Military

Military camps are settlements that arise in strategic locations in war zones. They serve to house a group of troops temporarily or permanently. The recruits carry out their basic functions in them, such as training, hygiene or rest. Sometimes there are also temporary incarcerations for temporary detainees.

They are the first example of a planned temporary city and the origin of the rest of the types. Although its function was very specific, its design and organization systems have also been used for other temporary cities.

Its origin is in the Roman military camps, which served both to defend the borders and for sieges and campaigns for the expansion of the empire. Its duration varied between temporary and permanent, housing numerous services for legionary leisure, such as brothels, taverns, baths and shops.

In its design, security and ease of access to defensive posts took precedence. While in dangerous places or camps whose existence lasted over time, stone walls were built, the usual thing was to build them with wood, while a perimeter moat surrounded the camp.

Inside, the legion and part of its entourage were located. In the center was the praetorium, the building in which the commander of the fort lived, and around it were the barracks with the legionaries, prisons, stables for the cavalry, administrative premises, grain and food warehouses, butcher shops, blacksmith workshops, carpentry shops, shoe shops, forging workshops and all types of buildings with artisans that covered the logistics of the legion. On the perimeter there was some cultivated land to ensure the food supply. All the architecture of these cities was made with wood and fabric, in a very similar way to current camps in which, only, wood has been replaced by metal.

Festival

Festivals are temporary cities that last a few days and bring together a variable number of people for a series of musical events or other activities, such as construction. Other accommodation and commercial uses appear around them that depend on the size and number of visitors. They usually have the space dedicated to concerts, an accommodation or camping area and another area for food and drink establishments. They are promoted through private initiative.

Some examples are Black Rock City, from the Burning Man festival, Instant City"), from Prada Poole, and Bellastock"), organized by the Parisian university of Belleville.

Black Rock City is the city that hosts the Burning Man festival, which has been held since 1990 in the Black Rock Desert (Nevada, United States). It emerged from a hippie community in San Francisco "San Francisco (California)") that shared philosophical interests translated into sexual freedom, music, psychoactive drugs and political convictions and that used to congregate in Baker Beach, where the now iconic idea of ​​burning a giant wooden sculpture in the shape of a man arose. The lack of security of the place for this practice led them to look for a more isolated space, the current place. The festival lasts seven days.

The city that is assembled and dismantled each time is made up of a mixture of tents, motorhomes, vans, wagons and temporary structures. Burning Man's budget is approximately $10,000,000 and its population is 50,000, making Black Rock City the seventh largest city in Nevada. For each edition, an urban plan is made that organizes the space in the shape of a circular crown, with streets that delimit some blocks in which visitors settle. In the center of the circle is the large wooden sculpture that will burn at the end of the festival and that is designed by a different artist each year. In addition, it is common for participants to create their own works of art, in line with the philosophy of the festival. The services are supplied with small portable facilities for toilets and water supply.

Bellastock") is an architecture festival organized by the University of Belleville and takes place in the vicinity of Paris, an example of participatory architecture ("and recycling"). Students and architects participate in it, each year working on a different material and theme. Upon arrival, each group is assigned a certain amount of this material, with which they must build an ephemeral space that will be their habitat during the time of the festival. All of this forms a temporary city that houses about 1,000 participants. At the end of the festival, A winner is chosen from all participating teams.

It was created in 2006 by students from the University of Belleville and, since then, its activity has diversified and extended its sponsorships and collaborations with other schools in France and the rest of the world, companies and public institutions. The desired services are provided by portable installations that each year have a different design instead of being simple prefabricated pieces. This includes bathrooms, showers and kitchens. The latter are used by the festival staff to prepare food for all participants.

In 2011 and 2012, ETSAM participated through the master's degree in Ephemeral Architecture.

