The first documented use of the term "dystopia" is attributed to John Stuart Mill, in a speech at a parliamentary intervention in 1868.[10] Although the term dystopia was relegated from the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, it was added by one of its academics who describes dystopia as:

Consensually, the works: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, 1984 "1984 (novel)") by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury are considered the founding trilogy of the dystopian genre.[11]​[12]​ Although there were works classified as dystopian previously, it could be clearly deduced that the beginning of said literary genre began with the work We "We (novel)") by the Russian writer Zamyatin[13]​ (1924) whose book may have strongly inspired the three famous writers mentioned above. There are those who point to Eugenia "Eugenia (novel)") by Eduardo Urzaiz Rodríguez, as a precursor of dystopian novels; although the short novel The machine stops, by E.M. Forster, is earlier, published in 1909, and is evidently a dystopia itself, focused on a future society highly dependent on technology, to the point of dehumanizing people and distancing them from their social condition. However, it is probably the novel Lord of the World (Lord of the World, 1907) by Robert Hugh Benson that can be considered the first among the full modern dystopias, also clearly influencing both 1984 and Brave New World.

The film Metropolis "Metropolis (1927 film)") (1927) based on a 1926 novel of the same name by Thea von Harbou can also be noted as an embryonic and cinematic work of the dystopian genre.

The separation of the terms utopia and dystopia occurs between the centuries and , with one of the elements that characterizes dystopia: the attack on the defects of society. In 1726, Jonathan Swift wrote a novel in a utopian mixture of satire and parody of society called Gulliver's Travels, using narrative resources from the travel novel.[14]​ In 1741, Ludvig Holberg in his Journey to the Underworld would introduce a traveler to the center of the earth, with a planet with a hollow center, which would later be used by multiple writers.[15]​ In the novel The five hundred million of the begun (1879) Jules Verne tells us two city-states (France-ville and Stahstald) with certain utopian and dystopian features.[2]​.

Contenido

Para retratar los males de una sociedad ficticia, las distopías se caracterizan por:.

La mayor parte de las distopías describen sociedades que son consecuencia de tendencias sociales actuales y que llevan a situaciones totalmente indeseables.[1]​ Surgen como obras de advertencia, o como sátiras, que muestran las tendencias actuales extrapoladas en finales apocalípticos.

Las distopías guardan mucha relación con la época y el contexto sociopolítico en que se conciben. Por ejemplo, algunas distopías de la primera mitad del siglo o a mediados de siglo advertían de los peligros del socialismo de Estado, de la mediocridad generalizada, del control social, de la evolución de las democracias liberales hacia sociedades totalitarias, del consumismo y el aislamiento. Ejemplos de ello son: Nosotros "Nosotros (novela)") de Yevgueni Zamiatin, Señor del mundo de Robert Hugh Benson, 1984 "1984 (novela)") de George Orwell, Mercaderes del espacio de Frederik Pohl y Cyril M. Kornbluth, Un mundo feliz de Aldous Huxley y Fahrenheit 451 de Ray Bradbury.

Otras más recientes son obras de ciencia ficción ambientadas en un futuro cercano y etiquetadas como ciberpunk, que utilizan una ambientación distópica en que el mundo se encuentra coercitivamente dominado por las grandes transnacionales capitalistas con altos grados de sofisticación tecnológica y carácter represivo. Un ejemplo de este tipo de novelas es Snow Crash (1992) de Neal Stephenson, Traición "Traición (novela)") (2005) del autor estadounidense Scott Westerfeld o La chica mecánica (2009) del escritor Paolo Bacigalupi. Dentro de la ficción española, tiene ambiente retrofuturista y distópico La ciudad del Gran Rey de Oscar Esquivias.

Otras distopías son presentadas como utopías en su visión superficial, pero a medida que los personajes se adentran en la misma descubren que el aparente mundo utópico mantiene ocultas características propias de las distopías que resultan indispensables para su funcionamiento. Estas distopías suelen estar pensadas para advertir sobre los riesgos de la manipulación mediática o política.

Policy

Political dystopias such as 1984 "1984 (novel)") by George Orwell, published in 1949, deal with the dangers of totalitarianism, this one in particular put its emphasis on Stalin's regime, narrating about a single Big Brother "Big Brother (character)") who sees everything, but although it was not published with the intention of being classified as science fiction, it ended up being a classic of the genre.[17]​ In this subdivision as well, You can add Nosotros "Nosotros (novel)") by Yevgueni Zamyatin, published in 1921, a novel that clearly criticizes the Soviet regime and is believed to also refer to Mussolini's fascism.[18]​.

