "carvelle" from the Portuguese Joao Afonso.[98].

• - 1440. Two Portuguese "Caravelas" destined for overseas.[99].

• - 1442. Details about a process involving a saeta[100] (or "saeta"[101]). In the original documents the name of the type of ship is interesting because it makes it equivalent to skull or wood..

• - 1452. Document addressed to Johan de Camós, captain of the galley guard of the city of Barcelona, warning of the pirate Johan Torrelles with an armed "calauera".[102][103].

• - 1454. Launching of a skull by Francisco Xetantí built in the Drassanes of Barcelona.[104].

• - 1454. Launching of a skull by Jaume Carbón built in the Drassanes of Barcelona.[105].

• - 1460. In a German book it says: "the Buch of the skull or Seget is the patron saint of Salvador Roig".[106].

• - 1464. Benedetto Cotrugli wrote a navigation treatise in which he talks about "caravelle" and "barcosi" (a ship very similar to Ragusa invented and used).[107]

Benedetto Cotrugli was the author of a navigation book ("De navigatione"; Naples 1464) that was never published, but is preserved in manuscript form. This is a work that can be consulted in a digitized transcription in the care of Piero Falchetto. Also the original manuscript can be read for free (Beinecke Manuscript MS 557, Yale University Library, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library).

Modern Age (1500-1789)

Contenido

Nota: la llamada Edad Moderna suele definirse entre los años 1453 (caída de Constantinopla) y 1789 (Revolución Francesa). El haber escogido una cifra redonda permite incluir las primeras descubiertas portuguesas y españolas en la época medieval. Época de la creación y evolución de los barcos y las técnicas de las primeras exploraciones.

16th century

• - 1500. The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered and adopted the system of prismatic water tanks. just as the "mouros" used them.[114].

• - 1519. Map of Piri Reis.

• - 1522. Hospitallers on the island of Malta (Rhodes falls into the hands of the Turks).

The ships of the Order of Malta and the Hospitaller School of Navigators were famous for centuries. Some famous scientists and navigators belonged to the Maltese order: Pigafetta, Jordi Juan,...

• - 1524.[115].

• - * The quote of a Portuguese ship next to a caravel (mentioned "skull") is quite interesting.

• - 1532. Letter from Pedro de Alvarado "notifying the Emperor that he has removed carpenters, caulkers and masters from Spain, and in a short time has manufactured in Mar del Sur a galleon, San Cristóbal, a ship, Santa Clara, another ship, the Buenaventura; another in the Gulf of Chiva, a caravel, a Pataxó and two other more medium-sized caravels. The only one that has been missing have been coopers for the Botam, but to replace it, has made some vessels that they call vallas and they make six and four water boots, turning out to be such a unique vessel and so good, that they are afraid of it better than the barrels of Spain. "[116][117].

• - c 1540. Alonso de Chaves. Navigators' mirror.[118]

The work gives a list of names of boats and ships ordered by size.[119]

(Small vessels): copatenes, skiffs, boats, boats, boats, shallops, tafureas, Gavarres

One-handed and heavy ships: Pataxó, pinaças, Caravelas, ships, naos, urcas, galleons, carracones, carracas.

Subtle or light vessels: zabras, brigantines, galeotas, quiracas,[120] woods, galleys, bastard galleys, galeaças.

• - 1542. Large indigenous canoes on the coasts of California described by Cabrillo.[121].

• - 1542. Map of Juan de Rotz (outline of New Holland) Humboldt p. 447.

• - 1545. Pedro de Medina. "Art of sailing."

• - 1548. "Plummed Carauelas"? ? ? Seville?

The joke destroyed the living work of the wooden boats with some ease. Lead protection was quite adequate.

• - 1556. Geography book by Hieronimus Giraba from Tarragona.

• - 1570. Masts that could be lowered used by the Dutch.[122].

• - 1,571. Battle of Lepanto (1571).

• - 1576. Turtle ship built in Korea.

• - 1577. Launched on Francis Drake's English galleon Pelican (renamed Golden Hind in 1578. )[123].

• - 1587. "Nautical instruction." Diego García de Palacio.

• - 1588. Invincible Armada.[124]

1. Shipwreck of the ship Juliana off the coast of Ireland. It was a merchant ship from Mataró that was requisitioned in Lisbon to join the Invincible Armada. The owners were never compensated.[125][126][127].

• - 1588. Journey of "Juan Jaime" (Juan Jaime?) and Francesc Galí (with a special measuring instrument).

• - 1590. A ship and a filibotes (called Grol) with Dutch ambassadors arrive in Japan.[128].

• - 1594. Davis Quadrant.

• - 1596. Construction of the first filibotes (fluyt) to Hoorn according to the design of the Dutch merchant Pieter Jansz VAEL. These types of ships were very important in the Dutch navy.[129][130][131].

17th century

• - 1616. Description of the New Route to the South of the Strait of Magellan Discovered and Established in the Year 1616 by Dutchman Willem Schouten de Hoorn.

