The Delhi Fort, located in the Indian city of Delhi, is also called Red Fort or Lal Qila (in Hindi) due to the color of the sandstone with which it was built. It should not be confused with the Agra Fort which is called by the same name. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007, covering a protected area of 49.18 hectares.
It was a palace in Emperor Shah Jahan's new capital. This was called Shahjahanabad and was the seventh Muslim city built in present-day Delhi. Jahan moved the capital from Agra to develop his building schemes and give more prestige to his kingdom.
Construction began in 1638 and was completed ten years later. It is located at the eastern end of Shahjahanabad and takes its name from the impressive walls, built of red sandstone, that define its four sides. The wall measures 6.5 kilometers long and its height varies between 16 meters on the river bank to 33 meters in the area near the city.
It extended along the course of the Yamuna River (which has since altered its course). The wall in the northeast corner is next to an ancient fort, the Salimgarh, a defense building built by Shah Sur in 1546.
It was conceived as a unit so it has not had many reforms in terms of its original structure. However, in the 19th century, some sections were damaged. In 1857, after the Sepoy Revolt, the British army occupied it and destroyed a large part of its pavilions and gardens. A restoration program of the fort began in 1903. The walls are gently decorated, with some heavier details in the upper area.
It has two main gates: the Delhi gate and the Lahore gate. The one in Lahore is the main entrance; It leads to a street that serves as a bazaar, the Chatta Chowk. This bazaar leads to an open space that served as a division between the area used by the military and the palaces.
History
Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort on May 12, 1638, when he decided to move his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, Shah Jahan's favorite colors, its design is attributed to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also built the Taj Mahal. The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats that surround most of the walls. Construction began in the Islamic holy month of Muharram, May 13, 1638. Overseen by Shah Jahan, was completed on 6 April 1648.[6][7][8] Unlike other Mughal forts, the boundary walls of the Red Fort are asymmetrical to contain the older Salimgarh Fort.[5] The fort-palace was a central point of the city of Shahjahanabad, which is present-day Old Delhi. Shah Jahan's successor, Aurangzeb, added the Moti. Masjid (Pearl Mosque)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Moti Masjid (Red Fort) (not yet drafted)") to the emperor's private quarters, building a barbican in front of the two main doors to make the entrance to the palace more tortuous.[5].
Delhi Red Fort
Introduction
The Delhi Fort, located in the Indian city of Delhi, is also called Red Fort or Lal Qila (in Hindi) due to the color of the sandstone with which it was built. It should not be confused with the Agra Fort which is called by the same name. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007, covering a protected area of 49.18 hectares.
It was a palace in Emperor Shah Jahan's new capital. This was called Shahjahanabad and was the seventh Muslim city built in present-day Delhi. Jahan moved the capital from Agra to develop his building schemes and give more prestige to his kingdom.
Construction began in 1638 and was completed ten years later. It is located at the eastern end of Shahjahanabad and takes its name from the impressive walls, built of red sandstone, that define its four sides. The wall measures 6.5 kilometers long and its height varies between 16 meters on the river bank to 33 meters in the area near the city.
It extended along the course of the Yamuna River (which has since altered its course). The wall in the northeast corner is next to an ancient fort, the Salimgarh, a defense building built by Shah Sur in 1546.
It was conceived as a unit so it has not had many reforms in terms of its original structure. However, in the 19th century, some sections were damaged. In 1857, after the Sepoy Revolt, the British army occupied it and destroyed a large part of its pavilions and gardens. A restoration program of the fort began in 1903. The walls are gently decorated, with some heavier details in the upper area.
It has two main gates: the Delhi gate and the Lahore gate. The one in Lahore is the main entrance; It leads to a street that serves as a bazaar, the Chatta Chowk. This bazaar leads to an open space that served as a division between the area used by the military and the palaces.