The Instant City") was the temporary city that hosted the VII Congress of the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) in October 1971. It was organized and proposed by the Agrupació del Disseny Industrial del Foment de les Arts Decoratives (ADI/FAD). It was designed by Prada Poole in order to house about 1,000 people on the beach of Port de Sant Miquel in Ibiza and then be able to disappear without a trace. The resulting design was a city inflatable made by a float company, using plastic pneumatic constructions joined by staples, a system devised by the architect himself. The inhabitants themselves were required to build the main elements, a common room, a health center, a design assistance area and a garbage control system; marker and some plastic strips 1.20 meters wide and of variable length depending on whether the room they are going to build will house two, four or six people and a construction booklet.

Its construction required an extensive system of fans, motors and electrical systems. Wet spaces were resolved through portable installations.

Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage cities are large settlements that take place on the occasion of major religious events in which a large number of people travel to a specific place. Given the high number of attendees, they require great deployment and design to house their extensive temporary population efficiently and without collapses. In these cities, the systems become more complex than in the previous examples.

Kumbh Mela is an extreme example of a religious congregation that generates a temporary settlement, which is deployed to celebrate a Hindu religious festival every twelve years, in a location that rotates between five different enclaves. It serves approximately five million people who come together for fifty-five days and an additional flow of ten to twenty million people who come during twenty-four hour cycles on six key dates.

To support the largest public gathering in the world, the ephemeral city of the Kumbh Mela, in a matter of weeks, deploys its own streets, bridges, tents, residences, places for spiritual gatherings and multiple buildings that function as social infrastructure of various types, such as hospitals, theaters or vaccination clinics.

The ephemeral city is built in a few weeks after the level of the Ganges recedes, once the monsoon ends. The aggregation of units converges into an endless texture of cotton, plastic, plywood and other materials organized by a network of intelligent infrastructure that articulates roads, electricity and waste.

In order to supply water and sanitation to such a large population, a series of temporary infrastructures are created, including floating bridges and streets made up of large steel plates, which are later disassembled into pieces that are reused in nearby buildings or stored to serve future editions of the festival.

Mine.

The city of Mina "Mina (Saudi Arabia)") is actually a neighborhood of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, located about five kilometers from the city center and between it and Arafat Hill. It occupies an area of ​​approximately 20 square kilometers. Hundreds of thousands of people are temporarily housed there each year for the Hajj. More than 100,000 stores equipped for its visitors. Although its population is temporary, its construction is permanent and it has all the infrastructure of a permanent city, such as sanitation and roads.

Emergency

Emergency cities "Emergency (disaster)") are created due to extraordinary situations such as natural disasters, wars or migration crises. They are, of all of them, the most uncertain in terms of their duration. They usually arise quickly after situations such as earthquakes, tsunamis or hurricanes. Refugee camps appear at points of migratory flows that originate from flight due to political or war situations. They are promoted by governments or non-governmental organizations.

Dadaab was created in 1991, when civil war broke out in Somalia and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) built a gigantic complex made up of the three largest camps in the world: Hagadera, Dagahaley and Ifo. In principle, it was a space enabled for 90,000 people. Now it is the largest in the world, and more than 402,361 people live there. Among others, it shelters thousands of Somalis and members of Somalia's various minority ethnic groups and the Bantu.

It is a city of cities in constant change and growth. The last major population influx occurred in 2011, when 130,000 new refugees arrived from Somalia due to a serious drought.

Although it is still a temporary city, it is so immense and long-lasting that it has characteristics typical of a permanent city, that is, activities that are no longer for a limited period of time, but rather extend and establish themselves, generating a new economic fabric and a high population density. In addition, it houses a powerful infrastructure of public services, such as schools, hospitals, religious spaces and cemeteries. There is even a bus network and great commercial movement between the different fields. However, the lack of planning and improvisation mean that the functioning of the city is not satisfactory and basic infrastructure such as water supply or sanitation does not exist.

The population is housed in tents distributed by UNHCR, with an average of four people per tent. Everything is organized around a grid-shaped structure, with the market at one end and small green belts surrounding each group of stores, which distort the grid and give it a more organic shape.

