The basic materials needed to build e-textiles, conductive fibers and fabrics have existed for over 1000 years. In particular, artisans have been wrapping thin sheets of metal, usually gold and silver, around threads of fabric for centuries.[7] For example, many of Queen Elizabeth I of England's robes were embroidered with gold thread.

At the end of the century, as society evolved and became accustomed to electrical appliances, designers and engineers began to combine electricity with clothing and jewelry, developing a series of illuminated and motorized necklaces, hats, brooches, and costumes.[8]​[9]​ For example, at the turn of the century, a person might hire young women wearing light-studded evening dresses from the Electric Girl Lighting Company to provide entertainment at a cocktail event.[10]​.

In 1968, the Museum of Contemporary Craft in New York City held a groundbreaking exhibition called Body Covering that focused on the relationship between technology and clothing. In the exhibition they had astronaut space suits, as well as clothing that could be inflated and deflated, illuminated and cooled.[11]​ In this collection, the work of Diana Dew, a designer who created an electronic fashion line that included electroluminescent party dresses and belts that could sound alarm sirens, stood out especially.[12]​.

In 1985, inventor Harry Wainwright created the first fully animated sweatshirt. The sweatshirt consisted of optical fibers, cables, and a microprocessor to control individual frames of the animation. As a result, a colored cartoon drawing could be displayed on the surface of the sweatshirt. In 1995, Wainwright went on to invent the first machine that allowed fiber optics to be integrated into fabrics, the procedure needed to make enough products for the mass market, and in 1997, he hired a German machine design engineer, Herbert Selbach, of Selbach Machinery, to create the world's first CNC (computer numerical control) machine capable of automatically implanting fiber optics into any flexible material. After being granted the first of a dozen patents based on machinery and LED/optical displays in 1989, in 1998 the first CNC machines went into production to produce animated costumes for the Disney Parks. Wainwright and David Bychkov, Exmovere's CEO at the time in 2005, created the first biophysical screen ECG monitoring jackets employing LED/optical displays. These were powered by GSR (galvanic skin response) sensors built into a watch that connected via Bluetooth to the microprocessor in the washable display inside a jean jacket, and were showcased at the Smart Fabrics Conference in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 2007. In addition, Wainwright unveiled other smart fabric technologies at two Flextech Flexible Display conferences in Phoenix. (Arizona). They displayed fabric-embedded microprocessor infrared digital displays with Identification of Friend or Foe (IFF) functionality, which were submitted to BAE Systems for evaluation in 2006 and won the "Honorable Mention" award in the "Design the Future" competition organized by NASA's Tech Briefs magazine in 2010. MIT staff purchased several fully animated gowns for their researchers to wear. at his 1999 demonstrations to draw attention to his "laptop" research. On June 5, 2012, Wainwright spoke at the Textile and Colorists Conference in Melbourne, Australia, where he was asked to exhibit his textile creations that changed color using any smartphone, indicated caller identity on mobile phones without resorting to a digital screen, and had WIFI security features to protect bags and personal items from theft.

In the mid-1990s, a team of MIT researchers led by Steve Mann, Thad Starner, and Sandy Pentland began developing what they called laptop computers. These devices consisted of traditional computing hardware that was attached and worn on the body. In response to the technical, social, and design challenges these researchers faced, another group at MIT, including Maggie Orth and Rehmi Post, began investigating how such devices could be integrated more covertly into clothing and other flexible materials. Among other discoveries, this team studied how to integrate digital electronics using conductive fabrics and developed a method for crimping electronic circuits.[13] One of the first commercially available wearables used Arduino microcontrollers, hence the name Lilypad Arduino, and was also created at Leah Buechley's MIT Media Lab.

Some fashion houses, such as CuteCircuit, are using e-textiles for their couture collections and special projects. CuteCircuit's "Hug" shirt allows the wearer to send digital hugs using sensors built into the garment.

The field of e-textiles can be divided into two main categories:.

• - E-textiles with classic electronic devices, such as drivers, integrated circuits, LEDs, OLEDs and conventional batteries hidden inside the garments.

• - E-textiles with electronic components integrated directly into the textile substrates. This can include both passive electronic components, such as conductors and resistors, and active electronic components, such as transistors, diodes and solar cells.