History
Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort on May 12, 1638, when he decided to move his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, Shah Jahan's favorite colors, its design is attributed to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also built the Taj Mahal. The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats that surround most of the walls. Construction began in the Islamic holy month of Muharram, May 13, 1638. Overseen by Shah Jahan, was completed on 6 April 1648.[6][7][8] Unlike other Mughal forts, the boundary walls of the Red Fort are asymmetrical to contain the older Salimgarh Fort.[5] The fort-palace was a central point of the city of Shahjahanabad, which is present-day Old Delhi. Shah Jahan's successor, Aurangzeb, added the Moti. Masjid (Pearl Mosque)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Moti Masjid (Red Fort) (not yet drafted)") to the emperor's private quarters, building a barbican in front of the two main doors to make the entrance to the palace more tortuous.[5].
The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb, and the century saw a degeneration of the palace. [9] Muhammad Shah.[5] The internal weakness of the Mughal Empire meant that the Mughals were only titular rulers of Delhi, and a treaty of 1752 made the Marathas protectors of the throne of Delhi.[10][11] The Maratha victory of 1758 at Sirhind with the help of the Sikhs and the subsequent defeat at Panipat[12] placed them in new conflict with Ahmad Shah. Durrani.[13][14].
In 1760, the Marathas removed and melted down the silver roof of the Diwan-i-Khas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort) (not yet drafted)") to raise funds for the defense of Delhi from the armies of Ahmad Shah Durrani.[15][16] In 1761, after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat "Battle of Panipat (1761)"), Delhi was raided by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Ten years later, the Marathas, acting at the behest and as mercenaries of the exiled Emperor Shah Alam, reconquered Delhi from the Rohilla Afghans. Mahadji Scindia, the commander of the Maratha army bowed before the Mughal emperor Shah Alam to show his submission.[17] Thus, Shah Alam was restored to the throne.
In 1764, the Jat ruler of Bharatpur, Maharaja Jawahar Singh (son of Maharaja Suraj Mal) attacked Delhi and captured the Red Fort of Delhi on 5 February 1765. Two days later, after receiving tribute from the Mughals, they withdrew their armies from the fort and the Jats took the Mughal throne, called the pride of the Mughals, and the gates of the Red Fort as a souvenir, and this throne is today enhancing the beauty of the palaces of Deeg"). The gates are located in the Lohagarh Fort, Bharatpur, Rajasthan.[19].
In 1783 the Sikhs (Misl Karor Singhia, led by Baghel Singh), conquered Delhi and the Red Fort. Baghel Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia allied themselves with a force of 40,000 and plundered the area from Awadh to Jodhpur. After negotiations, Baghel Singh and his forces agreed to abandon Delhi and restore the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. The condition of his withdrawal included the construction of seven Sikh Gurdwara in Delhi, including the Sis Ganj Gurudwara) in Chandni Chowk.[21]
In 1788, a Maratha garrison occupied the Red Fort and Delhi under the protection of the Mughal emperor. Mahadji Scindia signed a treaty with the Sikhs warning them not to enter Delhi or ask for Rakhi tribute. The fort came under the control of the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.[20].
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, East India Company forces defeated the Maratha forces of Daulat Rao Scindia at the Battle of Delhi"); this ended Maratha control over the city and their control of the Red Fort. Following the battle, the British East India Company took over the administration of the Mughal territories and installed a Resident#Residents_in_Asia "Resident (title)") at the Red Fort.[5] The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company in which the residents of Shahjahanabad participated.[5].
Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not the scene of any fighting during the 1857 uprising against the British. Following the defeat of the rebellion, Bahadur Shah II abandoned the fort on September 17 and was captured by British forces. Bahadur Shah Zafar II returned to the Red Fort as a British prisoner, was tried in 1858 and exiled to Rangoon on 7 October of that year.[23] Following the end of the rebellion, the British looted the Red Fort before ordering its systematic demolition. 80% of the fort's buildings were demolished as a result of this effort, including the stone screen that connected the pavilions along the river façade of the fort, which was demolished.[24] All furniture was removed or destroyed; The harem apartments, servants' quarters and gardens were demolished, and a line of stone barracks was built in their place.[25] Only the marble buildings on the east side in the imperial compound were saved from total destruction, although they were damaged by the demolition efforts. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unscathed, more than two-thirds of the interior structures were demolished.