Opposed to this is The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin, published in 1974, which describes an anarchist world called Anarres in opposition to the capitalist world of Urras.[17]​ It should be noted that, contrary to what is stated in several areas, dystopia is not a political prediction, but a satire of the present.[19]​.

Social control can be seen in The Faith of Our Fathers "The Faith of Our Fathers (1967 short story)") by Philip K. Dick, a short story published in 1967, which describes hallucinogenic drugs diluted in water to keep citizens under extraterrestrial domination.[20]​.

The knowledge of individuals in dystopias can be through espionage or through such rigorous control that the State controls it through the system. Spies are predominant in 1984, with telescreens that give the announcements and also transmit even the smallest details of the homes. In Us, however, buildings are transparent, numbers become a social rule and canon of beauty, asymmetrical things will be ugly and dreams will be considered a disease. Thus, citizens are given a schedule to comply with, including having sexual relations.[20]​.

Technological or scientific

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, published in 1932, describes a world of caste based on genetics[17]​ and deals with the topic of eugenics in depth. This is how it deals with issues such as the manipulation of embryos to create a conformist society.[20]​.

The Pianola by Kurt Vonnegut, published in 1952, tells of the automation of society, where engineers have been elevated to the highest level of society, and men have been left behind by machines.[21]​.

Steins;Gate of 5pb., Manga based on a video game that tells the story of a group of friends who manage to create a machine capable of sending messages to the past, which end up being chased by an organization (SERN based on CERN) that intends to take over the Time Machine. It's not long before they learn that the future is ruled by SERN, which rules a dystopia in which humans are enslaved.

The British television series Black Mirror "Black Mirror (TV series)") warns about the unwanted effects that technology can generate on human life in the near future based on the way in which users interact with current technological devices. The dystopian genre is clearly reflected in each of its chapters, which have no continuity relationship with each other.

Humorous or satirical

Merchants of Space (1953) and its sequel, The Merchants' War"), by Frederik Pohl and Cyril Kornbluth describe an absurd world dominated by corporations and their advertising. Or Limbo by Bernard Wolfe, published in 1952 as a reflection of the Cold War.[17]​.

Gender

There are also feminist or liberating dystopias, such as The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood,[17]​ published in 1985, dealing with a society under a theocratic and conservative regime, with women having their ovaries as their only value and being relegated to the background. Or Mother Tongue and Judas Rose by Suzette Haden Elgin, with linguistics playing a very important role.[17] Even before these is Swastika Night by Katharine Burdekin, published in 1937 under the pseudonym Murray Constantine, with a predominant fascism where Hitler is worshiped as a god, the Jews have been eradicated and the Japanese are the only remaining power. But above all, a cult of masculinity and female marginalization prevails; it has been one of the "pioneer" books in feminist criticism.[22]

Ecological

Ecological catastrophes can be presented as part of the plot or as a central element, and are one of the most used subdivisions of dystopias. As a central element it is found in titles such as Greener than you think by Ward Moore, or The death of grass by John Christopher.[17]​.

In All About Zanzibar by John Brunner, published in 1968, he confronts pollution and overpopulation that is such that people pay for time alone. A few years earlier Make Room! Make Room! by Harry Harrison, published in 1966, relates themes of overpopulation, famine and presents humanity recycling human corpses for food.[23]​.

J. G. Ballard would create a trilogy of books with The Submerged World (1962), The Drought (1964) and The Crystal World") (1966) addressing the catastrophes resulting from technological abuse and environmental ignorance, dealing with topics such as the hole in the ozone layer, water pollution, and the annihilation of plants and animals.[23]​.

Space or involving outside civilizations

There is a new dystopian genre based on the struggle between civilizations. Author Cixin Liu has popularized a trilogy beginning with The Three Body Problem, followed by The Dark Forest and The End of Death. The main plot is the struggle of a dystopian humanity from the sixties of the century to beyond the century.

This dark and depressed society is very reminiscent of those of technological or scientific dystopias, although the additional component of extraterrestrial civilizations and space travel further expand the pessimistic vision of the human being and takes it to new dimensions at psychological and social levels.

We can classify literature and cinema that take place in dystopian societies according to the role that the society itself plays:[24]​.

Nayibe Peña Frade classifies dystopian literature and cinema that describes mass societies based on the type of political domination to which they are subjected:[25]​.

Also 'The lobster' ('The lobster' in Latin America).

