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Energy Labeling Standards for Materials
Introduction
The Directive "Directive (European Union Law)") 92/75EC[1] established informative labeling of energy consumption. The directive was implemented through other directives.[2] Consequently, most appliances and vehicles must have a European Union energy label visible when purchased or rented. The label classifies the energy efficiency of the product using a scale from A to G, with "A" being the most efficient and "G" being the least efficient. The labels also provide other information of interest to the customer when choosing between different models. Information must also be displayed in catalogs and must be included on sellers' websites.
In an attempt to continue progress in efficiency, “A”, “A” and “A” ratings have been introduced. In 2010 the label design was modified to use pictograms instead of words so that the same label could be used in different countries. The requirements adapt as technology advances and what was A++ in 2020 can now be a D.
Directive 92/75/EC was replaced by Directive 2010/30/EU[3] and came into force on 31 July 2011, and was again replaced by Regulation 2017/1369/EU from 1 August 2017. The updated labeling requirements came into force in 2021. The exact date depends on the respective delegated regulation (e.g. dishwasher labels changes on March 1, 2021).
Large appliances
Labeled
Energy labels are divided into at least four categories:.
Refrigerators
For refrigeration appliances such as refrigerators and freezers, labeling is based on the energy efficiency index (EEI), which is the annual consumption based on the storage capacity and type of appliance.[4].
The label also includes:.
Washers and dryers
Until 2010, the energy efficiency of washing machines was calculated based on one cotton cycle at 60°C with the maximum allowable load (generally 6 kg). The energy efficiency rating comes in kWh per kg of wash, assuming a water supply at 15°C.
The label also includes:.
Energy Labeling Standards for Materials
Introduction
The Directive "Directive (European Union Law)") 92/75EC[1] established informative labeling of energy consumption. The directive was implemented through other directives.[2] Consequently, most appliances and vehicles must have a European Union energy label visible when purchased or rented. The label classifies the energy efficiency of the product using a scale from A to G, with "A" being the most efficient and "G" being the least efficient. The labels also provide other information of interest to the customer when choosing between different models. Information must also be displayed in catalogs and must be included on sellers' websites.
In an attempt to continue progress in efficiency, “A”, “A” and “A” ratings have been introduced. In 2010 the label design was modified to use pictograms instead of words so that the same label could be used in different countries. The requirements adapt as technology advances and what was A++ in 2020 can now be a D.
Directive 92/75/EC was replaced by Directive 2010/30/EU[3] and came into force on 31 July 2011, and was again replaced by Regulation 2017/1369/EU from 1 August 2017. The updated labeling requirements came into force in 2021. The exact date depends on the respective delegated regulation (e.g. dishwasher labels changes on March 1, 2021).
Large appliances
Labeled
Energy labels are divided into at least four categories:.
Refrigerators
For refrigeration appliances such as refrigerators and freezers, labeling is based on the energy efficiency index (EEI), which is the annual consumption based on the storage capacity and type of appliance.[4].
The label also includes:.
Washers and dryers
Washing performance is measured according to the harmonized European standard EN 60456 and involves a 60°C cycle on fabric samples with oil, blood, chocolate, tallow and red wine stains,[5] using a standard detergent and compared to a reference washing machine.[6] The number of stains removed is translated into a washing efficiency index.
Spin performance is based on the remaining moisture content (RMC), which is calculated as the mass of water divided by the dry mass of the cotton samples. It is based on an average of washes with maximum and partial load cycles.
In 2010, a new energy label was introduced based on the energy efficiency index (EEI) with a range from A to D.[7] The energy efficiency index measures annual electricity consumption – including energy expenditure during sleep modes – and the energy consumed in 220 wash cycles. For the wash cycles, a combination of cycles at 42% load at 60°C, 29% at 60°C and 29% at 40°C is used. Washing efficiency is no longer measured, since all washing machines must necessarily reach class A.
For dryers, energy efficiency is calculated using the cotton drying cycle with a declared maximum load. The energy efficiency index is in kWh per kg of load. There are two different scales for condensing and venting dryers.
The label also includes:.
For washer dryers, energy efficiency is calculated using the cotton drying cycle with the maximum declared load. The efficiency rate is in kWh per kg of load.
