Like any business, arts organizations must work in changing external and internal environments.[8] External changes can be cultural, social, demographic, economic, political, legal or technological. Internal changes may be related to audience, membership, Board of Directors, staff, facilities, growth, or financial operations. Another change that needs to be considered is the growing need for technology-based marketing programs (i.e. social media) for the organization to change with the times and attract groups of visitors and younger members to the organization.

While a good arts administrator constantly monitors and manages change, he or she must also be aware of the overall direction and mood of the organization while helping people do their daily work.[9]​ Arts organizations, as part of the economic system, experience the effects of expansion and contraction in local, regional, national, and global economies.[10]​ Many arts organizations struggle in difficult economic times. Increasingly, the AAAE (Association of Arts Administrative Educators) membership has become more interested and proactive in responding to key issues in the arts and in offering assistance to arts organizations on issues of management, policy, governance, fund development and finance. As a result of this new commitment, the program's research grows in both quantity and quality.

The history of arts advocacy in Canada is largely represented by the Representation of Canadian Artists/Le Front des Artistes Canadiens (CARFAC). It is a non-profit corporation that serves as the national voice of Canada's professional visual artists.[11]​ The organization's active involvement in advocacy, lobbying, research and public education on behalf of artists in Canada has defined CARFAC as a comprehensive representative body for artists across Canada.[11]​ In 1975, CARFAC successfully lobbied for exhibition fees for artists.[12]​ As a result, the Canada Council made payment of fees to living Canadian artists was a requirement for eligibility for program assistance grants for public art galleries.[12] CARFAC's advocacy by artists resulted in the creation of the federal amendment to the Copyright Act in 1988.[12] The act recognizes artists as the primary producers of culture and grants artists legal rights to exhibitions and other fees.[12] Arts administrators across Canada actively refer to CARFAC's artist fee requirements when hiring artists. professionals.

Each country has its own models and agencies for funding the arts. In Canada, the arts are funded by the Canadian government through the Department of Canadian Heritage. Each province has a ministry that funds arts and culture. Depending on the government party in power, the amount of funding available for arts and culture varies. In Ontario, the Ministry that funds the arts is the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Cultural Industries.[13]​.

In Canada there are federal, provincial and municipal granting agencies that fund the arts. These granting bodies are independent funding agencies, meaning they work separately from the government. The Canada Council for the Arts, a federal grant agency, was created in 1957 and fulfilled the requirements of the Massey Commission.[14] The Canada Council for the Arts funds artists, collectives and arts organizations in all provinces and territories of Canada. CCA funds circus arts, dance, deaf and disabled arts, digital arts, indigenous arts, interarts, literature, media arts, multidisciplinary activities, music and sound, theatre, visual arts and other arts disciplines.[15]​ In 2018-19, CCA awarded $246.1 million to the arts in Canada.[15]​ In Ontario, the Ontario Arts Council awards grants to Ontario-based individual artists and arts professionals, ad hoc groups/collectives, and organizations.[16]​ The OAC provides two types of grants, which are project grants (one-time grants for specific projects, available to individual artists, ad hoc groups/collectives, and organizations) and operating grants (ongoing support for Ontario-based non-profit artists). -for-profit arts organizations and for-profit book and magazine publishers).[16]​.

The United States arts system has a variety of government subsidies that make up approximately 7 percent of the nation's total investment in nonprofit arts groups.[17]​ The National Endowment for the Arts is an independent federal agency that was created in 1965 in the United States of America.[18]​ The NEA's role is to ensure that all Americans have access to the arts no matter where they live.[19]​ NEA's funding is based on projects and goes to thousands of nonprofit organizations each year, along with special arts partnerships and initiatives, research and other support that contributes to the vitality of neighborhoods, students and schools, the workplace and culture.[20]​.

The United States also has State/Regional Arts Agencies. State/Regional Arts Agencies are funded through the NEA as they are required to allocate funds to any state that has an arts agency. Local Arts Agencies operate as boards or commissions, or as city departments, and are funded by several sources: the NEA; state arts agencies, municipal budgets and private donations.[17]​.

The arts in the UK are funded through the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, which is a department of the UK government. The DCMS is supported by 45 public agencies and bodies.[21] In England, Arts Council England is a non-departmental public body within the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.