• - 1634. Iron Meridian (currently on the island of Hierro, in the Canary Islands). Richelieu chose this meridian as the zero meridian or origin of longitudes.[132][133] Ptolemy already placed the end of the world in the Canary Islands.

• - 1637. Launching of the British ship HMS Sovereign of the Seas. Without forecastle.[134].

• - 1642. Naval battle of Barcelona (1642) "Battle of Barcelona (1642)").

• - 1650. Walter Raleigh. Publication of the work Excellent observations and notes concerning the Royal Navy and Sea-Service.[135]

He was against boats that were too big. According to Walter, the Spanish said: "Great ship, great fatigue."

• - 1660. Return to England of Charles II of England on a yacht ("yacht" in English, "jacht" in Dutch).[129][136][137][138].

• - 1663. Success of a catamaran built by William Petty.[139][140].

• - 1658. Battle of the Dunes (1658) "Battle of the Dunes (1658)").

• - 1675. Royal Greenwich Observatory.

• - 1682. The Duke of York travels on his yacht Caterine and is saved from a shipwreck.[141].

• - 1,688. Johann von der Behr. Diarium, oder Tajo-Buch.[142].

18th century

• - 1714. Saeta with 12 guns and 150 crew members in the defense of Barcelona. Paid for by Sebastián Dalmau. [5].

• - 1720. First yacht club in the world founded in Ireland: Cork Water Club..

• - 1731a. Antonio de Clariana y Gualbes. Nautical summary of what is practiced in the naval theater or art of war.[143][144][145].

• - 1738. Daniel Bernoulli. Hydrodynamique (Hydrodynamics).[146][147][148].

• - 1754. Mungo Murray.[149].

• - 1764. Stranded HMB Endeavor.

• - 1768. Architectura Navalis Mercatoria Stockholm.

• - 1771. Jorge Juan. Theoretical practical maritime exam.[150]

This work was very important and had great dissemination. It was translated into French, English, Italian,...[151][152].

• - 1779. corsair arrow built in Mataró: 24 cannons and 130 crew members. [6].

• - 1,783. José Joaquín Romero and Fernández de Landa. Regulation of wood necessary for the factory of the King's baxeles.[153].

• - 1787. Barge with an iron ship, built in England.[154].

• - 1794. The ship of the line Montañés, with 74 guns, was launched, renowned for its great speed in all directions.[155][156].

Period 1789-1914

• - 1805. Batalla de Trafalgar.

• - 1812. La Guerra Anglo-Americana de 1812-1815 fue muy importante en el progreso de la construcción naval. Los corsarios necesitaban barcos muy rápidos y, animados por los beneficios de las capturas, iniciaron una carrera por la velocidad que tuvo éxitos importantes y orientó desarrollos posteriores.[157]

El Prince de Neufchâtel, barco corsario aparejado de bergantín-goleta de dos árboles.[158][159][160]

El barco corsario Chasseur (conocido como Pride of Baltimore) estaba aparejado como bergantín-goleta de jaulas de dos palos.[161].

• - Aparato de bergantín-goleta.

• - Reproducción del Pride of Baltimore. Aparato de bergantín-goleta de velatxo o de jaulas.

The beginning of the clippers

• - 1815. Falcon (175 tons, Cowes).

• - 1824. Falcon (351 tons, Cowes)[162].

• - 1,830. Red Rover (328 tons, Calcutta)[163]

The Red Rover copied the water lines of the Prince of Neufchâtel, mentioned above.

• - 1833. Ann McKim (494 tons, Baltimore)[164][165][166].

• - 1839. Scottish Maid (150 tons OM, Aberdeen).

• - 1845. Rainbow (757 tons OM, New York).

• - 1846. Sea Witch (908 tons, New York)[167].

• - 1854. Launching of the clipper Lightning, built of wood.

The standing rigging was of Russian hemp (11.5 inches in the lowest elements).[168]

The Crimean War caused a shortage of Russian hemp and ships began to use iron (and later steel) cables.[169].

• - 1868. Thermopylae.

• - 1869. Launch of the Cutty Sark, a "composite" clipper ship, with wrought iron frames and wooden lining.

Steamboats and general chronology

• - 1807. Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat.[170].

• - 1810. Iron chains for anchors used for the first time in the British Royal Navy.[171].

• - 1814. Coracles of the Mandan tribe described by Captain Clark, in the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[172].

• - 1816. The steamship * Élise * (also rigged as a schooner) crossed the English Channel powered by steam.[173].

• - 1817. According to a secret treaty (Treaty of Madrid (1817)), Spain bought four 74-gun ships of the line and eight 40-gun frigates from Russia. The ships delivered were almost useless and had to be scrapped shortly after.

• - 1819. SS Savannah.[174].

• - 1827. Josef Ressel patented a propeller for ships.[175].

• - 1831. Isaac Taylor. The Ship. Book that describes various types of ships throughout history.[176].

• - 1831. British three-masted "sloop of war" with Bermuda sails.

• - 1832. Launching of the felucca Plutón. Built in Arenys de Mar, it was one of the best of its time. It was a boat of average 70 tons, very fast.[177][178].

