Desiccant cooling
Introduction
A thermal wheel, also known as rotary heat exchanger, or rotating air-air enthalpy wheel, energy recovery wheel, or heat recovery wheel, is a type of heat exchanger intended for energy recovery, placed within the supply and exhaust air streams of air conditioning units or in the exhaust gas ducts of an industrial process, to recover thermal energy. Other variants include enthalpy wheels and desiccant wheels. A cooling-specific heat wheel is sometimes called a Kyoto wheel.
Description
A heat wheel consists of a cylindrical or disc-shaped drum in which a honeycomb array of a heat-absorbing material is arranged, which rotates slowly within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air management system. As the heat wheel rotates, heat is captured from the exhaust air stream in one half of the rotation and released to the fresh air stream in the other half of the rotation. Therefore, energy in the form of waste heat from the exhaust air stream is transferred to the die material and then from the die material to the fresh air stream. This increases the temperature of the supply air stream by an amount proportional to the temperature difference between the air streams, or "thermal gradient", also depending on the efficiency of the device. Heat exchange is more efficient when the currents flow in opposite directions, since this causes a favorable temperature gradient in the thickness of the wheel. The principle works in reverse, and the "cooling" energy can be recovered in the supply airstream if desired and the temperature differential allows.
The heat exchange matrix can be made of aluminum, plastic or synthetic fiber. The heat exchanger rotates using a small electric motor and a belt drive system. Motors are often controlled by a speed inverter to improve control of exhaust air temperature. If heat exchange is not required, the engine may stop completely.
Because heat is transferred from the exhaust air stream to the supply air stream without passing directly through an exchange medium, gross efficiencies are typically higher than in any other air-side heat recovery system. The smaller depth of the heat exchange matrix, compared to a plate heat exchanger, means that the pressure drop across the device is typically lower in comparison. In general, a heat wheel will be selected for nominal speeds between 1.5 and 3 meters per second (5.4 and 10.8 km/h), and with equal air volume flow rates, "sensible" gross efficiencies of the order of 85% can be expected. Although a small amount of energy is required to rotate the wheel, the power consumption of the motor is usually low and has little effect on the overall efficiency of the device. The ability to recover "latent" heat can improve gross efficiencies by 10-15%.