In the UK there is a charity called the Art Fund. For over 110 years they have supported museums and galleries, helping them buy and display great works of art for all to enjoy.[22]​ Art Fund has funding for acquisitions, training and development, and tours and exhibitions.[22]​ Art Fund also champions and campaigns for important causes such as free entry to national museums in the UK and, more recently, for tax incentives to encourage philanthropy.[22]​.

Planned giving, also known as legacy giving, is a form of philanthropy that is common practice in the arts sector. Planned giving is when a donor leaves an endowment, assets, or a portion of their last will and testament to an organization at the end of their life.[23]​ Strategic charitable giving planning is a donor-centered process of planning current and future charitable giving in a way that meets the donor's philanthropic goals and balances personal, family, and tax considerations.[23]​ Inherited giving is considered the largest charitable gift an organization can receive, and often It takes many years to establish this type of relationship with a donor.

Arts management programs are available at several universities and colleges in the US, UK, Canada and Australia. In the United States, these programs began in the 1970s in several schools after meetings with the National Endowment for the Arts about how the next generations of arts leaders would be educated. Some academic units offer certification programs for professionals seeking continuing education or professional development education. While arts management programs draw on many elements of related management fields, such as business administration, they also include specialized courses in the management of nonprofit arts and cultural organizations.

Arts administration programs award a variety of credentials, including certificates and diplomas, bachelor's degrees, and master's degrees. These programs typically combine curricular elements from existing management programs, such as public administration, business administration, arts law, and management. At some institutions, arts administration may be a concentration within the school's Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. Columbia University's Master of Arts Administration program is the only program that unites curricular elements of public and private management/administration, law, business, and finance at an Ivy League university.[24] Many arts administration programs include an internship in which the student volunteers or works at an arts or cultural organization to gain practical experience.

At some universities, similar programs are called arts management (e.g., American University),[25]​ performing arts management (e.g., DePaul University undergraduate music program),[26]​ or arts leadership (e.g., DePaul University graduate program, University of Southern California graduate program). Master of Science Program in Artistic Leadership).[27]​[28]​.

Universities such as American, Wisconsin, and Indiana, among many others, offer programs for students in all artistic disciplines, while others are more specialized in a particular discipline (DePaul's undergraduate and graduate theater programs are theater-oriented, while its undergraduate music program is music-oriented). ). The master's degree at some schools is an MBA, while other universities offer MFA, MA, and MPA, depending largely on where the program is located. For example, at American University, the program is part of the Department of Performing Arts, while at Indiana University it is part of the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Another notable differentiator of the program is that the MFA is considered a terminal degree in the field, allowing graduates to apply to teach at the university level as a full-time professor.

Although the curricula may be similar, the atmosphere of the programs may differ. Variations between programs can often revolve around the centrality of the arts versus the centrality of business skills in the curriculum. Some programs provide a balance of management skills in business and the arts, such as the University of Connecticut's online graduate certificate in arts leadership and cultural management.[29] Other programs, such as those at Ohio State, Indiana, and (increasingly) American, are strongly rooted in cultural policy. Another differentiator of the program is the amount of time spent “in the field,” applying academic principles to existing arts organizations through internships or internship experiences. Master of Fine Arts from Seattle University.[30]​ The Arts Leadership degree program requires students to spend time each quarter working with a local arts organization through an internship. They believe this emphasis on real-world interaction helps reinforce classwork and helps build a network of arts professionals who serve as a resource after graduation. At George Mason University, MA in Arts Management in the College of Visual and Performing Arts (Arlington, VA),[31]​ one of the largest enrollment programs in the US, no less than 252 hours of internship in at least two different arts organizations are required. At this institution, faculty are required to be academically and experientially qualified, and many of them are senior arts managers at some of the Washington, D.C. area's leading visual and performing arts centers.

Most programs require two years of residency, although Drexel University,[32]​ University of Denver[33]​ and Goucher College offer online options with limited residency. The University of Kentucky[34]​ and Kutztown University of Pennsylvania offer fully online degrees in arts administration.[35]​ In order to accommodate full-time employment, provide strong networking opportunities, and many team-building opportunities, programs such as Seattle University[30]​ have adopted a cohort model and offer classes in the evenings and weekends.