• - 1832. Muntz metal patented by George Fredrick Muntz. Used to line the livework of ship vessels. It was 30% cheaper than copper.[179].

• - 1840. Halkett Bot.

• - 1843. SS Great Britain.

• - 1844. First inflatable rescue ray.[180].

• - 1849. Matthew Fontaine Maury published a work that indicated the most probable winds and currents throughout the year in the oceans. The captains of the sailboats could choose the potentially fastest routes that in some cases differed from the traditional ones.[181].

• - 1850. First steam tugboat in the port of Barcelona.[182].

• - 1851. The schooner America "America (schooner)") won the 100 Guinea Cup "America's Cup (regatta)").

• - 1854. Lignum vitae (guayacan) bearings for propeller shafts.[183].

• - 1855: The Catalan industrialist Casimir Domènech presents to the Paris Universal Exhibition "Paris Universal Exhibition (1855)") large steel cylinders and plates with a very high temper and great penetration, following an unspecified procedure. Parts with similar characteristics (in hardness, resistance and toughness) would be very suitable for some engine components. And also, probably for military armor in vehicles and ships.[184].

• - Launching of the corvette HMS Challenger (1858). Protagonist of the Challenger Expedition.

• - 1855-1858. Cod fishing documented with the Dorian system.[185]

The Newfoundland dori (Banks dory) was a very simple and resistant boat that could be stowed in a stack with several nested doris. All you had to do was dismantle the benches.

In 1880 there were 200 American schooners heavy with doris. The film Captains Courageous illustrates doris fishing quite well.

• - 1856. Joan Monjo i Pons. Methodical course of naval architecture applied to the construction of merchant ships.[186].

• - 1858. Launching of the steamship SS Great Eastern "SS Great Eastern (1860)").[187].

• - 1859. Ictíneo I.

• - 1860. HMS Warrior (1860), 40-gun frigate (sail and steam), one of the first British ships with armor.[188].

• - 1860. Edition of a book on candle making by Robert Kipping (translated and improved by Riudavets and Tudurí).[189].

• - 1864. Ictíneo II.[190].

• - 1869. Inauguration of the Suez Canal.[191].

• - 1877. Launching of the Zoroaster, the first "modern" oil tanker.[192].

• - 1891. Motorboat with an aluminum hull in Switzerland.[193].

• - 1893. First sailing yacht with an aluminum hull, the Vendenesse (length 17.4 m, thickness 2mm).[194][195][196].

• - 1894. Turbinia.[197].

• - 1902. Nathanael G. Herreshoff presents a design rule for classifying racing sailboats, calling it the Universal Rule for Yachts ("Herreshoff Rule").

• - 1902. The ship Thomas W. Lawson, with a steel hull and seven-tree schooner apparatus, stranded.

• - 1903. The German Herman Anschütz-Kaempfe built an "operational" gyrocompass and obtained a patent on his design.[198].

• - 1903. The river oil tanker Vandal. was launched with diesel-electric transmission.

• - 1903. Atlantic (yacht).

• - 1905. Hydrodynamic torque converter, patented by Hermann Föttinger. It was a compact and light solution but with mechanical performance limited to 85%.[199].

• - 1905. Battle of Tsushima

Importance of wireless telegraphy. Superiority of the Japanese system during the battle.

• - 1906. HMS Dreadnought "HMS Dreadnought (1906)"), first single-caliber battleship.

Transmission with mechanical helical gear reducer.

• - 1909. Ole Evinrude created the first popular outboard motor.

• - 1910. Enrico Forlanini invents the precursor of a hydropter, which he calls hydroplane, managing to make it fly above the surface of the water. It is a boat about ten meters long with submerged wings. An engine of about 100 HP allows it to take off and sail at more than 70 km / h in calm waters.

• - 1910. Francis Sweisguth designed the bulbous keeled sailing ship Star..

• - RMS Titanic (1912).

• - RMS Titanic folding canvas lifeboat.

• - Idroplano by Enrico Forlanini on Lake Maggiore (1910).

• - Sketch of a Star with the original device (before 1922).

• - 1912. RMS Titanic. Its famous sinking caused by colliding with an iceberg could have been related to poor quality material for the rivets. Although more adequate riveting could have delayed or avoided the catastrophe.[201].

• - 1912. Battle cruiser.

• - 1912. Reginald Fessenden invented an oscillator to detect ice floes, motivated by the Titanic tragedy.[202].

• - 1914. The Panama Canal inaugurated.[203].

World War I - World War II, (1914-1939)

• - Teatro de operaciones del Atlántico (1914-1918).

• - 1914. Batalla naval de Penang.

• - 1915. Hundimiento del RMS Lusitania, barco de pasajeros británico torpedeado por el submarino alemán SM U-20 "SM U 20 (1912)").[204].

• - 1915-16. Batalla del lago Tanganica.

Dos lanchas motoras de 12 metros de eslora (HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou) capturaron la lancha alemana Kingani (reconvertida en la HMS Fifi) y derrotaron fuerzas alemanas superiores.