Lord Curzon, viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, ordered repairs to the fort, including the reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens, complete with an irrigation system.[26]
Most of the jewelery and works of art found in the Red Fort were looted during Nadir Shah's invasion in 1747 and again after the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or to the British Museum, the British Library and the Victoria and Albert Museum. For example, Shah Jahan's jade wine cup and Bahadur Shah II's crown are currently in London. Several requests for restitution") have so far been rejected by the British government.[27].
In 1911 there was the visit of King George V and Queen Mary for the Delhi Durbar. To prepare for your visit, some buildings were restored. The Red Fort Archaeological Museum") was moved from the drum house to the Mumtaz Mahal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort) (not yet drafted)").
The INA trials, also known as the Red Fort trials, refer to the courts-martial of several officers of the Indian National Army. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort.
On August 15, 1947, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the Indian National Flag over the Lahore Gate").[28]
After India's Independence, the place saw little change, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military cantonment. A major part of the fort remained under the control of the Indian Army until December 22, 2003, when it was handed over to the Archaeological Survey of India for restoration. In 2009, the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under the directions of the Supreme Court, was announced to revitalize the fort.
Interior buildings
The main entrance gate to the palace is known as ''Naqqar Khana'' ("house of the drum") which gets its name from the gallery for musicians at the top. After crossing this door, another open space appears that served as the courtyard of the Diwan-i-Am, a pavilion intended for public audiences. This was once decorated with precious stones; These stones probably disappeared during the Sepoy Revolt. In the center of the Diwan is a specially decorated throne, conceived as a copy of Solomon's throne.
The private imperial apartments are located behind the throne. These consist of a row of pavilions spread over a raised platform overlooking the Yamuna. The pavilions are connected by a series of water channels, known as Nahr-i-Behist or "streams of paradise", which run to the center of each pavilion. Shah Jahan's private offices were located in an octagonal tower three stories high, known as Shah Burj.
The palace was designed as a replica of the paradise described in the Quran; In a phrase written repetitively on the walls of the palace you can read: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is here, it is here." The plans of the palace are based on Islamic prototypes but each pavilion reveals in its architecture some elements of Hindu influence typical of Mughal buildings. The Red Fort Palace Complex is one of the clearest examples of the Mughal architectural style.
The two southernmost pavilions were intended for women's quarters: the Mumtaz Majal and the Rang Majal. The third pavilion, the Khas Majal, contains the imperial apartments. It includes bedrooms, prayer rooms and the Mussaman Burj, a tower in which the emperor appeared on ceremonial days. The next pavilion is the Diwan-i-Khas, the private audience hall in which the peacock throne was located. This throne was stolen by Persian troops and became the throne of the Shah of Iran until the Khomeini revolution.
Another pavilion contains the hammam, or baths, in a Turkish style and with Mughal-style ornamentation, made of marble and colored stones. To the west of the baths is the Moti Masjid or "pearl mosque". This mosque was built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb, successor of Shah Jahan. It is a small mosque made of white marble with three domes on top.
In the north of the fort is the garden known as Hayat Bakhsh Bagh' or "garden of the bestowal of life", crossed by two water canals. Another pavilion, built in 1842 by the last emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, is located in the center of the pool in which these two canals meet.
• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Delhi Red Fort.
References
[1] ↑ Nelson, Dean (20 de mayo de 2011). «El Fuerte Rojo de Delhi era originalmente blanco». The Daily Telegraph (UK).
[6] ↑ Elliot, H. M. (Henry Miers) (26 de septiembre de 1875). «Shah Jahan». [Lahore : Sh. Mubarak Ali. Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2020 – vía Internet Archive.: https://archive.org/details/cu31924006140374
[8] ↑ Pinto, Xavier; Myall, E. G. (2009). Limpses of History. Frank Brothers. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-8409-617-0. Archivado desde el original el 11 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA129
[10] ↑ Mehta, J. L. (2005). Estudio avanzado de la historia de la India moderna: Volume One: 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Archivado desde el original el 12 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134
[11] ↑ Jayapalan, N. (2001). archive.org/web/20140112023157/http://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249 History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 249. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1. Archivado desde el original el 12 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://web.