Some programs offer double degrees. For example, the University of Cincinnati offers an MA/MBA program in conjunction with the University of Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. The UC/CCM Graduate Program in Arts Management, like most others, exists to prepare and train students to become successful CEOs and senior managers of nonprofit arts and cultural institutions by combining business administration and real-world experience.[36]​.

In Italy, the Istituto European di Design,[37]​ in Venice, offers a Master of Business Administration in Arts and Cultural Events[38]​ that provides advanced knowledge and business skills necessary to understand and operate in the varied world of the arts. The Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan offers a 1-year Specialized Master's program in Arts Management. A similar course is held in Bologna, at the University of Bologna, called Innovation and Organization of Culture and the Arts,[39]​ which offers a double degree opportunity alongside Carnegie Mellon's Master of Arts Management. In Turin, St. John's International University")[40]​ offers a Master of Arts in International Arts Administration. An innovative new program based on the concept of a work of art as 'information', integrating registration, cataloguing, communication, management, enjoyment. The program is led by senior professors and professionals from Heritage, srl.

Other programs may offer a single degree that includes courses at two universities. The Master of Arts Management (MAM) program at Carnegie Mellon University is one example, linking the College of Fine Arts&action=edit&redlink=1 "College of Fine Arts (Carnegie Mellon University) (not yet drafted)") with the School of Management and Public Policy at Heinz College"). Heinz College provides the core management courses and the College of Fine Arts supports the MAM program with courses specific to arts institutions. Another example is the Two-year MA/MBA from Southern Methodist University, offering a Master of Arts in Arts Administration from the Meadows School of the Arts and a Master of Business Administration from the Cox School of Business.

Some programs are located within your university's Music, Theater and Dance department, such as that at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. LEAP's residential and online programs LEAP Institute of the Arts").[41] Another example is the Master of Science in Arts Leadership[28]​ at the University of Southern California, which is located within the School of Music at the University of Southern California") and accepts thought leaders in any artistic discipline, including music, theater, dance, film, and fine arts.

Several universities offer concentrations in media management (film, television, music, new media, etc.): Drexel University, Carnegie Mellon, and Columbia College Chicago are examples. Carnegie Mellon offers a stand-alone degree in film/television management. New York University's Master of Arts in Arts Administration program allows students to choose a focus in visual arts or performing arts.

Like any business, arts organizations must work in changing external and internal environments.[8] External changes can be cultural, social, demographic, economic, political, legal or technological. Internal changes may be related to audience, membership, Board of Directors, staff, facilities, growth, or financial operations. Another change that needs to be considered is the growing need for technology-based marketing programs (i.e. social media) for the organization to change with the times and attract groups of visitors and younger members to the organization.

While a good arts administrator constantly monitors and manages change, he or she must also be aware of the overall direction and mood of the organization while helping people do their daily work.[9]​ Arts organizations, as part of the economic system, experience the effects of expansion and contraction in local, regional, national, and global economies.[10]​ Many arts organizations struggle in difficult economic times. Increasingly, the AAAE (Association of Arts Administrative Educators) membership has become more interested and proactive in responding to key issues in the arts and in offering assistance to arts organizations on issues of management, policy, governance, fund development and finance. As a result of this new commitment, the program's research grows in both quantity and quality.

The history of arts advocacy in Canada is largely represented by the Representation of Canadian Artists/Le Front des Artistes Canadiens (CARFAC). It is a non-profit corporation that serves as the national voice of Canada's professional visual artists.[11]​ The organization's active involvement in advocacy, lobbying, research and public education on behalf of artists in Canada has defined CARFAC as a comprehensive representative body for artists across Canada.[11]​ In 1975, CARFAC successfully lobbied for exhibition fees for artists.[12]​ As a result, the Canada Council made payment of fees to living Canadian artists was a requirement for eligibility for program assistance grants for public art galleries.[12] CARFAC's advocacy by artists resulted in the creation of the federal amendment to the Copyright Act in 1988.[12] The act recognizes artists as the primary producers of culture and grants artists legal rights to exhibitions and other fees.[12] Arts administrators across Canada actively refer to CARFAC's artist fee requirements when hiring artists. professionals.

Each country has its own models and agencies for funding the arts. In Canada, the arts are funded by the Canadian government through the Department of Canadian Heritage. Each province has a ministry that funds arts and culture. Depending on the government party in power, the amount of funding available for arts and culture varies. In Ontario, the Ministry that funds the arts is the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Cultural Industries.[13]​.