The label also contains:
Dishwasher
The energy efficiency of dishwashers is calculated based on the number of place settings. These are the values for a 12-place dishwasher until 2010:
Since 2010, a new system based on the energy efficiency index (EEI) has been used, which takes into account annual electricity consumption, assuming 280 cycles. For a 12-place dishwasher, an energy efficiency index of 100 corresponds to 462 kWh per year.
The label also includes:.
Ovens
For ovens, the label also includes:.
Air-conditioning
For air conditioning machines, the directive only applies to devices less than 12 kW. The label includes:.
Air conditioners that have heat functions also include:
Light bulbs
Contenido
Todas las etiquetas de bombillas y tubos (incluyendo las lámparas incandescentes, luminarias fluorescenes y las lámparas led) contienen la siguiente información:.
De acuerdo al consumo eléctrico de la bombilla relativo a una convencional (GLS o incandescente), la bombilla se clasifica en las siguientes clases:[8].
La clase A se determina de un modo distinto, razón por la cual tiene un porcentaje variable.
En 2012[9] se introdujeron las clases A y A y clasificaciones en función de si las lámparas son direccionales o no direccionales. Las lámparas direccionales son aquellas que tienen al menos un 80 % del flujo luminoso en un ángulo sólido de π sr (que corresponde a un cono con un ángulo de 120°).[9].
Desde septiembre de 2009, las bombillas domésticas deben ser de clase A, con la excepción de las lámparas transparentes. Para este tipo de bombillas se necesita alcanzar una clase C o mejor en un plazo hasta septiembre de 2012 y una clase B o mejor a partir de septiembre de 2016.[10].
Calculation
Incandescent lamps and fluorescent tubes with and without integrated ballast can be divided into two energy efficiency classes. This division was produced by Directive 98/11/EC on January 27, 1998[8] and includes lamps that are not classified for domestic use. Light sources larger than 6500 lm and those that do not operate at current voltages are excluded. The energy efficiency class is determined as follows (Φ is the luminous flux in lumens and P is the lamp consumption in watts):
The lamps obtain A classification if:.
Fluorescent tubes without integrated ballast obtain A classification if:.
The classification in the B-G range is based on the percentage (energy efficiency index) with respect to the reference power and consumption of a standard bulb with identical luminous flux:.
Televisions
In 2010, the energy label for televisions was introduced.[11] The energy class is determined by the energy efficiency index (EEI), which is the electrical consumption relative to a reference consumption. This reference consumption is that of a normal television with an A: area screen.
Where for a TV with a tuner and without a hard drive.
Due to the switch to digital terrestrial television, all televisions in the European Union have a digital and an analogue tuner; so the reference power was increased to 24 watts as follows:.
If a hard drive is added, the following formula is used:.
For example, a television with a diagonal of 82 cm (32 inches) has a screen area A = 28.7 dm² and corresponds to a reference consumption of 144 W.
Another piece of information included on the label is the annual energy consumption in on mode, in kWh, which is calculated as E = 1.46 × P.
The energy efficiency rating and annual power consumption in on mode are reduced by 5% if the following conditions are met for TVs with automatic brightness control:.
Automobiles
For motor vehicles, the value used to determine the class is not the energy efficiency, but the carbon dioxide emissions per kilometer:.
The label also includes the following information:
Tires
In 2012 the efficiency label for tires was introduced. The tire label shows three tire attributes: rolling resistance, wet braking efficiency and external rolling noise.[12] Tire labeling applies to cars, vans and trucks. With the following exceptions:
References
[5] ↑ El valor límite entre la clasificación «A» y «A+» era de 44 hasta el 1 de julio de 2014 y 42 a partir de entonces.
Until 2010, the energy efficiency of washing machines was calculated based on one cotton cycle at 60°C with the maximum allowable load (generally 6 kg). The energy efficiency rating comes in kWh per kg of wash, assuming a water supply at 15°C.
The label also includes:.
Washing performance is measured according to the harmonized European standard EN 60456 and involves a 60°C cycle on fabric samples with oil, blood, chocolate, tallow and red wine stains,[5] using a standard detergent and compared to a reference washing machine.[6] The number of stains removed is translated into a washing efficiency index.
Spin performance is based on the remaining moisture content (RMC), which is calculated as the mass of water divided by the dry mass of the cotton samples. It is based on an average of washes with maximum and partial load cycles.
