Electric mobility
Introduction
An electric vehicle is a vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors.[1] It can be powered by an external source that supplies electrical energy,[2] or, it can be autonomous by having installed batteries "Battery (electricity)"),[3] solar panels, or an electric generator that transforms fuel into electricity.[4] Electric vehicles can be, among others, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft, transport drones and electric spaceships. Traction can be provided by wheels or propellers "Propeller (device)") driven by rotary motors or, in other cases, use other types of non-rotating motors, such as linear motors, or any other application resulting from electromagnetism, such as a magnetic levitation train.
Among the main types of private use we find: cars, motorcycles, scooters, scooters, bicycles, among others.[5].
The appearance of these dates back to the mid-century, when electricity was the preferred method of powering motor vehicles, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that had not been achieved with gasoline-powered automobiles of the time. Modern internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for more than 100 years, although electrical power has remained the primary propulsion method in other types of vehicles, such as trains and smaller vehicles.
In the 20th century, electric vehicles resurface due to technological developments and the necessary energy transition to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement to stop climate change. To this end, countries have legislated and developed government incentives with the mass objective of increasing the adoption of electric vehicles.[6][7].
Expectations were that the acquisition of electric vehicles would increase from 2% to 22% in 2030.[8] These estimates have fallen short. In 2021, the European Union decided to increase the target for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions to 2030, which would imply at least 30 million zero emissions by 2030, prompting the vast majority of car manufacturers to stop manufacturing cars powered by combustion engines.[9][10].
History
Contenido
La invención del primer modelo de vehículo eléctrico es atribuida a diferentes personas.[12] En 1828, Ányos Jedlik, un húngaro que inventó un modelo primitivo de motor eléctrico, creó un pequeño coche alimentado por su nuevo motor.[13][14] En 1834, un herrero de Vermont llamado Thomas Davenport, construyó un artilugio similar que operaba en una pista corta, circular y electrificada.[15] En 1835, el profesor Sibrandus Stratingh de Groningen, Países Bajos y su asistente Christopher Becker, crearon un coche eléctrico a pequeña escala, alimentado por baterías de celdas primarias no recargables.[16].