In Canada there are federal, provincial and municipal granting agencies that fund the arts. These granting bodies are independent funding agencies, meaning they work separately from the government. The Canada Council for the Arts, a federal grant agency, was created in 1957 and fulfilled the requirements of the Massey Commission.[14] The Canada Council for the Arts funds artists, collectives and arts organizations in all provinces and territories of Canada. CCA funds circus arts, dance, deaf and disabled arts, digital arts, indigenous arts, interarts, literature, media arts, multidisciplinary activities, music and sound, theatre, visual arts and other arts disciplines.[15]​ In 2018-19, CCA awarded $246.1 million to the arts in Canada.[15]​ In Ontario, the Ontario Arts Council awards grants to Ontario-based individual artists and arts professionals, ad hoc groups/collectives, and organizations.[16]​ The OAC provides two types of grants, which are project grants (one-time grants for specific projects, available to individual artists, ad hoc groups/collectives, and organizations) and operating grants (ongoing support for Ontario-based non-profit artists). -for-profit arts organizations and for-profit book and magazine publishers).[16]​.

The United States arts system has a variety of government subsidies that make up approximately 7 percent of the nation's total investment in nonprofit arts groups.[17]​ The National Endowment for the Arts is an independent federal agency that was created in 1965 in the United States of America.[18]​ The NEA's role is to ensure that all Americans have access to the arts no matter where they live.[19]​ NEA's funding is based on projects and goes to thousands of nonprofit organizations each year, along with special arts partnerships and initiatives, research and other support that contributes to the vitality of neighborhoods, students and schools, the workplace and culture.[20]​.

The United States also has State/Regional Arts Agencies. State/Regional Arts Agencies are funded through the NEA as they are required to allocate funds to any state that has an arts agency. Local Arts Agencies operate as boards or commissions, or as city departments, and are funded by several sources: the NEA; state arts agencies, municipal budgets and private donations.[17]​.

The arts in the UK are funded through the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, which is a department of the UK government. The DCMS is supported by 45 public agencies and bodies.[21] In England, Arts Council England is a non-departmental public body within the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.

In the UK there is a charity called the Art Fund. For over 110 years they have supported museums and galleries, helping them buy and display great works of art for all to enjoy.[22]​ Art Fund has funding for acquisitions, training and development, and tours and exhibitions.[22]​ Art Fund also champions and campaigns for important causes such as free entry to national museums in the UK and, more recently, for tax incentives to encourage philanthropy.[22]​.

Planned giving, also known as legacy giving, is a form of philanthropy that is common practice in the arts sector. Planned giving is when a donor leaves an endowment, assets, or a portion of their last will and testament to an organization at the end of their life.[23]​ Strategic charitable giving planning is a donor-centered process of planning current and future charitable giving in a way that meets the donor's philanthropic goals and balances personal, family, and tax considerations.[23]​ Inherited giving is considered the largest charitable gift an organization can receive, and often It takes many years to establish this type of relationship with a donor.

Arts management programs are available at several universities and colleges in the US, UK, Canada and Australia. In the United States, these programs began in the 1970s in several schools after meetings with the National Endowment for the Arts about how the next generations of arts leaders would be educated. Some academic units offer certification programs for professionals seeking continuing education or professional development education. While arts management programs draw on many elements of related management fields, such as business administration, they also include specialized courses in the management of nonprofit arts and cultural organizations.

Arts administration programs award a variety of credentials, including certificates and diplomas, bachelor's degrees, and master's degrees. These programs typically combine curricular elements from existing management programs, such as public administration, business administration, arts law, and management. At some institutions, arts administration may be a concentration within the school's Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. Columbia University's Master of Arts Administration program is the only program that unites curricular elements of public and private management/administration, law, business, and finance at an Ivy League university.[24] Many arts administration programs include an internship in which the student volunteers or works at an arts or cultural organization to gain practical experience.

At some universities, similar programs are called arts management (e.g., American University),[25]​ performing arts management (e.g., DePaul University undergraduate music program),[26]​ or arts leadership (e.g., DePaul University graduate program, University of Southern California graduate program). Master of Science Program in Artistic Leadership).[27]​[28]​.