In 2010, a new energy label was introduced based on the energy efficiency index (EEI) with a range from A to D.[7] The energy efficiency index measures annual electricity consumption – including energy expenditure during sleep modes – and the energy consumed in 220 wash cycles. For the wash cycles, a combination of cycles at 42% load at 60°C, 29% at 60°C and 29% at 40°C is used. Washing efficiency is no longer measured, since all washing machines must necessarily reach class A.
For dryers, energy efficiency is calculated using the cotton drying cycle with a declared maximum load. The energy efficiency index is in kWh per kg of load. There are two different scales for condensing and venting dryers.
The label also includes:.
For washer dryers, energy efficiency is calculated using the cotton drying cycle with the maximum declared load. The efficiency rate is in kWh per kg of load.
The label also contains:
Dishwasher
The energy efficiency of dishwashers is calculated based on the number of place settings. These are the values for a 12-place dishwasher until 2010:
Since 2010, a new system based on the energy efficiency index (EEI) has been used, which takes into account annual electricity consumption, assuming 280 cycles. For a 12-place dishwasher, an energy efficiency index of 100 corresponds to 462 kWh per year.
The label also includes:.
Ovens
For ovens, the label also includes:.
Air-conditioning
For air conditioning machines, the directive only applies to devices less than 12 kW. The label includes:.
Air conditioners that have heat functions also include:
Light bulbs
Contenido
Todas las etiquetas de bombillas y tubos (incluyendo las lámparas incandescentes, luminarias fluorescenes y las lámparas led) contienen la siguiente información:.
De acuerdo al consumo eléctrico de la bombilla relativo a una convencional (GLS o incandescente), la bombilla se clasifica en las siguientes clases:[8].
La clase A se determina de un modo distinto, razón por la cual tiene un porcentaje variable.
En 2012[9] se introdujeron las clases A y A y clasificaciones en función de si las lámparas son direccionales o no direccionales. Las lámparas direccionales son aquellas que tienen al menos un 80 % del flujo luminoso en un ángulo sólido de π sr (que corresponde a un cono con un ángulo de 120°).[9].
Desde septiembre de 2009, las bombillas domésticas deben ser de clase A, con la excepción de las lámparas transparentes. Para este tipo de bombillas se necesita alcanzar una clase C o mejor en un plazo hasta septiembre de 2012 y una clase B o mejor a partir de septiembre de 2016.[10].
Calculation
Incandescent lamps and fluorescent tubes with and without integrated ballast can be divided into two energy efficiency classes. This division was produced by Directive 98/11/EC on January 27, 1998[8] and includes lamps that are not classified for domestic use. Light sources larger than 6500 lm and those that do not operate at current voltages are excluded. The energy efficiency class is determined as follows (Φ is the luminous flux in lumens and P is the lamp consumption in watts):
The lamps obtain A classification if:.
Fluorescent tubes without integrated ballast obtain A classification if:.
The classification in the B-G range is based on the percentage (energy efficiency index) with respect to the reference power and consumption of a standard bulb with identical luminous flux:.
Televisions
In 2010, the energy label for televisions was introduced.[11] The energy class is determined by the energy efficiency index (EEI), which is the electrical consumption relative to a reference consumption. This reference consumption is that of a normal television with an A: area screen.
Where for a TV with a tuner and without a hard drive.
Due to the switch to digital terrestrial television, all televisions in the European Union have a digital and an analogue tuner; so the reference power was increased to 24 watts as follows:.
If a hard drive is added, the following formula is used:.
For example, a television with a diagonal of 82 cm (32 inches) has a screen area A = 28.7 dm² and corresponds to a reference consumption of 144 W.
Another piece of information included on the label is the annual energy consumption in on mode, in kWh, which is calculated as E = 1.46 × P.
The energy efficiency rating and annual power consumption in on mode are reduced by 5% if the following conditions are met for TVs with automatic brightness control:.
Automobiles
For motor vehicles, the value used to determine the class is not the energy efficiency, but the carbon dioxide emissions per kilometer:.
The label also includes the following information:
Tires
In 2012 the efficiency label for tires was introduced. The tire label shows three tire attributes: rolling resistance, wet braking efficiency and external rolling noise.[12] Tire labeling applies to cars, vans and trucks. With the following exceptions:
References
[5] ↑ El valor límite entre la clasificación «A» y «A+» era de 44 hasta el 1 de julio de 2014 y 42 a partir de entonces.