• - 1916. Batalla de Jutlandia.[205].

• - 1918. Ataque a Pula. Acción naval realizada por dos oficiales de la armada italiana contra la flota austrohongaresa anclada en el puerto de Pula "Pula (Istria)") empleando una especie de mini-submarino.

• - 1918. La burla de Bakar fue una incursión en la bahía de Bakar llevada a cabo por tres lanchas torpedineres MAS "MAS (Motoscafo Armato Silurante)") del ejército italiano (Regia Marina) la noche del 10 al 11 de febrero de 1918, durante la Primera Guerra Mundial.[206].

Postwar period.

• - 1921. Launched on the Hōshō aircraft carrier, the first to enter service in the world.

• - 1924. A previous company, manufacturer of prestigious wooden motorboats, changes its name to Chris-Craft.

• - 1931. Secondo Campini tests boats propelled by a jet of water in Venice.

• - 1931. First British Seagull outboard engines (Marston Seagull model OA1).

• - 1931. William Crosby designed the Snipe dinghy sailing monotype "Monotype (sail)".

• - 1934: the battleships Deutchsland, Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer were launched, each with 8 two-stroke, double-action diesel engines and a total power of 52,050 HP.[207].

• - 1937. For the last time the America's Cup sailing "America's Cup (regatta)") was contested with J Class sailboats. The American yacht Ranger won the English Endeavor II (4-0).

• - 1938. Higgins landing craft tested.[208]

This boat, designated by the acronym LCVP (landing craft, vehicle, personnel), was built of plywood and allowed navigation in relatively shallow depths. With few variations it was used in many landings during World War II.

• - 1938. Canadian Frederick G. Creed presented the concept of SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull).

The main interest of this type of boat is its way of sailing. By "cutting" the waves (instead of colliding with the waves) the crew members experience lower accelerations and can work longer hours and get less tired.

• - 1938. Dutch system of a device for submarines called snuiver (respirator or oliscón), which was a snorkel "Snorkel (submarine)"). Invented by the Dutchman Jan Jacob Wichers.

Period 1946-2000

* 1947. minesweeper HMS Felicity converted into the first stern trawling fishing boat (equipped with a ramp) and refrigerator.[217].

• - 1949. Rickard Sarby designed the Finn sailboat.

• - 1950. Z-drive transmission invented by Joseph Becker.[218].

• - 1951. launching of the transatlantic Andrea Doria").

On July 25, 1956, as the Andrea Doria approached the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, the Swedish ship MS Stockholm boarded it alongside. Both ships had carried out previous maneuvers to move away but, as it turned out, these maneuvers were not the most appropriate.

Because of the accident, in 1960 the rules of the International Regulations to Prevent Collisions at Sea were modified. These rules, started in 1840, had been modified several times.

The current regulation (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, COLREG in acronym) dates from 1974, with some addenda determined by the appearance of special boats (hovercraft and others).

• - 1953. Alain Bombard combines in an inflatable boat a removable and practicable rigid platform (walkable), a rigid transom and an outboard motor. His friend Cousteau was an enthusiastic user and helped popularize the invention.

• - 1953. First commercial route with hydropter" between Locarno (Switzerland) and Stresa (Italy) on Lake Maggiore.

The ship was model "PT10" (Golden Freccia), built by the Swiss company Supramar Ag.

• - 1954. launching of the submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571). The first nuclear-powered submarine.[219].

• - 1954. Ship propulsion system using a water jet reaction invented in New Zealand by William Hamilton.[220].

• - 1956. Jet outboard motor.[221].

• - 1958. launching of the ship SS Leonardo da Vinci (1960). Powered by steam turbines.

• - 1958. Construction of the Boston Whaler 13 model. It was a very stable and unsinkable boat. The ship was made of two fiberglass parts (the "cockpit deck" and the bottom part) filled with polyurethane foam.

• - 1959. The SP-350, called Denise, was the first mini-submarine (soucoupe plongeante) from Jacques Cousteau's ship (Calypso).[222].

• - 1959. launching of the NS Savannah, the first merchant ship with nuclear propulsion.[223].

• - 1960. Trieste Bathyscaphe.

• - 1960. launching of the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65). The first with nuclear propulsion.[224].

• - 1962. Riva Aquarama boat. This motorboat (of the type called "Runabout" in English) was inspired by the prestigious Cris Craft. With the varnished mahogany ship and high-power internal engines. Many famous people owned one.[225]

A storm broke Brigitte Bardot's Riva Aquarama into pieces.

• - 1962. launching of the ocean liner SS Michelangelo.

• - 1963. Accident and total loss of the nuclear submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593), with 129 victims.[226].

• - 1964. The submarine Aluminaut was launched, the first with an aluminum alloy vessel.[227].

• - 1964. Entry into service of the submarine DSV Alvin. The acronym DSV stands for "deep submergence vehicle."

• - 1965. launching of the boat USS Asheville (PGM-84). Mixed diesel and gas turbine propulsion.

