Property Types
Contenido
El Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos clasifica sus listas en las siguientes cinco categorías de tipos de propiedades:.
Todas las propiedades generalmente entran en una sola de las cinco categorías anteriores, aunque hay consideraciones especiales para ciertas propiedades que no encajan en esas cinco grandes categorías o encajan en subcategorías más especializadas. El Registro Nacional publica una serie de boletines destinados a ayudar a evaluar y aplicar los criterios de evaluación de los diferentes tipos de propiedades.[14] y aunque los criterios son siempre los mismos, la forma que se aplican pueden variar ligeramente, dependiendo del tipo de bienes involucrados. Esos boletines permiten la aplicación de los criterios a propiedades especiales, como las destinadas a la asistencia a la navegación, campos de batalla históricos, sitios arqueológicos, propiedades de aviación, cementerios y lugares de enterramiento, paisajes históricos diseñados"), yacimientos mineros, oficinas de correos, propiedades asociadas con personajes importantes, propiedades que lograron obtener importancia en los últimos 50 años, un paisaje rural histórico, propiedades culturales tradicionales"), barcos y naufragios.[14].
Cuando múltiples propiedades se someten como un grupo y que se enlistan juntos, se conocen como admisión de propiedad múltiple («Multiple Property Submission»).
Buildings
Buildings, as defined in the National Register, are distinguished in the traditional sense. Examples include houses, barns, hotels, churches "Church (building)") or similar constructions. They are created primarily to accommodate "human activities." The term buildings, as in an outbuilding, can be used to refer to historically and functionally related units, such as a courthouse and a jail or a barn and a house.[14].
Buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places must have all of their basic structural elements as parts of buildings, such as frames, interiors or facades are not eligible for the National Register. As such, the entire building is considered during nomination and its important functions must be identified. If a designated building has lost any of its basic structural elements it is considered a ruin and categorized as a site.[14].
Historic districts
The Registry defines a historic district as “a geographically definable area, urban or rural, that has a significant concentration, connection or continuity of sites, buildings, structures or objects united by past events or, aesthetically, by a plan of physical development. A district may also have individual elements separated geographically but united by association or history.
A contributing property is any building, structure, object, site within the district boundaries in which it contributes to its historic association, historic archaeological architecture of a historic district. Another fundamental aspect of the property is contributing historical integrity. A major alteration to a property can damage its physical connections to the past, reducing its historical integrity.[17].
As a general rule, contributing properties are those that will help form a historic district. A turn-of-the-century Queen Anne mansion, such as the David Syme House), is a contributing property while a modern gas station within the historic district boundaries is not a contributing property.
Objects
The objects are usually artistic in nature, or small in scale compared to structures and buildings. Although objects can be movable property they are generally associated with a specific place or environment. Examples of objects include monuments, sculptures and fountains "Fountain (architecture)").[14].
Objects considered for inclusion in the NRHP, individually or as part of districts, must be designated for a specific location; that is, transportable objects such as sculpture, furniture, and other decorative arts that lack a specific location may not be included. Outdoor sculpture, they are an example of public art, they would be a good object for registration in the Registry. Fixing an object is important in relation to Registration. The object must be suitable for its important historical use, roles, or characterizations. Additionally, objects that have been moved to a museum are not considered for inclusion in the Registry.[14].
Sites
Sites are the location of significant events that may be historical or prehistoric in nature and represent activities, buildings (standing, ruined or missing). With sites it is the same location that is of historical and cultural interest that has archaeological values, regardless of the value of all structures that may currently exist at the location. Examples of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, camps, natural features, and caves.[14].
Sites often have significance for their potential to produce future information, although they are added to the Registry under the four inclusion criteria. Sites do not have to have physical remains if they are located in a prehistoric or historical location, or if there were no buildings or structures present at the time of the events marked on the site. Site determination may require careful evaluation when the location of prehistoric or historical events cannot be determined.
The sites are represented by different premises. A site may be a natural landmark strongly associated with significant weight in prehistory or historical events. Although, in general, the Registry excludes bodies of water, even if these places played a very important role during the historical development of the area. The most appropriate documentation of the importance of natural watercourses is through the submission of nominations and inclusion in the registry of properties associated with watercourses.[14].
Structures
Structures differ from buildings to the extent that they are functional and constructions intended to be used for purposes other than housing human activity. Examples include airplanes, grain elevators, gazebos, and bridges.
For designated structures the criteria apply in the same way as they do for buildings. All structural foundation elements must be intact; no individual parts of the structure are eligible for separate inclusion in the NRHP. An example would be a bridge truss that would be examined for inclusion. A truss bridge is said to be composed of metal or wooden structure, piers and berth supports; For a property to be included in the Registry, it must have all its elements. Structures that have lost their historical configuration or organizational patterns through demolition or deterioration, like buildings, are considered ruins and are classified as sites.[14].
Archaeological properties are subject to the same four criteria as other properties for inclusion in the NRHP. Archaeological sites must also meet at least one of the criteria. Many of the properties listed in which they have joined the Registry under the first, second and fourth criteria have their archaeological sites intact. Often these deposits are undocumented, for example, a century hamlet is likely to remain intact undocumented archaeological deposits.[19].
In the tenth year of the National Register, in 1976, there were 46 shipwrecks and ships listed on the NRHP.[20] In 1985 Congress enacted that the National Park Service would conduct a survey of maritime historic sites, including military sites, in conjunction with the National Trust Fund for Historic Preservation and the preservation of the maritime community. The program was known as the National Maritime Initiative.[21] The goal of the program was to establish priorities for the preservation of maritime resources and to recommend roles for the federal government and the private sector to address those priorities. The program categorized the known maritime resources of the United States into one of eight categories. These included: preserved historic ships, shipwrecks and old ships (those vessels that were not afloat but not fully submerged), documentation (records, diaries, letters, photos, etc.), aids to navigation (including coast guard stations and lifesaving stations), marine spaces and structures ("docks (construction)"), warehouses, promenades, docks, canals, etc.), crafts (less than 40 feet "Foot (unit of measurement)") long, displacements with less than 20 tons), collections of artifacts (art, tools, wood, ship parts, etc.), abstract cultural resources (shipbuilding and rigging skills "Rigging (nautical)"), oral traditions, folklore, etc.).[22].
The 1992 amendments to the NHPA allowed a new designation to be formed for a new type of property, traditional cultural properties (TCP). The amendments established that properties related to traditional religious and cultural significance to someone from a Native American tribe or to a Native Hawaiian group) would be eligible for the National Register. The TCP includes sacred sites, natural areas, and occasionally archaeological sites associated with ancestral archaeological groups related to Native American groups.[23][24].