The condensate return and steam distribution lines are not adequately insulated, giving importance to the loss of energy. Any surface above 50 °C must be heat-insulated, including the surfaces. In this way, heat losses can be reduced by up to 90%.

The calculation of the insulation thickness is an optimization problem. The greater the thickness, the lower the losses that could occur. On the other hand, the greater the insulation, the greater the investment cost required for it. Losses due to the lack of insulation or its deterioration depend on a series of factors among which it is worth highlighting: The temperature difference between the steam and the outside, the speeds of both currents, the material, thickness, diameter and length of the pipe, its location and the ambient conditions.

The steam network aims to distribute, from the generation points, the steam demanded by the different consumption points of a plant. To transport the steam produced, there is a general collector, which connects the different points of steam production and diversifies into branches that distribute the steam to the different points of consumption. In the example that will be analyzed[1]​ below, it will be assumed that the steam is transported through the network at 8 bars of pressure.

The lack or deterioration of the insulation of the steam network can produce significant energy losses in it. The saving measure, described in this example, consists of repairing the insulation and covering the defective areas of the steam network at points where it has deteriorated or is non-existent.

Contenido

El término auditoría energética es comúnmente utilizado para describir un amplio espectro de estudios energéticos que van desde un rápido paseo a través de un procedimiento para identificar los principales problemas; a un análisis exhaustivo de las implicaciones de otras medidas de eficiencia energética suficientes para satisfacer los criterios financieros solicitados por los inversores. Tres programas comunes de auditoría se describen en mayor detalle más adelante, aunque las tareas realizadas y el nivel de esfuerzo pueden variar con el consultor que presta servicios en virtud de estos grandes apartados. La única manera de garantizar que una propuesta de auditoría que satisfaga sus necesidades específicas es precisar los requisitos detallados en un ámbito de trabajo. Tomando el tiempo para preparar una solicitud formal también asegurar al propietario del edificio que reciben competitiva y comparable propuestas. En todos los niveles de auditorías se incluye un proceso de mejora dirigido al personal que trabaja en esas áreas. Cambios en el sistema de consumo de energía implica, cambios de comportamiento, conductas, hábitos y costumbres de las personas que operan o trabajan en el área de intervención. Se consideran capacitaciones y entrenamientos antes, durante y al final de una intervención, cualquiera que sea el nivel de la auditoría.

Preliminary audit

The preliminary audit, draft audit or energy test (or a simple audit call, diagnosis or walk-through audit) is the simplest and fastest type of audit. It involves a minimum of interviews with website operating personnel, a brief installation overview of utility bills and other operating data, and a walk through the facility to become familiar with the construction and operation to identify any areas of energy waste or inefficiency.

Typically, only the major problem areas are discovered during this type of audit. Corrective measures are briefly described, and rapid implementation of cost estimates, potential savings in operating costs, and simple payback periods. This level of detail, although not sufficient to reach a final decision on the implementation of a project of measures, is sufficient to prioritize energy efficiency projects and to determine the need for a more detailed audit.

Energy audits are made up of various types of studies which are implemented in the building to which the audit is being carried out. These studies are; Network Analysis, Thermography Study, Ohmic Resistance Study (Earth Analysis), Meguer Study and Vibration Study (in case of transformers and motors).

General Audit

The overall audit (alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit, or full-site energy audit) expands on the blueprint audit described above by collecting more detailed information about the installation and operation to perform a more detailed assessment of energy conservation measures. Utility bills are collected for 12 to 36 months to allow the auditor to evaluate the facility, energy demand and usage rates based on energy profiles. If data is available, the detailed energy profiles made possible by that data will attempt to analyze the signs of energy waste [1]. Additional specific measurement of the energy consumed by systems is often performed to complete utility data. In-depth interviews with facility operating personnel are conducted to provide a better understanding of major energy consumers and systems to understand short- and long-term energy consumption patterns.

This type of audit will be able to identify all energy conservation measures appropriate for the facility, given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure based on detailed implementation of cost estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and client investment criteria. Sufficient detail as presented to justify project execution.

Audit Investment Grade

In most companies adjustments or upgrades to an energy facility must compete for financing with capital unrelated to energy investments. Both the energy consumed and the energy to be saved must be evaluated with a financial criterion and for this in energy improvement and efficiency projects, the rate of return on investment (IRR) is used to evaluate the convenience of the investment. The projected savings from operating the energy project application should be developed in such a way as to provide a high level of confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings.