• - 1968. The SR.N4 hovercraft inaugurates the English Channel passage.[228].

• - 1972. launching of the Russian icebreaker Arktika, with nuclear propulsion.[229].

• - 1972. The explorer and traveler Michel Peissel climbs several Himalayan rivers (the Kali Gandaki, among others) using a small detachable hovercraft (approximate dimensions of 2.4x1.5 m).[230].

• - 1972. Kawasaki "stand-up" Jet Ski.

• - 1974. Hydropter") Boeing 929 powered by a gas turbine.

• - 1977. The Finnjet transporter, 24,000 tons, was launched. Powered by gas turbines, it was the fastest in the world, with a cruising speed of 30.5 knots. The reduction system (double, for two turbines) was delivered by the German firm Lohmann & Stolterfoht.[231][232][233].

• - 1987. Didier Pironi's offshore boat capsizes with the death of the three crew members.

• - 1987. Start of tests with the ekranoplà") Mon. Although the ekranoplans fly at a very low height above the water, takeoff and landing take place over the water. At very low speed they can navigate like a boat or, rather, like a seaplane.

• - May 24, 1989. Oil spill from the tanker Exxon Valdez. The ship had a simple skin.[234].

• - 1990. Stefano Casiraghi died when his offshore boat capsized in a competition.[235].

• - 1990. The mega sailing yacht Maltese Falcon was launched.[236].

• - 1991. The Star Flyer sailboat, 112 meters long, was launched.

• - 1998. Accident on the Bañolas tourist boat.[237].

• - 2000. Accident of the Russian submarine Kursk (K-141).[224].

• - 2000. launching of the sailboat SV Tenacious, paired with a barque. A 65 meter long sailboat with a glued wooden hull.[238].

Ships in the Bible

En la Biblia se mencionan barcos y embarcaciones pequeñas. Más que los detalles técnicos de las naves, las referencias indican la navegación de varios pueblos. A menudo de manera muy genérica e imprecisa. Algunas muestras pueden leerse a continuación.

Old Testament

• - The Ark in the Bible.

Genesis 6:14: "... Make yourself an ark of cypress wood with compartments, and caulked inside and out. Its measurements will be one hundred and fifty meters long by twenty-five wide and fifteen high. Make it three stories, with a window half a meter from the ceiling and a door on one side..."

The original measurements were expressed in cubits "Cubit (unit of length)"): 300 x 50 x 30.

• - Universal flood and Babylonian mythology.

The myth of a universal flood was collected in several versions.[263].

• - Numbers 24:24. "... Ships will come from Cyprus, Bringing people who will invade the lands of Assy and Eber. But finally, Cyprus itself will be Ruined... // Ships will come from Kitimat with people who will invade Assur and Eber. But, finally, they will be destroyed...".[264]

Larnaca. Kètion or Citio was probably the oldest city on the island, established by the Phoenicians and was surely the Khita or Kitimat mentioned in the Bible.

• - Proverbs 31:14. "... Like a merchant's ships, it brings provisions from afar...".[265][266].

• - Isaiah 2:16: "... above the great ships of Tarshish and the sumptuous ships...".

• - Isaiah 18: 2: "... He sends his ambassadors by sea who sail with papyrus boats...".[267].

New Testament

• - Mark 4:35: "... So they left the people and took him away in the same boat, as he was. Other boats accompanied him. Suddenly a great storm arose; the waves rushed into the boat and filled it. Jesus was in the stern, sleeping with his head on a pillow...".

The event in which Jesus walks on water is one of the miracles of Jesus") collected in three of the Gospels: , and .

In the Acts of the Apostles you can read about the shipwreck of Saint Paul, who was traveling on a Roman merchant ship loaded with wheat.[268] The trip began badly. The ship set sail from Lalo Limeño -Bella Ports- (near Lase) at a dangerous time (after the "fast", Jewish Atonement Day or Yom Kippur, between September and October) against Paul's advice, since the centurion who commanded paid more attention to the pilot and the skipper. Soon a wind surprised them, a wind called euroaquiló. They barely hoisted the boat that they had in tow and tied the ship with cables. After fourteen nights of drifting, the ship got stuck in a sandy area and with many difficulties they reached the beach. It was the island of Malta.[269].

After three months he set sail on an Alexandrian ship, entrusted to Dioscorus (or Dioscuros, Castor and Pollux) towards Syracuse.[270]

• - In the Second Letter to the Corinthians, 11:25, he speaks of three shipwrecks: "... three times I have been scourged, once I have been stoned, three times I have been shipwrecked and I have spent an entire night and day adrift on the high seas...".

ancient cultures

Ancient Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia (from the Greek Me.so.po.tami.a, "between two rivers") is the ancient name of the region located between the Euphrates and the Tigris, two large and navigable rivers to a certain extent.

According to Herodotus, coracles arrived in Babylon that could carry 5,000 talents (about 150 tons).[5].

• - c 4000 BC. C. Baked clay model of a sailing boat.[6].