Military

Military camps are settlements that arise in strategic locations in war zones. They serve to house a group of troops temporarily or permanently. The recruits carry out their basic functions in them, such as training, hygiene or rest. Sometimes there are also temporary incarcerations for temporary detainees.

They are the first example of a planned temporary city and the origin of the rest of the types. Although its function was very specific, its design and organization systems have also been used for other temporary cities.

Its origin is in the Roman military camps, which served both to defend the borders and for sieges and campaigns for the expansion of the empire. Its duration varied between temporary and permanent, housing numerous services for legionary leisure, such as brothels, taverns, baths and shops.

In its design, security and ease of access to defensive posts took precedence. While in dangerous places or camps whose existence lasted over time, stone walls were built, the usual thing was to build them with wood, while a perimeter moat surrounded the camp.

Inside, the legion and part of its entourage were located. In the center was the praetorium, the building in which the commander of the fort lived, and around it were the barracks with the legionaries, prisons, stables for the cavalry, administrative premises, grain and food warehouses, butcher shops, blacksmith workshops, carpentry shops, shoe shops, forging workshops and all types of buildings with artisans that covered the logistics of the legion. On the perimeter there was some cultivated land to ensure the food supply. All the architecture of these cities was made with wood and fabric, in a very similar way to current camps in which, only, wood has been replaced by metal.

Festival

Festivals are temporary cities that last a few days and bring together a variable number of people for a series of musical events or other activities, such as construction. Other accommodation and commercial uses appear around them that depend on the size and number of visitors. They usually have the space dedicated to concerts, an accommodation or camping area and another area for food and drink establishments. They are promoted through private initiative.

Some examples are Black Rock City, from the Burning Man festival, Instant City"), from Prada Poole, and Bellastock"), organized by the Parisian university of Belleville.

Black Rock City is the city that hosts the Burning Man festival, which has been held since 1990 in the Black Rock Desert (Nevada, United States). It emerged from a hippie community in San Francisco "San Francisco (California)") that shared philosophical interests translated into sexual freedom, music, psychoactive drugs and political convictions and that used to congregate in Baker Beach, where the now iconic idea of ​​burning a giant wooden sculpture in the shape of a man arose. The lack of security of the place for this practice led them to look for a more isolated space, the current place. The festival lasts seven days.

The city that is assembled and dismantled each time is made up of a mixture of tents, motorhomes, vans, wagons and temporary structures. Burning Man's budget is approximately $10,000,000 and its population is 50,000, making Black Rock City the seventh largest city in Nevada. For each edition, an urban plan is made that organizes the space in the shape of a circular crown, with streets that delimit some blocks in which visitors settle. In the center of the circle is the large wooden sculpture that will burn at the end of the festival and that is designed by a different artist each year. In addition, it is common for participants to create their own works of art, in line with the philosophy of the festival. The services are supplied with small portable facilities for toilets and water supply.

Bellastock") is an architecture festival organized by the University of Belleville and takes place in the vicinity of Paris, an example of participatory architecture ("and recycling"). Students and architects participate in it, each year working on a different material and theme. Upon arrival, each group is assigned a certain amount of this material, with which they must build an ephemeral space that will be their habitat during the time of the festival. All of this forms a temporary city that houses about 1,000 participants. At the end of the festival, A winner is chosen from all participating teams.

It was created in 2006 by students from the University of Belleville and, since then, its activity has diversified and extended its sponsorships and collaborations with other schools in France and the rest of the world, companies and public institutions. The desired services are provided by portable installations that each year have a different design instead of being simple prefabricated pieces. This includes bathrooms, showers and kitchens. The latter are used by the festival staff to prepare food for all participants.

In 2011 and 2012, ETSAM participated through the master's degree in Ephemeral Architecture.