The first documented use of the term "dystopia" is attributed to John Stuart Mill, in a speech at a parliamentary intervention in 1868.[10] Although the term dystopia was relegated from the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, it was added by one of its academics who describes dystopia as:

Consensually, the works: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, 1984 "1984 (novel)") by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury are considered the founding trilogy of the dystopian genre.[11]​[12]​ Although there were works classified as dystopian previously, it could be clearly deduced that the beginning of said literary genre began with the work We "We (novel)") by the Russian writer Zamyatin[13]​ (1924) whose book may have strongly inspired the three famous writers mentioned above. There are those who point to Eugenia "Eugenia (novel)") by Eduardo Urzaiz Rodríguez, as a precursor of dystopian novels; although the short novel The machine stops, by E.M. Forster, is earlier, published in 1909, and is evidently a dystopia itself, focused on a future society highly dependent on technology, to the point of dehumanizing people and distancing them from their social condition. However, it is probably the novel Lord of the World (Lord of the World, 1907) by Robert Hugh Benson that can be considered the first among the full modern dystopias, also clearly influencing both 1984 and Brave New World.

The film Metropolis "Metropolis (1927 film)") (1927) based on a 1926 novel of the same name by Thea von Harbou can also be noted as an embryonic and cinematic work of the dystopian genre.

The separation of the terms utopia and dystopia occurs between the centuries and , with one of the elements that characterizes dystopia: the attack on the defects of society. In 1726, Jonathan Swift wrote a novel in a utopian mixture of satire and parody of society called Gulliver's Travels, using narrative resources from the travel novel.[14]​ In 1741, Ludvig Holberg in his Journey to the Underworld would introduce a traveler to the center of the earth, with a planet with a hollow center, which would later be used by multiple writers.[15]​ In the novel The five hundred million of the begun (1879) Jules Verne tells us two city-states (France-ville and Stahstald) with certain utopian and dystopian features.[2]​.

Contenido

Para retratar los males de una sociedad ficticia, las distopías se caracterizan por:.

La mayor parte de las distopías describen sociedades que son consecuencia de tendencias sociales actuales y que llevan a situaciones totalmente indeseables.[1]​ Surgen como obras de advertencia, o como sátiras, que muestran las tendencias actuales extrapoladas en finales apocalípticos.

Las distopías guardan mucha relación con la época y el contexto sociopolítico en que se conciben. Por ejemplo, algunas distopías de la primera mitad del siglo o a mediados de siglo advertían de los peligros del socialismo de Estado, de la mediocridad generalizada, del control social, de la evolución de las democracias liberales hacia sociedades totalitarias, del consumismo y el aislamiento. Ejemplos de ello son: Nosotros "Nosotros (novela)") de Yevgueni Zamiatin, Señor del mundo de Robert Hugh Benson, 1984 "1984 (novela)") de George Orwell, Mercaderes del espacio de Frederik Pohl y Cyril M. Kornbluth, Un mundo feliz de Aldous Huxley y Fahrenheit 451 de Ray Bradbury.

Otras más recientes son obras de ciencia ficción ambientadas en un futuro cercano y etiquetadas como ciberpunk, que utilizan una ambientación distópica en que el mundo se encuentra coercitivamente dominado por las grandes transnacionales capitalistas con altos grados de sofisticación tecnológica y carácter represivo. Un ejemplo de este tipo de novelas es Snow Crash (1992) de Neal Stephenson, Traición "Traición (novela)") (2005) del autor estadounidense Scott Westerfeld o La chica mecánica (2009) del escritor Paolo Bacigalupi. Dentro de la ficción española, tiene ambiente retrofuturista y distópico La ciudad del Gran Rey de Oscar Esquivias.

Otras distopías son presentadas como utopías en su visión superficial, pero a medida que los personajes se adentran en la misma descubren que el aparente mundo utópico mantiene ocultas características propias de las distopías que resultan indispensables para su funcionamiento. Estas distopías suelen estar pensadas para advertir sobre los riesgos de la manipulación mediática o política.

Policy

Political dystopias such as 1984 "1984 (novel)") by George Orwell, published in 1949, deal with the dangers of totalitarianism, this one in particular put its emphasis on Stalin's regime, narrating about a single Big Brother "Big Brother (character)") who sees everything, but although it was not published with the intention of being classified as science fiction, it ended up being a classic of the genre.[17]​ In this subdivision as well, You can add Nosotros "Nosotros (novel)") by Yevgueni Zamyatin, published in 1921, a novel that clearly criticizes the Soviet regime and is believed to also refer to Mussolini's fascism.[18]​.