• - Cuneiform texts that talk about various types of boats: small ones made of reeds and larger ones made of wood. Third dynasty of Ur, Ur III [Erm 4031,4053,7820,14661,15259]

There were boats of 10, 20, 60 and 120 gur. And also 300 gur.

One of the most used woods was the wood called "ma-bare" ("e'ru" in Akkadian). Identified with willow wood (Salix acmophylla).[7]

The construction system of these boats is a controversial issue. Specialists indicate from systems based on bundles of canes or thin branches to a procedure of tongue-and-groove wooden planks. The first system seems much more likely.

According to a document from Ur III, the construction of a 120 gur ship required 7,200 pieces of wood ("pegs" in English). It is necessary to consider whether these are tongue and groove pieces or simple raw branches.[8].

• - c 2500 BC. C. Ur. Model of a silver rowing boat.[9].

• - From the time of Sargon of Accad (2334-2024 BC), there is a praise that speaks of ships of different origins docked in the port of the city of Accad.[10].

Ancient Egypt

• - 2600 BC. C. Expedition sent by Snefru to Byblos.[11].

• - c 2,566 BC. C. Khufu's solar boat. Lining based on cedar wood planks joined end-to-end, with some tongue and groove, and sewn with esparto rope "Esparto (disambiguation)").

(Note: Ferriby ships, in England and from a different culture, dated c.1800-1600 BC also had sewn-in plank lining.)

• - 2500 BC? C.? Sahure. He sent a squadron to the country of Punt.[11]

The product of the trip was 80,000 measures of myrrh, 6000 bars of electrum "Electro (alloy)") and 2,500 logs of ebony wood.

• - 2000 BC. C. Mentuhotep, expedition to Punt.[11].

• - c 1470 BC. C. Hatshepsut's Expedition to the Country of Punt. With five ships and more than 1000 crew members on each ship.[12].

• - 279 BC. C. Lighthouse of Alexandria.

• - c 1450 BC. c.

• - 1279–1213 B.C.

• - Battle of the Delta between Ramses III") and the towns of the sea in the 12th century BC"). Temple of Medinet Habu"), Thebes&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thebes (Egypt) (not yet written)").

• - Egyptian vaixell sent by Hatxepsut") carried to the Country of Punt. Lower part of the temple of Deir el-Bahari.

Phoenicians

• - Hippos, Phoenician "horse" dragging wooden logs.

• - Main Phoenician trade routes. They also traveled in England and Ireland.

• - merchant ship.

• - Warship. 700 BC c.

• - c 610 BC. C. Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa.[20].

• - Trade with the Cassiterides islands.[21].

Carthaginians

• - 810 BC. C. Foundation of Cartago "Carthage (municipality)"), according to legend.

• - 570 BC? C.? Hannon's journey.

• - 535-540 BC. C. Naval battle of Alalia.

• - 260 BC. C. Defeated in the Battle of Miles (260 BC) by Gay Duilio (consul). The Carthaginian commander was Aníbal Giscó.

The Romans therefore built a band of more than 120 ships, according to the Greek historian Polybius, copying the design of a Carthaginian quinquereme run aground and captured by the Romans in Messina.[22]

Hannibal had to abandon his own ship (a ship "with seven lines of oars" that had been owned by Pyrrhus of Epirus) and escape with a bot.

• - 256 BC. C. Battle of Cape Ecnomo.[23].

Ancient Greece

• - c 750 BC. C. According to Thucydides, the Corinthians invented warships with three levels of oars (Trier, trirems).[27][28].

• - 600 BC. C. Diolkos.

• - 500-480 BC. C. Persian flocks of Darius, based on Phoenician and Greek ships.

• - 480 BC. C. Battle of Salamis.

• - 456 BC. C. Map of Aristagoras.[29][30][31].

• - 425 BC. C. Herodotus wrote about the Armenian coracles, with a willow structure and lined with fur. Loaded with straw, the little ones carried a donkey and a crew member. And they went down the river to Babylon.[5].

• - 406 BC. C. Naval battle of the Arginuses.[32].

• - 405 BC. C. Naval battle of Egospótamos, won by the Spartan Lysander.

• - C320 a. C. Pytheas of Massalia.[33].

• - c 320 BC. C. "Diaphragma" by Dicearchus of Messina. (See Diaphragm of Dicaearchus of Messina).

• - Before 286 BC. C. Theophrastus. In his work De historia plantarum, he discussed the most useful woods for building boats and oars.[34].

• - c 250 BC. C. Archimedes discovered the cause of the buoyancy of ships.

In addition to Archimedes' principle, he is credited with the discovery of the Archimedes screw, a type of pump formerly used as a bilge pump on large ships.

• - 220 BC. C. Demetrius of Pharos had his men transport a flock of about fifty ships across the isthmus to the Gulf of Corinth. (See Diolkos).

• - 125 BC. C. Hipparchus of Rhodes. Inventor of the astrolabe.

Ancient Rome

• - 260 BC. C. Battle of Miles.

• - 256 BC. C. Battle of Cape Ecnomo.[23].

• - 57 a. C. Navigare necesse este, vivere non est necesse. Phrase attributed to Pompeu by Plutarch.[37][38][39][40].