[12] ↑ ¿libros? id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=raghunathrao+attock&source=bl&ots=HKTZh2dh_g&sig=APrp07_4dpYII1sMfxqxtPpBTFM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8HsFT- WbL9CHrAfevaT1Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=raghunathrao%20attock&f=false Estudio avanzado de la historia de la India moderna: 1707-1813 - Jaswant Lal Mehta - Google Books. Google Books. Recuperado el 29 de julio de 2013.: https://books.google.
[13] ↑ Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80-81. ISBN 978-81-78241-09-8.
[15] ↑ Kulkarni, Uday S. (2012). Solsticio en Panipat, 14 de enero de 1761. Pune: Mula Mutha Publishers. p. 345. ISBN 978-81-921080-0-1.
[16] ↑ Kumar Maheshwari, Kamalesh; Wiggins, Kenneth W. (1989). org/web/20140112045304/http://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ Monedas y acuñación de Maratha. Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. p. 140. Archivado desde el original el 12 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://web.archive.
[18] ↑ Meena, P R. id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh%E2%80%99s+marcha+contra+Delhi&pg=PT70 RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ. New Era Publication.: https://books.google.com/books?
[20] ↑ a b Murphy, Anne (2012). archive.org/web/20130927100932/http://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151 The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0. Archivado desde google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151 el original el 27 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://web.
[21] ↑ Murphy, Anne (29 de noviembre de 2012). id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151 La materialidad del pasado: historia y representación en la tradición sij (en inglés). OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0.: https://books.google.com/books?
[22] ↑ Mayaram, Shail (2003). Contra la historia, contra el Estado: Contraperspectivas desde los márgenes. Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-231-12731-8. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 25 de agosto de 2012.: https://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C
[29] ↑ India. Ministerio de Defensa (2005). Sainik samachar. Director de Relaciones Públicas, Ministerio de Defensa. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2012.: https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ
[30] ↑ archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ Muslim India. Muslim India. 2004. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2012.: https://web.
The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb, and the century saw a degeneration of the palace. [9] Muhammad Shah.[5] The internal weakness of the Mughal Empire meant that the Mughals were only titular rulers of Delhi, and a treaty of 1752 made the Marathas protectors of the throne of Delhi.[10][11] The Maratha victory of 1758 at Sirhind with the help of the Sikhs and the subsequent defeat at Panipat[12] placed them in new conflict with Ahmad Shah. Durrani.[13][14].
In 1760, the Marathas removed and melted down the silver roof of the Diwan-i-Khas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort) (not yet drafted)") to raise funds for the defense of Delhi from the armies of Ahmad Shah Durrani.[15][16] In 1761, after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat "Battle of Panipat (1761)"), Delhi was raided by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Ten years later, the Marathas, acting at the behest and as mercenaries of the exiled Emperor Shah Alam, reconquered Delhi from the Rohilla Afghans. Mahadji Scindia, the commander of the Maratha army bowed before the Mughal emperor Shah Alam to show his submission.[17] Thus, Shah Alam was restored to the throne.
In 1764, the Jat ruler of Bharatpur, Maharaja Jawahar Singh (son of Maharaja Suraj Mal) attacked Delhi and captured the Red Fort of Delhi on 5 February 1765. Two days later, after receiving tribute from the Mughals, they withdrew their armies from the fort and the Jats took the Mughal throne, called the pride of the Mughals, and the gates of the Red Fort as a souvenir, and this throne is today enhancing the beauty of the palaces of Deeg"). The gates are located in the Lohagarh Fort, Bharatpur, Rajasthan.[19].
