Ductile iron pipes
Introduction
Ductile cast iron, also known as nodular cast iron or spheroidal graphite cast iron[1] (or as abbreviated FD), is a type of graphite-alloyed iron cast developed by Keith Millis in 1943.[2] Unlike most iron casts, which are brittle and brittle, ductile cast iron has much higher hardness and fatigue resistance, due to the inclusion of graphite in the form of nodules.
On October 25, 1949, the team of Keith Dwight Millis, Albert Paul Gagnebin, and Norman Boden Pilling received U.S. Patent 2,485,760 for Ferrous Alloy Ductile Cast Iron by Magnesium Treatment.[3] Augustus F. Meehan also received an earlier patent, in January 1931, for producing a calcium silicate ductile cast iron called Meehanite. Meehanite) which is still produced in 2018.[4].
Metallurgy
Ductile iron is not defined by a single formula, but rather as a group of castings that can be manufactured with a wide range of properties where the microstructure is controlled. The common characteristic of this group of materials is the shape of graphite. In ductile cast irons, graphite takes the form of spherical nodules rather than flakes that occur in gray iron. While the sharp graphite flakes create points of stress concentration within the metal matrix, the rounded nodules inhibit the creation of cracks,[6] this provides the enhanced ductility that gives the alloy its name.[7] Nodule formation is achieved by adding nodulizing elements, the most common being magnesium (magnesium boils at 1100 °C and iron melts at 1500 °C) and, less common today, cerium (usually in the Misch metal form).[8] Tellurium has also been used. Yttrium, often a component of Misch metal, has also been studied as a possible nodulizer..
Bainitic tempered (or austempered) ductile cast iron was invented in the 1950s, but was commercialized and achieved commercial success years later. In this alloy the metallurgical process is controlled through a very sophisticated heating process. The "aus" portion refers to the resulting austenite.[9].
Composition and properties
A typical chemical analysis of this material would be:.