Universities such as American, Wisconsin, and Indiana, among many others, offer programs for students in all artistic disciplines, while others are more specialized in a particular discipline (DePaul's undergraduate and graduate theater programs are theater-oriented, while its undergraduate music program is music-oriented). ). The master's degree at some schools is an MBA, while other universities offer MFA, MA, and MPA, depending largely on where the program is located. For example, at American University, the program is part of the Department of Performing Arts, while at Indiana University it is part of the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Another notable differentiator of the program is that the MFA is considered a terminal degree in the field, allowing graduates to apply to teach at the university level as a full-time professor.

Although the curricula may be similar, the atmosphere of the programs may differ. Variations between programs can often revolve around the centrality of the arts versus the centrality of business skills in the curriculum. Some programs provide a balance of management skills in business and the arts, such as the University of Connecticut's online graduate certificate in arts leadership and cultural management.[29] Other programs, such as those at Ohio State, Indiana, and (increasingly) American, are strongly rooted in cultural policy. Another differentiator of the program is the amount of time spent “in the field,” applying academic principles to existing arts organizations through internships or internship experiences. Master of Fine Arts from Seattle University.[30]​ The Arts Leadership degree program requires students to spend time each quarter working with a local arts organization through an internship. They believe this emphasis on real-world interaction helps reinforce classwork and helps build a network of arts professionals who serve as a resource after graduation. At George Mason University, MA in Arts Management in the College of Visual and Performing Arts (Arlington, VA),[31]​ one of the largest enrollment programs in the US, no less than 252 hours of internship in at least two different arts organizations are required. At this institution, faculty are required to be academically and experientially qualified, and many of them are senior arts managers at some of the Washington, D.C. area's leading visual and performing arts centers.

Most programs require two years of residency, although Drexel University,[32]​ University of Denver[33]​ and Goucher College offer online options with limited residency. The University of Kentucky[34]​ and Kutztown University of Pennsylvania offer fully online degrees in arts administration.[35]​ In order to accommodate full-time employment, provide strong networking opportunities, and many team-building opportunities, programs such as Seattle University[30]​ have adopted a cohort model and offer classes in the evenings and weekends.

Some programs offer double degrees. For example, the University of Cincinnati offers an MA/MBA program in conjunction with the University of Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. The UC/CCM Graduate Program in Arts Management, like most others, exists to prepare and train students to become successful CEOs and senior managers of nonprofit arts and cultural institutions by combining business administration and real-world experience.[36]​.

In Italy, the Istituto European di Design,[37]​ in Venice, offers a Master of Business Administration in Arts and Cultural Events[38]​ that provides advanced knowledge and business skills necessary to understand and operate in the varied world of the arts. The Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan offers a 1-year Specialized Master's program in Arts Management. A similar course is held in Bologna, at the University of Bologna, called Innovation and Organization of Culture and the Arts,[39]​ which offers a double degree opportunity alongside Carnegie Mellon's Master of Arts Management. In Turin, St. John's International University")[40]​ offers a Master of Arts in International Arts Administration. An innovative new program based on the concept of a work of art as 'information', integrating registration, cataloguing, communication, management, enjoyment. The program is led by senior professors and professionals from Heritage, srl.

Other programs may offer a single degree that includes courses at two universities. The Master of Arts Management (MAM) program at Carnegie Mellon University is one example, linking the College of Fine Arts&action=edit&redlink=1 "College of Fine Arts (Carnegie Mellon University) (not yet drafted)") with the School of Management and Public Policy at Heinz College"). Heinz College provides the core management courses and the College of Fine Arts supports the MAM program with courses specific to arts institutions. Another example is the Two-year MA/MBA from Southern Methodist University, offering a Master of Arts in Arts Administration from the Meadows School of the Arts and a Master of Business Administration from the Cox School of Business.

Some programs are located within your university's Music, Theater and Dance department, such as that at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. LEAP's residential and online programs LEAP Institute of the Arts").[41] Another example is the Master of Science in Arts Leadership[28]​ at the University of Southern California, which is located within the School of Music at the University of Southern California") and accepts thought leaders in any artistic discipline, including music, theater, dance, film, and fine arts.

Several universities offer concentrations in media management (film, television, music, new media, etc.): Drexel University, Carnegie Mellon, and Columbia College Chicago are examples. Carnegie Mellon offers a stand-alone degree in film/television management. New York University's Master of Arts in Arts Administration program allows students to choose a focus in visual arts or performing arts.