Most e-textiles are composed of conductive fibers, fabrics and fabrics while the rest of the suppliers and manufacturers use conductive polymers such as polyacetylene and polyphenylene vinylene (PPV).[14]​.

Most research and commercial projects on e-textiles are hybrids where the electronic components included in the textile are connected to classical electronic devices or components. Some examples are touch buttons that are fully integrated into textile materials through the use of conductive textile fabrics, which are then connected to devices such as music players or LEDS crimped into woven conductive fiber networks to display images.[15]​.

Tactile sensors for both physiological and environmental monitoring have been integrated into textiles,[16]​ including cotton,[17]​ Gore-Tex[18]​ and neoprene.[19]​.

Smart textile fabrics can be made from materials ranging from traditional cotton, polyester and nylon, to sophisticated Kevlar with built-in functionalities. Currently, however, fabrics with electrical conductivity are attracting attention. Electrically conductive fabrics are made by embedding metal nanoparticles between fibers and woven fabrics. The resulting wire meshes are conductive, hydrophilic and have high electroactive surfaces. These properties make them ideal substrates for electrochemical biodetection, which has been tested after the detection of DNA and proteins.[20]​.

Two types of health monitoring products made from smart textile (fabrics) have been developed and researched: fabrics with electronic sensors integrated into the textiles and fabrics that cover traditional electronic sensors. They demonstrated that fabrics can be used to incorporate electrically conductive threads into the fabric and thus obtain a textile that can be used as a "portable motherboard." The latter allows you to connect multiple sensors on the body, such as ECG gel electrodes, which send signals to electronic receptors. Later research showed that conductive threads can play a decisive role in the manufacture of textile sensors made of fabric or silver-coated metal meshes or conductive metal fibers that are integrated into the fabric.[21]​.

Current studies on the manufacturing of ECG sensing electrode garments focus on two general approaches:.

• - Functionalization of finished garments or integration of sensor components in finished garments. This approach involves integrating finished electrodes into finished garments by simply sewing the electrodes to the appropriate points on the garment or using deposition techniques to transfer the functional materials to the appropriate locations.

• - Unfinished garments. The introduction of smart materials during the clothing manufacturing process. This approach during finishing involves the use of textile manufacturing techniques to make woven or nonwoven fabrics that integrate functional materials.[22]​.

As in classical electronics, the incorporation of electronic systems into textile fibers requires the use of conductive and semiconductor materials such as a conductive fabric. subjected to many stretches and bends during wearing.

One of the most relevant issues about e-textiles is that the fibers must be washable. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate the electrical components during washing to prevent them from being damaged.[24]​.

A new class of electronic materials more suitable for e-textiles is the class of organic electronic materials, since there are conductors, as well as semiconductors, and they can be transformed into inks or plastics.

Some of the more advanced features that have been tested in the lab include:.

• - Organic fiber transistors:[25]​[26]​ the first textile fiber transistor that is completely compatible with textile manufacturing and does not contain any metal.

• - Fibers covered with organic solar cells.[27]​.

Currently, e-Textiles, including textiles with Smart Garments or components (Smart Garments) are being subject to international standardization (ISO or IEC) or in the European standardization bodies (CEN and CENELEC). More information about the projects in development and published standards is available to the public in the standardization bodies (see information on genorma.com on European and International standards).

• - Monitoring "Monitoring (medicine)") of health by monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, physical activity and postural changes.

• - Data collection during sports training.

• - Monitoring of personnel who handle hazardous materials.

• - Monitoring the position and status of soldiers in action.

• - Military application: Kevlar bulletproof vest for soldiers; If the user is shot, the material can detect the bullet impact and send a radio message to the base.[28]​.

• - Monitoring the fatigue status of a pilot or truck driver.

• - Diagnose discomfort in an amputee.

• - Innovative fashion design (wearable technology).

• - Reduce or recover sensory perception lost congenitally or after an accident.

• - Activity monitor.

• - Clothing technology (in English).

• - Computer-mediated reality.

• - Cyborg.

• - eHealth.

• - Hexoskin").

• - Futuristic clothing.

• - Heart rate monitor.

• - Radio frequency identification tag.

• - Portable technology

• Laptop.