The investment grade audit (alternatively called a full audit, detailed audit, maxi audit, technical analysis or audit) expands on the general audit described above by providing a dynamic model of the energy use characteristics of existing facilities and all energy conservation measures identified. The model building is calibrated against actual utility data to provide a realistic baseline from which to calculate operating savings from the proposed measures. Extensive attention is given to understand not only the operating characteristics of all the energy consumed by the systems, but also situations that cause load profile variations on short and long term bases (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, annually). The current utility data is complemented by the main energy consumer monitoring systems and operating system characteristics.

Energy audits initially became popular in response to the energy crisis of 1973 and subsequent years. Interest in energy audits has increased recently as a result of the growing understanding of the human impact on global warming and climate change. A new trend in architecture called Sustainable Architecture takes this technique as one of its main tools to obtain quantitative and not merely conceptual data in the search for a sustainable habitat. In Spain it is regulated by Royal Decree 56/2016, which partially transposes this European Directive 2012/27/EU regarding energy audits, accreditation of service providers and energy auditors, and the promotion of energy efficiency in the production and use of heat and cold.[2]​.

• - Sustainable development.

• - Bioclimatic architecture

*Passive house

• House energy plus

• Low energy building

• Zero energy building

*Energy efficient building

• Sun protection

• Energy saving

• Super insulation.

• - Sick building syndrome.

• - Building facilities

• Renewable energies

• Solar energy

• Wind energy.

• - Energy savings.

• - Energy rating of homes.

• - Clark, William. (1998) Energy analysis and management of buildings. Energy saving methods, projects and systems. Edit McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-011920-1.

• - Thumann, Albert. (1998). The Fairmont Press. ISBN 0-88173-294-X.

• - RD 1826/2009 Mandatory modifications in the RITE.

• - IEA Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (ECBCS) Programme.

• - ASPO — Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas.

• - COFM 31 Services Archived December 7, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

• - National Commission for Energy Saving - Mexico (CONAE).

• - ASADES — Argentine Association of Renewable Energy and Environment. It brings together architects, engineers and physicists concerned about the environment and over 30 years it has generated the foundations of sustainable architecture in all its scope. On its site you can access hundreds of articles on the subject along with technological developments.

• - PLEA — Passive Low Energy Architecture. Passive and Low Energy Architecture Association.

The condensate return and steam distribution lines are not adequately insulated, giving importance to the loss of energy. Any surface above 50 °C must be heat-insulated, including the surfaces. In this way, heat losses can be reduced by up to 90%.

The calculation of the insulation thickness is an optimization problem. The greater the thickness, the lower the losses that could occur. On the other hand, the greater the insulation, the greater the investment cost required for it. Losses due to the lack of insulation or its deterioration depend on a series of factors among which it is worth highlighting: The temperature difference between the steam and the outside, the speeds of both currents, the material, thickness, diameter and length of the pipe, its location and the ambient conditions.

The steam network aims to distribute, from the generation points, the steam demanded by the different consumption points of a plant. To transport the steam produced, there is a general collector, which connects the different points of steam production and diversifies into branches that distribute the steam to the different points of consumption. In the example that will be analyzed[1]​ below, it will be assumed that the steam is transported through the network at 8 bars of pressure.

The lack or deterioration of the insulation of the steam network can produce significant energy losses in it. The saving measure, described in this example, consists of repairing the insulation and covering the defective areas of the steam network at points where it has deteriorated or is non-existent.

Contenido

El término auditoría energética es comúnmente utilizado para describir un amplio espectro de estudios energéticos que van desde un rápido paseo a través de un procedimiento para identificar los principales problemas; a un análisis exhaustivo de las implicaciones de otras medidas de eficiencia energética suficientes para satisfacer los criterios financieros solicitados por los inversores. Tres programas comunes de auditoría se describen en mayor detalle más adelante, aunque las tareas realizadas y el nivel de esfuerzo pueden variar con el consultor que presta servicios en virtud de estos grandes apartados. La única manera de garantizar que una propuesta de auditoría que satisfaga sus necesidades específicas es precisar los requisitos detallados en un ámbito de trabajo. Tomando el tiempo para preparar una solicitud formal también asegurar al propietario del edificio que reciben competitiva y comparable propuestas. En todos los niveles de auditorías se incluye un proceso de mejora dirigido al personal que trabaja en esas áreas. Cambios en el sistema de consumo de energía implica, cambios de comportamiento, conductas, hábitos y costumbres de las personas que operan o trabajan en el área de intervención. Se consideran capacitaciones y entrenamientos antes, durante y al final de una intervención, cualquiera que sea el nivel de la auditoría.