In 1783 the Sikhs (Misl Karor Singhia, led by Baghel Singh), conquered Delhi and the Red Fort. Baghel Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia allied themselves with a force of 40,000 and plundered the area from Awadh to Jodhpur. After negotiations, Baghel Singh and his forces agreed to abandon Delhi and restore the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. The condition of his withdrawal included the construction of seven Sikh Gurdwara in Delhi, including the Sis Ganj Gurudwara) in Chandni Chowk.[21]
In 1788, a Maratha garrison occupied the Red Fort and Delhi under the protection of the Mughal emperor. Mahadji Scindia signed a treaty with the Sikhs warning them not to enter Delhi or ask for Rakhi tribute. The fort came under the control of the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.[20].
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, East India Company forces defeated the Maratha forces of Daulat Rao Scindia at the Battle of Delhi"); this ended Maratha control over the city and their control of the Red Fort. Following the battle, the British East India Company took over the administration of the Mughal territories and installed a Resident#Residents_in_Asia "Resident (title)") at the Red Fort.[5] The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort, Bahadur Shah II, became a symbol of the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company in which the residents of Shahjahanabad participated.[5].
Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not the scene of any fighting during the 1857 uprising against the British. Following the defeat of the rebellion, Bahadur Shah II abandoned the fort on September 17 and was captured by British forces. Bahadur Shah Zafar II returned to the Red Fort as a British prisoner, was tried in 1858 and exiled to Rangoon on 7 October of that year.[23] Following the end of the rebellion, the British looted the Red Fort before ordering its systematic demolition. 80% of the fort's buildings were demolished as a result of this effort, including the stone screen that connected the pavilions along the river façade of the fort, which was demolished.[24] All furniture was removed or destroyed; The harem apartments, servants' quarters and gardens were demolished, and a line of stone barracks was built in their place.[25] Only the marble buildings on the east side in the imperial compound were saved from total destruction, although they were damaged by the demolition efforts. While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unscathed, more than two-thirds of the interior structures were demolished.
Lord Curzon, viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, ordered repairs to the fort, including the reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens, complete with an irrigation system.[26]
Most of the jewelery and works of art found in the Red Fort were looted during Nadir Shah's invasion in 1747 and again after the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or to the British Museum, the British Library and the Victoria and Albert Museum. For example, Shah Jahan's jade wine cup and Bahadur Shah II's crown are currently in London. Several requests for restitution") have so far been rejected by the British government.[27].
In 1911 there was the visit of King George V and Queen Mary for the Delhi Durbar. To prepare for your visit, some buildings were restored. The Red Fort Archaeological Museum") was moved from the drum house to the Mumtaz Mahal&action=edit&redlink=1 "Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort) (not yet drafted)").
The INA trials, also known as the Red Fort trials, refer to the courts-martial of several officers of the Indian National Army. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort.
On August 15, 1947, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the Indian National Flag over the Lahore Gate").[28]
After India's Independence, the place saw little change, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military cantonment. A major part of the fort remained under the control of the Indian Army until December 22, 2003, when it was handed over to the Archaeological Survey of India for restoration. In 2009, the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under the directions of the Supreme Court, was announced to revitalize the fort.
Interior buildings
The main entrance gate to the palace is known as ''Naqqar Khana'' ("house of the drum") which gets its name from the gallery for musicians at the top. After crossing this door, another open space appears that served as the courtyard of the Diwan-i-Am, a pavilion intended for public audiences. This was once decorated with precious stones; These stones probably disappeared during the Sepoy Revolt. In the center of the Diwan is a specially decorated throne, conceived as a copy of Solomon's throne.
The private imperial apartments are located behind the throne. These consist of a row of pavilions spread over a raised platform overlooking the Yamuna. The pavilions are connected by a series of water channels, known as Nahr-i-Behist or "streams of paradise", which run to the center of each pavilion. Shah Jahan's private offices were located in an octagonal tower three stories high, known as Shah Burj.
The palace was designed as a replica of the paradise described in the Quran; In a phrase written repetitively on the walls of the palace you can read: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is here, it is here." The plans of the palace are based on Islamic prototypes but each pavilion reveals in its architecture some elements of Hindu influence typical of Mughal buildings. The Red Fort Palace Complex is one of the clearest examples of the Mughal architectural style.