Opposed to this is The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin, published in 1974, which describes an anarchist world called Anarres in opposition to the capitalist world of Urras.[17]​ It should be noted that, contrary to what is stated in several areas, dystopia is not a political prediction, but a satire of the present.[19]​.

Social control can be seen in The Faith of Our Fathers "The Faith of Our Fathers (1967 short story)") by Philip K. Dick, a short story published in 1967, which describes hallucinogenic drugs diluted in water to keep citizens under extraterrestrial domination.[20]​.

The knowledge of individuals in dystopias can be through espionage or through such rigorous control that the State controls it through the system. Spies are predominant in 1984, with telescreens that give the announcements and also transmit even the smallest details of the homes. In Us, however, buildings are transparent, numbers become a social rule and canon of beauty, asymmetrical things will be ugly and dreams will be considered a disease. Thus, citizens are given a schedule to comply with, including having sexual relations.[20]​.

Technological or scientific

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, published in 1932, describes a world of caste based on genetics[17]​ and deals with the topic of eugenics in depth. This is how it deals with issues such as the manipulation of embryos to create a conformist society.[20]​.

The Pianola by Kurt Vonnegut, published in 1952, tells of the automation of society, where engineers have been elevated to the highest level of society, and men have been left behind by machines.[21]​.

Steins;Gate of 5pb., Manga based on a video game that tells the story of a group of friends who manage to create a machine capable of sending messages to the past, which end up being chased by an organization (SERN based on CERN) that intends to take over the Time Machine. It's not long before they learn that the future is ruled by SERN, which rules a dystopia in which humans are enslaved.

The British television series Black Mirror "Black Mirror (TV series)") warns about the unwanted effects that technology can generate on human life in the near future based on the way in which users interact with current technological devices. The dystopian genre is clearly reflected in each of its chapters, which have no continuity relationship with each other.

Humorous or satirical

Merchants of Space (1953) and its sequel, The Merchants' War"), by Frederik Pohl and Cyril Kornbluth describe an absurd world dominated by corporations and their advertising. Or Limbo by Bernard Wolfe, published in 1952 as a reflection of the Cold War.[17]​.

Gender

There are also feminist or liberating dystopias, such as The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood,[17]​ published in 1985, dealing with a society under a theocratic and conservative regime, with women having their ovaries as their only value and being relegated to the background. Or Mother Tongue and Judas Rose by Suzette Haden Elgin, with linguistics playing a very important role.[17] Even before these is Swastika Night by Katharine Burdekin, published in 1937 under the pseudonym Murray Constantine, with a predominant fascism where Hitler is worshiped as a god, the Jews have been eradicated and the Japanese are the only remaining power. But above all, a cult of masculinity and female marginalization prevails; it has been one of the "pioneer" books in feminist criticism.[22]

Ecological

Ecological catastrophes can be presented as part of the plot or as a central element, and are one of the most used subdivisions of dystopias. As a central element it is found in titles such as Greener than you think by Ward Moore, or The death of grass by John Christopher.[17]​.

In All About Zanzibar by John Brunner, published in 1968, he confronts pollution and overpopulation that is such that people pay for time alone. A few years earlier Make Room! Make Room! by Harry Harrison, published in 1966, relates themes of overpopulation, famine and presents humanity recycling human corpses for food.[23]​.

J. G. Ballard would create a trilogy of books with The Submerged World (1962), The Drought (1964) and The Crystal World") (1966) addressing the catastrophes resulting from technological abuse and environmental ignorance, dealing with topics such as the hole in the ozone layer, water pollution, and the annihilation of plants and animals.[23]​.

Space or involving outside civilizations

There is a new dystopian genre based on the struggle between civilizations. Author Cixin Liu has popularized a trilogy beginning with The Three Body Problem, followed by The Dark Forest and The End of Death. The main plot is the struggle of a dystopian humanity from the sixties of the century to beyond the century.

This dark and depressed society is very reminiscent of those of technological or scientific dystopias, although the additional component of extraterrestrial civilizations and space travel further expand the pessimistic vision of the human being and takes it to new dimensions at psychological and social levels.

We can classify literature and cinema that take place in dystopian societies according to the role that the society itself plays:[24]​.

Nayibe Peña Frade classifies dystopian literature and cinema that describes mass societies based on the type of political domination to which they are subjected:[25]​.

Also 'The lobster' ('The lobster' in Latin America).