Preliminary audit

The preliminary audit, draft audit or energy test (or a simple audit call, diagnosis or walk-through audit) is the simplest and fastest type of audit. It involves a minimum of interviews with website operating personnel, a brief installation overview of utility bills and other operating data, and a walk through the facility to become familiar with the construction and operation to identify any areas of energy waste or inefficiency.

Typically, only the major problem areas are discovered during this type of audit. Corrective measures are briefly described, and rapid implementation of cost estimates, potential savings in operating costs, and simple payback periods. This level of detail, although not sufficient to reach a final decision on the implementation of a project of measures, is sufficient to prioritize energy efficiency projects and to determine the need for a more detailed audit.

Energy audits are made up of various types of studies which are implemented in the building to which the audit is being carried out. These studies are; Network Analysis, Thermography Study, Ohmic Resistance Study (Earth Analysis), Meguer Study and Vibration Study (in case of transformers and motors).

General Audit

The overall audit (alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit, or full-site energy audit) expands on the blueprint audit described above by collecting more detailed information about the installation and operation to perform a more detailed assessment of energy conservation measures. Utility bills are collected for 12 to 36 months to allow the auditor to evaluate the facility, energy demand and usage rates based on energy profiles. If data is available, the detailed energy profiles made possible by that data will attempt to analyze the signs of energy waste [1]. Additional specific measurement of the energy consumed by systems is often performed to complete utility data. In-depth interviews with facility operating personnel are conducted to provide a better understanding of major energy consumers and systems to understand short- and long-term energy consumption patterns.

This type of audit will be able to identify all energy conservation measures appropriate for the facility, given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure based on detailed implementation of cost estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and client investment criteria. Sufficient detail as presented to justify project execution.

Audit Investment Grade

In most companies adjustments or upgrades to an energy facility must compete for financing with capital unrelated to energy investments. Both the energy consumed and the energy to be saved must be evaluated with a financial criterion and for this in energy improvement and efficiency projects, the rate of return on investment (IRR) is used to evaluate the convenience of the investment. The projected savings from operating the energy project application should be developed in such a way as to provide a high level of confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings.

The investment grade audit (alternatively called a full audit, detailed audit, maxi audit, technical analysis or audit) expands on the general audit described above by providing a dynamic model of the energy use characteristics of existing facilities and all energy conservation measures identified. The model building is calibrated against actual utility data to provide a realistic baseline from which to calculate operating savings from the proposed measures. Extensive attention is given to understand not only the operating characteristics of all the energy consumed by the systems, but also situations that cause load profile variations on short and long term bases (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, annually). The current utility data is complemented by the main energy consumer monitoring systems and operating system characteristics.

Energy audits initially became popular in response to the energy crisis of 1973 and subsequent years. Interest in energy audits has increased recently as a result of the growing understanding of the human impact on global warming and climate change. A new trend in architecture called Sustainable Architecture takes this technique as one of its main tools to obtain quantitative and not merely conceptual data in the search for a sustainable habitat. In Spain it is regulated by Royal Decree 56/2016, which partially transposes this European Directive 2012/27/EU regarding energy audits, accreditation of service providers and energy auditors, and the promotion of energy efficiency in the production and use of heat and cold.[2]​.

• - Sustainable development.

• - Bioclimatic architecture

*Passive house

• House energy plus

• Low energy building

• Zero energy building

*Energy efficient building

• Sun protection

• Energy saving

• Super insulation.

• - Sick building syndrome.

• - Building facilities

• Renewable energies

• Solar energy

• Wind energy.

• - Energy savings.

• - Energy rating of homes.

• - Clark, William. (1998) Energy analysis and management of buildings. Energy saving methods, projects and systems. Edit McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-011920-1.

• - Thumann, Albert. (1998). The Fairmont Press. ISBN 0-88173-294-X.

• - RD 1826/2009 Mandatory modifications in the RITE.

• - IEA Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (ECBCS) Programme.

• - ASPO — Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas.

• - COFM 31 Services Archived December 7, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

• - National Commission for Energy Saving - Mexico (CONAE).

• - ASADES — Argentine Association of Renewable Energy and Environment. It brings together architects, engineers and physicists concerned about the environment and over 30 years it has generated the foundations of sustainable architecture in all its scope. On its site you can access hundreds of articles on the subject along with technological developments.

• - PLEA — Passive Low Energy Architecture. Passive and Low Energy Architecture Association.