The Instant City") was the temporary city that hosted the VII Congress of the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) in October 1971. It was organized and proposed by the Agrupació del Disseny Industrial del Foment de les Arts Decoratives (ADI/FAD). It was designed by Prada Poole in order to house about 1,000 people on the beach of Port de Sant Miquel in Ibiza and then be able to disappear without a trace. The resulting design was a city inflatable made by a float company, using plastic pneumatic constructions joined by staples, a system devised by the architect himself. The inhabitants themselves were required to build the main elements, a common room, a health center, a design assistance area and a garbage control system; marker and some plastic strips 1.20 meters wide and of variable length depending on whether the room they are going to build will house two, four or six people and a construction booklet.

Its construction required an extensive system of fans, motors and electrical systems. Wet spaces were resolved through portable installations.

Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage cities are large settlements that take place on the occasion of major religious events in which a large number of people travel to a specific place. Given the high number of attendees, they require great deployment and design to house their extensive temporary population efficiently and without collapses. In these cities, the systems become more complex than in the previous examples.

Kumbh Mela is an extreme example of a religious congregation that generates a temporary settlement, which is deployed to celebrate a Hindu religious festival every twelve years, in a location that rotates between five different enclaves. It serves approximately five million people who come together for fifty-five days and an additional flow of ten to twenty million people who come during twenty-four hour cycles on six key dates.

To support the largest public gathering in the world, the ephemeral city of the Kumbh Mela, in a matter of weeks, deploys its own streets, bridges, tents, residences, places for spiritual gatherings and multiple buildings that function as social infrastructure of various types, such as hospitals, theaters or vaccination clinics.

The ephemeral city is built in a few weeks after the level of the Ganges recedes, once the monsoon ends. The aggregation of units converges into an endless texture of cotton, plastic, plywood and other materials organized by a network of intelligent infrastructure that articulates roads, electricity and waste.

In order to supply water and sanitation to such a large population, a series of temporary infrastructures are created, including floating bridges and streets made up of large steel plates, which are later disassembled into pieces that are reused in nearby buildings or stored to serve future editions of the festival.

Mine.

The city of Mina "Mina (Saudi Arabia)") is actually a neighborhood of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, located about five kilometers from the city center and between it and Arafat Hill. It occupies an area of ​​approximately 20 square kilometers. Hundreds of thousands of people are temporarily housed there each year for the Hajj. More than 100,000 stores equipped for its visitors. Although its population is temporary, its construction is permanent and it has all the infrastructure of a permanent city, such as sanitation and roads.

Emergency

Emergency cities "Emergency (disaster)") are created due to extraordinary situations such as natural disasters, wars or migration crises. They are, of all of them, the most uncertain in terms of their duration. They usually arise quickly after situations such as earthquakes, tsunamis or hurricanes. Refugee camps appear at points of migratory flows that originate from flight due to political or war situations. They are promoted by governments or non-governmental organizations.

Dadaab was created in 1991, when civil war broke out in Somalia and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) built a gigantic complex made up of the three largest camps in the world: Hagadera, Dagahaley and Ifo. In principle, it was a space enabled for 90,000 people. Now it is the largest in the world, and more than 402,361 people live there. Among others, it shelters thousands of Somalis and members of Somalia's various minority ethnic groups and the Bantu.

It is a city of cities in constant change and growth. The last major population influx occurred in 2011, when 130,000 new refugees arrived from Somalia due to a serious drought.

Although it is still a temporary city, it is so immense and long-lasting that it has characteristics typical of a permanent city, that is, activities that are no longer for a limited period of time, but rather extend and establish themselves, generating a new economic fabric and a high population density. In addition, it houses a powerful infrastructure of public services, such as schools, hospitals, religious spaces and cemeteries. There is even a bus network and great commercial movement between the different fields. However, the lack of planning and improvisation mean that the functioning of the city is not satisfactory and basic infrastructure such as water supply or sanitation does not exist.

The population is housed in tents distributed by UNHCR, with an average of four people per tent. Everything is organized around a grid-shaped structure, with the market at one end and small green belts surrounding each group of stores, which distort the grid and give it a more organic shape.