• - 31 a. C. Battle of Actium. The winners included the Liburni.

• - 10 a.m. C. Transportation of a 263-ton obelisk by sea, from Heliopolis (Egypt) to Rome.[41][42][43][44]

Carrying such a heavy load demonstrates the technical and shipbuilding capabilities of the ancient Romans.

• - c 2 d. C. According to Pliny the Elder Gaius Caesar saw the remains of a Spanish ship in the Red Sea.[45][46].

• - 37 d. C. Obelisk of Caligula.[47][48][49][50]

In 1586 and under the direction of Domenico Fontana, the obelisk in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican was transported, raised and planted. It was a very complex and dangerous operation. It was necessary to coordinate 900 direct workers, 75 horses, thousands of meters of rope and a few winches and pulleys. To prevent obstacles that would jeopardize the maneuver, Pope Sixtus V had decreed the death penalty for anyone who broke the silence. And a gallows and an executioner were in the square to remember the decree. Tradition says that a certain Panal, captain of a Genoese ship, seeing that the ropes were in danger of breaking under the effort, exclaimed: "Wet the ropes! ". ("Acqua alle corde" or "Aiga, dai de l'aiga ae corde" according to different narrations). Fontana had the ropes wet and Panal was rewarded instead of being hanged.[51].

• - 37-41 d. C. Ships of Nemi.

• - c 150 d. C. Isis (ship) "Isis (ship)").

• - 180 d. C. Aulus Gellius. Noctes Atticae

*Aulus Gellius gave a list of the vessels of his time.[52]

Roman ships (in Latin and plural): Gaul, corbitae, caudiceae, longae, hippagines, cercuri, celoces (celetes in Greek), Lembo, oriae, renunculi, actuariae, prosumiae (geseoratae, horiolae), stlatae, scaphae, pontoons, vaetitiae, hemioliae, Phaselis, parón, myoparones, intron, caupuli, camarae, placidae, cydarum, tatariae, catascopium.

• - 357 AD. C. Ammiano Marcellinus described the transport of a 500-ton obelisk.[53].

• - c 410. Noni Marcel (Nonius Marcellus). Noni Marcelli peripatetic Tuburticensis of compendious doctrine for Litteras ad filium[54]

In chapter (pl.).

• - 429 d. C. The Vandals crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, from Hispania towards Africa.

• - 450 d. C. Description of the ships called Liburni by Vegetius.[55]

According to Vegetius (Book II chapter XXV), each legion transported a certain number of very light canoes (made from a hollowed-out log) to build bridges over the rivers in case of need.[56][57].

Byzantine Empire

• - c 510. Latin sail. Ilias ambrosiana, manuscript with drawings. One of the ships has a lateen sail according to some.[62].

• - 533. In Belisarius's expedition in Africa, 500 transport ships protected by 92 warships (dromon) participated to transport 16,000 combatants.[63][64][65].

• - 536. Siege of Naples.[66].

• - 551. Naval battle of Sena Gallica "Battle of Sena Gallica (551)").

• - 552. Battle of Taginae.

• - c.650. Joan Philiponos, description of the astrolabe.

• - 949. Ceremonial. Constantines VII. Included in the book was a Stadiodromikon, a list of distances between cities.

Various considerations

• - c 499 BC. C. Siege of Naxos by a band of 200 ships commanded by the Persian Megabates and Aristagoras of Miletus.

• - 492 BC. C. Estol of Darius I the Great destroyed by a storm.

Completion of the canals to the Red Sea started by Necao II.

Conquest of India. Regular trade between Persian gold and the Indus River.

• - c 480. Bridge of Xerxes over the Hellespont.

• - 480 BC. C. Channel of Xerxes.

The Persian fleet consisted of more than 4000 ships (1207 trirems and many smaller ships).

A storm destroyed about 400 triremes.

According to Plutarch, the ship of the Persian admiral Ariamaenes was much taller than the Greek ships.

• - 480 BC. C. Battle of Salamis.

• - 466 BC. C. Cimón II, Greek admiral.

• - c 460 BC. C. Exploration of the Persian Sataspes on an Egyptian ship.

• - 394 BC. C. Battle of Cnidus.

• - 373 BC. C. Pharnabazo II. Estol against Egypt.

• - 279 BC. C. Lighthouse of Alexandria.

• - 200 BC. C. Nabataean pirates.

• - c 165 BC. C. Defeat of a Persian war flock.

• - 113 BC. C. Agatharchids. Description of the Sabeans.

• - 45. The Romans discovered the monsoon wind system. Hippalus makes a trading voyage to India.

• - c 50? Journey through the Eritrean Sea

The work indicates the large merchant ships, with Arab captains and Arab commercial agents, that made the routes through East Africa and India.

It also mentions ships with sewn plate lining. (See Rhapta).

• - 326. The Persian king Shapur conquers dominion of the sea (in the area of the Persian Gulf and Bahrain).

• - 414. Documented rich Arab (Sabaean) merchants living in Ceylon.