The basic materials needed to build e-textiles, conductive fibers and fabrics have existed for over 1000 years. In particular, artisans have been wrapping thin sheets of metal, usually gold and silver, around threads of fabric for centuries.[7] For example, many of Queen Elizabeth I of England's robes were embroidered with gold thread.

At the end of the century, as society evolved and became accustomed to electrical appliances, designers and engineers began to combine electricity with clothing and jewelry, developing a series of illuminated and motorized necklaces, hats, brooches, and costumes.[8]​[9]​ For example, at the turn of the century, a person might hire young women wearing light-studded evening dresses from the Electric Girl Lighting Company to provide entertainment at a cocktail event.[10]​.

In 1968, the Museum of Contemporary Craft in New York City held a groundbreaking exhibition called Body Covering that focused on the relationship between technology and clothing. In the exhibition they had astronaut space suits, as well as clothing that could be inflated and deflated, illuminated and cooled.[11]​ In this collection, the work of Diana Dew, a designer who created an electronic fashion line that included electroluminescent party dresses and belts that could sound alarm sirens, stood out especially.[12]​.

In 1985, inventor Harry Wainwright created the first fully animated sweatshirt. The sweatshirt consisted of optical fibers, cables, and a microprocessor to control individual frames of the animation. As a result, a colored cartoon drawing could be displayed on the surface of the sweatshirt. In 1995, Wainwright went on to invent the first machine that allowed fiber optics to be integrated into fabrics, the procedure needed to make enough products for the mass market, and in 1997, he hired a German machine design engineer, Herbert Selbach, of Selbach Machinery, to create the world's first CNC (computer numerical control) machine capable of automatically implanting fiber optics into any flexible material. After being granted the first of a dozen patents based on machinery and LED/optical displays in 1989, in 1998 the first CNC machines went into production to produce animated costumes for the Disney Parks. Wainwright and David Bychkov, Exmovere's CEO at the time in 2005, created the first biophysical screen ECG monitoring jackets employing LED/optical displays. These were powered by GSR (galvanic skin response) sensors built into a watch that connected via Bluetooth to the microprocessor in the washable display inside a jean jacket, and were showcased at the Smart Fabrics Conference in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 2007. In addition, Wainwright unveiled other smart fabric technologies at two Flextech Flexible Display conferences in Phoenix. (Arizona). They displayed fabric-embedded microprocessor infrared digital displays with Identification of Friend or Foe (IFF) functionality, which were submitted to BAE Systems for evaluation in 2006 and won the "Honorable Mention" award in the "Design the Future" competition organized by NASA's Tech Briefs magazine in 2010. MIT staff purchased several fully animated gowns for their researchers to wear. at his 1999 demonstrations to draw attention to his "laptop" research. On June 5, 2012, Wainwright spoke at the Textile and Colorists Conference in Melbourne, Australia, where he was asked to exhibit his textile creations that changed color using any smartphone, indicated caller identity on mobile phones without resorting to a digital screen, and had WIFI security features to protect bags and personal items from theft.

In the mid-1990s, a team of MIT researchers led by Steve Mann, Thad Starner, and Sandy Pentland began developing what they called laptop computers. These devices consisted of traditional computing hardware that was attached and worn on the body. In response to the technical, social, and design challenges these researchers faced, another group at MIT, including Maggie Orth and Rehmi Post, began investigating how such devices could be integrated more covertly into clothing and other flexible materials. Among other discoveries, this team studied how to integrate digital electronics using conductive fabrics and developed a method for crimping electronic circuits.[13] One of the first commercially available wearables used Arduino microcontrollers, hence the name Lilypad Arduino, and was also created at Leah Buechley's MIT Media Lab.

Some fashion houses, such as CuteCircuit, are using e-textiles for their couture collections and special projects. CuteCircuit's "Hug" shirt allows the wearer to send digital hugs using sensors built into the garment.

The field of e-textiles can be divided into two main categories:.

• - E-textiles with classic electronic devices, such as drivers, integrated circuits, LEDs, OLEDs and conventional batteries hidden inside the garments.

• - E-textiles with electronic components integrated directly into the textile substrates. This can include both passive electronic components, such as conductors and resistors, and active electronic components, such as transistors, diodes and solar cells.

