A cyber-physical system or CPS (cyber-physical system*) is a mechanism (physical system) controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms and closely integrated with the Internet. In cyber-systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined, with each element operating at different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting multiple behaviors, and interacting with each other in countless ways that change with context. Examples of CPS include smart grid systems, autonomous car systems, medical monitoring systems, process control systems, manufacturing process monitoring, infrastructure monitoring, and roads,[5]​ robotics, home automation systems and aeronautical autopilots.[6]​.

CPS involves a multidisciplinary approach, fusing the theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, and design and process science.[7][8][9] Process control is often derived from embedded systems. In embedded systems there tends to be more emphasis on the computational elements, and less on the relationship between the computational and physical elements. CPS is also similar to the Internet of Things (IoT) sharing the same basic architecture, however, CPS presents a higher combination and coordination between physical and computational elements.[10]​.

The precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found in various areas such as aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy, health, manufacturing, transportation, entertainment, and household appliances.[6]​.

Unlike traditional embedded systems, a full-fledged CPS is typically designed as a network of elements that interact with each other with physical inputs and outputs instead of with isolated devices.[11]​ The idea is closely linked to the concepts of robotics and sensor networks, which are controlled and supervised by intelligence mechanisms typical of the field of Artificial Intelligence. Continuous advances in science and engineering will improve the relationship between computational and physical elements that, through intelligent mechanisms, will dramatically increase the adaptability, autonomy, effectiveness, functionality, reliability, security, and usability of cyber-physical systems.[12]​

This will expand the potential of cyber-physical systems in several dimensions, including: intervention (e.g., collision avoidance); precision (e.g., robotic surgery and nano-level manufacturing); operation in hazardous or inaccessible environments (e.g., search and rescue, firefighting, and deep sea exploration); coordination (e.g., air traffic control, warfare); efficiency (e.g., net-zero energy buildings); and improvement of human capabilities (e.g., health monitoring).[13]​.

• - Sensor network.

• - Industry 4.0.