• - 512. Roman and Persian trading ships in Ceylon.

• - 550. Cosmas Indicopleustes.

• - 550. Wahriz. Expedition against Yemen with eight ships and 800 Persian warriors.

• - 654. Battle of the masts.[67].

• - 710. Tarif ibn Malik.

• - 711. Tarek ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar.

• - c 717. Thirty Persian merchant ships in Ceylon.

• - 727. Confirmation of the navigation of the Persians in Canton in large merchant ships.

• - 748. Important Persian city on the island of Hainan.

• - 748. According to the testimony of a Buddhist monk who was going to Japan, on the Canton River "there were numerous Persian ships...".

Medieval ships

6th century

• - 512. Legend of Saint Brandan.

7th century

• - c 630. Isidore of Seville.[75].

9th century

• - 846. Battle of Ostia. Amalfi, Naples and Gaeta against Muslims.

10th century

• - 945. Foundation of some shipyards in Turtuixa by order of Abderramán III.

• - 984. Sunifred Llobet. Translation of an astronomy book. Translation of a treatise on the astrolabe. Ms.Ripoll 225. (Astrolabio sententie).

Beginning of the Late Middle Ages

11th century

• - 1018. The Norman Roger I of Tosny, owner of some ships, helped the Countess Ermessenda of Carcassonne, widow of Ramón Borrell, against the Muslim lord of Dénia, Mujahid.

Mujahid had conquered Mallorca and had proclaimed himself emir. With his ships he was attacking the Catalan coast.

• - 1075. The Landnámabók, Scandinavian book. Mentions the magnetic needle.

• - 1079. Pisano-Catalan crusade. Liber maiolichinus.

• - 1079. Ibn Muçad. "First" treatise on spherical trigonometry.

12th century

• - 1120. In an agreement between Ramón Berenguer III and the warden of Lérida they mention gorabs, ships interpreted as caravels.[76].

• - 1183. Beginning of Ibn Jubair's travels. He traveled through the Mediterranean on Christian ships.

13th century

• - 1226. Robert English (Montpellier). Description of a quadrant.

• - 1226. Two Catalan saeta based in Tarragona practice hearts and capture a Saracen Tarida loaded with wood from the valí of Mallorca.[78].

• - 1229. Andalusian Arabic compass ("cup" of wine, "cup" of compass).[79].

• - 1245-1265. "Conpasso da Navegaré".

• - 1249. Galley captured by Nice: (Page 45) "... three world maps, one compass and two calamities."

• - 1270. King Charles of Anjou decides to assemble an arrow to defend the castle of Licata by sea ("... sagettiam unam pro custodia maritime dicte Castri..." ).[80].

• - 1.273-1274. Ramon Llull. Book of contemplation. Ink composition: "guts, vitriol, gum and water.

A waterproof ink was important for marine charts and a ship's cartulary (account book).

• - 1277. Galley of Spinola (Genoa, Flanders).

• - 1,281. Galley of Mallorca buying wool in London.[81].

• - 1285. Naval battle of Las Hormigas.

• - 1296. Francesco da Barberino. Mentions an arlogio, Orologio (flask).[82][83].

• - 1298. Some authors explain that the caravels were mentioned in "The Seven Departures" of King Alfonso

14th century

• - 1302. Catalan corsairs capture, in the port of Tunis, a Tarida from Pisa and a Genoese arrow. (Yearbook of medieval studies, Volume 38, Part 2, page 844).[87].

• - 1307. Perpetual almanac, by the Tortosa meridian.

• - 1323. Trade between Mallorca and Flanders.[88].

• - 1327. Documents in Catalan about the privateer Martín Sanxez, owner of a barca or saeta de 20 oars ("... a saeta or boats with twenty oars...)". [2].

• - 1331. Coca San Clemente.

• - 1336. Cenne della Chitarra (Arezzo minstrel who died in 1336) mentioned: "... chiane intorno senza caravels..."[89].

• - 1338. Canistro Office. "Scale" on navigation charts.

• - 1338. Saget armada.[90].

• - 1340. Battle of Sluys.

• - 1346. Jaume Ferrer (navigator) "Jaume Ferrer (navigator)") trip to Río de Oro.

• - 1353. A Venetian-Catalan group defeats a Genoese flock.[91].

• - 1353. The oldest document that mentions a two-tree cake in the Mediterranean is a Catalan construction contract from the year 1353.[84][92].

• - 1353. Santa María and Santa Tecla Galleys: "a boxola to sail, a few hours,...".

• - 1375. Catalan Atlas.

15th century

• - 1405-1433. Zheng He's Travels and Explorations.

• - 1409. The oldest document that shows a three-masted nave is a drawing from 1409 in the "Book of Ordinances of the administrator of the squares" of Barcelona.[93].

• - 1428. Two trips of an Italian transport arrow. First import and arrival of playing cards in Rome, from Catalonia via Gaeta [3].

• - 1434-35. Michele of Rhodes. "Gallery Factory".[95][96]

Partial translation into Spanish.[97].