Most e-textiles are composed of conductive fibers, fabrics and fabrics while the rest of the suppliers and manufacturers use conductive polymers such as polyacetylene and polyphenylene vinylene (PPV).[14]​.

Most research and commercial projects on e-textiles are hybrids where the electronic components included in the textile are connected to classical electronic devices or components. Some examples are touch buttons that are fully integrated into textile materials through the use of conductive textile fabrics, which are then connected to devices such as music players or LEDS crimped into woven conductive fiber networks to display images.[15]​.

Tactile sensors for both physiological and environmental monitoring have been integrated into textiles,[16]​ including cotton,[17]​ Gore-Tex[18]​ and neoprene.[19]​.

Smart textile fabrics can be made from materials ranging from traditional cotton, polyester and nylon, to sophisticated Kevlar with built-in functionalities. Currently, however, fabrics with electrical conductivity are attracting attention. Electrically conductive fabrics are made by embedding metal nanoparticles between fibers and woven fabrics. The resulting wire meshes are conductive, hydrophilic and have high electroactive surfaces. These properties make them ideal substrates for electrochemical biodetection, which has been tested after the detection of DNA and proteins.[20]​.

Two types of health monitoring products made from smart textile (fabrics) have been developed and researched: fabrics with electronic sensors integrated into the textiles and fabrics that cover traditional electronic sensors. They demonstrated that fabrics can be used to incorporate electrically conductive threads into the fabric and thus obtain a textile that can be used as a "portable motherboard." The latter allows you to connect multiple sensors on the body, such as ECG gel electrodes, which send signals to electronic receptors. Later research showed that conductive threads can play a decisive role in the manufacture of textile sensors made of fabric or silver-coated metal meshes or conductive metal fibers that are integrated into the fabric.[21]​.

Current studies on the manufacturing of ECG sensing electrode garments focus on two general approaches:.

• - Functionalization of finished garments or integration of sensor components in finished garments. This approach involves integrating finished electrodes into finished garments by simply sewing the electrodes to the appropriate points on the garment or using deposition techniques to transfer the functional materials to the appropriate locations.

• - Unfinished garments. The introduction of smart materials during the clothing manufacturing process. This approach during finishing involves the use of textile manufacturing techniques to make woven or nonwoven fabrics that integrate functional materials.[22]​.

As in classical electronics, the incorporation of electronic systems into textile fibers requires the use of conductive and semiconductor materials such as a conductive fabric. subjected to many stretches and bends during wearing.

One of the most relevant issues about e-textiles is that the fibers must be washable. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate the electrical components during washing to prevent them from being damaged.[24]​.

A new class of electronic materials more suitable for e-textiles is the class of organic electronic materials, since there are conductors, as well as semiconductors, and they can be transformed into inks or plastics.

Some of the more advanced features that have been tested in the lab include:.

• - Organic fiber transistors:[25]​[26]​ the first textile fiber transistor that is completely compatible with textile manufacturing and does not contain any metal.

• - Fibers covered with organic solar cells.[27]​.

Currently, e-Textiles, including textiles with Smart Garments or components (Smart Garments) are being subject to international standardization (ISO or IEC) or in the European standardization bodies (CEN and CENELEC). More information about the projects in development and published standards is available to the public in the standardization bodies (see information on genorma.com on European and International standards).

• - Monitoring "Monitoring (medicine)") of health by monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, physical activity and postural changes.

• - Data collection during sports training.

• - Monitoring of personnel who handle hazardous materials.

• - Monitoring the position and status of soldiers in action.

• - Military application: Kevlar bulletproof vest for soldiers; If the user is shot, the material can detect the bullet impact and send a radio message to the base.[28]​.

• - Monitoring the fatigue status of a pilot or truck driver.

• - Diagnose discomfort in an amputee.

• - Innovative fashion design (wearable technology).

• - Reduce or recover sensory perception lost congenitally or after an accident.

• - Activity monitor.

• - Clothing technology (in English).

• - Computer-mediated reality.

• - Cyborg.

• - eHealth.

• - Hexoskin").

• - Futuristic clothing.

• - Heart rate monitor.

• - Radio frequency identification tag.

• - Portable technology

• Laptop.