The two southernmost pavilions were intended for women's quarters: the Mumtaz Majal and the Rang Majal. The third pavilion, the Khas Majal, contains the imperial apartments. It includes bedrooms, prayer rooms and the Mussaman Burj, a tower in which the emperor appeared on ceremonial days. The next pavilion is the Diwan-i-Khas, the private audience hall in which the peacock throne was located. This throne was stolen by Persian troops and became the throne of the Shah of Iran until the Khomeini revolution.
Another pavilion contains the hammam, or baths, in a Turkish style and with Mughal-style ornamentation, made of marble and colored stones. To the west of the baths is the Moti Masjid or "pearl mosque". This mosque was built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb, successor of Shah Jahan. It is a small mosque made of white marble with three domes on top.
In the north of the fort is the garden known as Hayat Bakhsh Bagh' or "garden of the bestowal of life", crossed by two water canals. Another pavilion, built in 1842 by the last emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, is located in the center of the pool in which these two canals meet.
• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Delhi Red Fort.
References
[1] ↑ Nelson, Dean (20 de mayo de 2011). «El Fuerte Rojo de Delhi era originalmente blanco». The Daily Telegraph (UK).
[6] ↑ Elliot, H. M. (Henry Miers) (26 de septiembre de 1875). «Shah Jahan». [Lahore : Sh. Mubarak Ali. Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2020 – vía Internet Archive.: https://archive.org/details/cu31924006140374
[8] ↑ Pinto, Xavier; Myall, E. G. (2009). Limpses of History. Frank Brothers. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-8409-617-0. Archivado desde el original el 11 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA129
[10] ↑ Mehta, J. L. (2005). Estudio avanzado de la historia de la India moderna: Volume One: 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Archivado desde el original el 12 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA134
[11] ↑ Jayapalan, N. (2001). archive.org/web/20140112023157/http://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA249 History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 249. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1. Archivado desde el original el 12 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://web.
[12] ↑ ¿libros? id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=raghunathrao+attock&source=bl&ots=HKTZh2dh_g&sig=APrp07_4dpYII1sMfxqxtPpBTFM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8HsFT- WbL9CHrAfevaT1Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=raghunathrao%20attock&f=false Estudio avanzado de la historia de la India moderna: 1707-1813 - Jaswant Lal Mehta - Google Books. Google Books. Recuperado el 29 de julio de 2013.: https://books.google.
[13] ↑ Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80-81. ISBN 978-81-78241-09-8.
[15] ↑ Kulkarni, Uday S. (2012). Solsticio en Panipat, 14 de enero de 1761. Pune: Mula Mutha Publishers. p. 345. ISBN 978-81-921080-0-1.
[16] ↑ Kumar Maheshwari, Kamalesh; Wiggins, Kenneth W. (1989). org/web/20140112045304/http://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ Monedas y acuñación de Maratha. Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. p. 140. Archivado desde el original el 12 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://web.archive.
[18] ↑ Meena, P R. id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=Jawahar+Singh%E2%80%99s+marcha+contra+Delhi&pg=PT70 RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ. New Era Publication.: https://books.google.com/books?
[20] ↑ a b Murphy, Anne (2012). archive.org/web/20130927100932/http://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151 The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0. Archivado desde google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151 el original el 27 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2016.: https://web.
[21] ↑ Murphy, Anne (29 de noviembre de 2012). id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA151 La materialidad del pasado: historia y representación en la tradición sij (en inglés). OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0.: https://books.google.com/books?
[22] ↑ Mayaram, Shail (2003). Contra la historia, contra el Estado: Contraperspectivas desde los márgenes. Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-231-12731-8. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 25 de agosto de 2012.: https://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C
[29] ↑ India. Ministerio de Defensa (2005). Sainik samachar. Director de Relaciones Públicas, Ministerio de Defensa. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2012.: https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ
[30] ↑ archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ Muslim India. Muslim India. 2004. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2012.: https://web.