One of the most popular conspiracy theories is that it was not a plane but a missile that crashed into the Pentagon.[21] Its main defenders are those who support the "inside job" version, who claim that there is not enough evidence to prove that a plane crashed into the Pentagon. However, some supporters of the "inside job" also rule it out after evaluating the evidence and believe that the operation did not include the use of a missile.

Here are the arguments used by the defenders of this conspiracy theory:

• - According to the contents of the black box "Black box (navigation)") of Flight 77, the plane made a spiral descent, describing a turn of about 330° at about 300 knots (about 550 km/h) that took about 3 minutes.[22] Although this turn is a common maneuver, some argue that the plane could not make that maneuver at 800 km/h, probably confusing the impact speed with the speed at which the plane made the turn.

• - NORAD controls the defense of United States airspace; This is divided into geographical zones, with the NEADS (North East Air Defense Sector) being responsible for the area where the attacks occurred. It is the body that coordinates and receives notices from airports about aircraft hijackings, among other functions. NEADS was the one that sent the F-16s to Washington and New York. All the conversations between the different airports and the NEADS are included in the report of the National 9/11 Commission.[23]​ In cases of hijacking of planes or other air emergencies of this type, NORAD has security protocols that consist, among other things, of taking off fighters as quickly as possible to intercept the plane and check what is happening,[24]​ as has happened on other occasions.[25]​[26]​ In the case of the Flight 77 planes did not arrive on time and there are questions even about whether they took off before or after the collision, a delay that supporters of these conspiracy theories consider deliberate.

• - According to conspiracy theorists, Flight 77 was able to fly toward the Pentagon for 40 minutes and was not intercepted despite sophisticated radar technology, anti-missile batteries surrounding the Pentagon, and proximity to the Andrews Air Force Base building. These anti-missile batteries do not really exist (and if they did, they would be secret).[27]​ The issue of protecting Washington with anti-missile batteries or Atlanta (1996 Atlanta Olympics) was discussed and rejected due to the possibility of shooting down a plane by mistake.[28]​ Ronald Reagan Airport is located very close to the Pentagon, and planes fly over it on many occasions. An example of this is the case of a small plane that was identified as suspicious in 2002 when flying over Washington: it was not shot down by any anti-missile battery even though the Capitol was evacuated.[26]​.

• - At the time of the attacks, the West Wing (which was the target of the attack) of the Pentagon was under renovation, and therefore almost empty. Specifically, it was being renovated to withstand greater damage in the event of a terrorist bomb attack. Supporters of the inside job theory argue that the Government chose this area of ​​the Pentagon as a target to minimize damage, both personal and material, as much as possible.

• - It is also stated from this sector that the damage caused to the Pentagon wall is too small to have been caused by a Boeing 757.[29]​ As support for this statement, they usually rely on incomplete photographs obstructed by smoke or by the jet of water from the fire brigade hoses, but in a more complete view constructed by Pier Paolo Murru, putting together fragments of several shots and joining them after a perspective correction,[30]​ it is clear that the conspiracy theorists' assessment of the size of the hole (about 5×7 meters[31]​) is far below its actual size. Furthermore, given that the surface of the plane is fundamentally aluminum, which is soft and light, it cannot be expected that the diameter of the hole would necessarily correspond exactly to that of the fuselage and wings, something that is known from other air accidents,[32]​ while the heavier parts, which are the ones that carry the greatest kinetic energy (such as the engines or the landing gear, for example), are the ones that have the easiest time breaking the walls. In the photographs it can be seen that the plane created a deep hole (which even pierced two walls of the building), while in the surrounding area, where it did not impact, only burns and minor damage can be seen on the façade.[33] Some dissident theorists claim that this is evidence that these damages could not have been caused by a plane, because according to them the 6-ton engines each did not penetrate the walls as the central part of the plane did.

• - The issue of the Pentagon's surveillance cameras is also questioned: they captured two videos, of which 5 frames were initially leaked before, during and after the impact, but neither shows exactly what hits the building. However, the plane, according to calculations made by the National Transportation Safety Board, had an approximate speed of 850 km/h at the time of impact,[34]​ therefore it is perfectly possible that the plane crashing was not recorded; Even if the plane had gone at half speed, it would not have been shown on the surveillance camera either.[35]​ On the right side of the recording, before the first explosion, you can see the tip of an unidentified object that does not appear in the other frames, and which seems very small to be the nose of the plane, something explained by the "fisheye" camera lens and the low resolution of the images.[35]​ Supporters of the dissident theory claim that it is the point of a missile and that was what really hit the building.

• - The FBI confiscated some videos immediately after the attack in which the event was supposedly recorded, among others, those belonging to a nearby gas station and the Doubletree Hotel. There has also been speculation about a possible video taken from the Sheraton Hotel. The FBI was asked for information on the number of videos it had, and how many showed the impact. Agent Jaqueline Maguire wrote a report,[36]​ which she confirmed before a judge, in which she detailed that of the 85 videos available, the vast majority did not show the impact, or the Pentagon, or there were only images of the post-impact. He also denied that there was any video from the Sheraton Hotel. In the course of 2006, the videos of the Doubletree Hotel and the gas station were made public, but as with the Pentagon videos, the object that hits it cannot be seen in any of them. This fact makes followers of dissident theories doubt. The video cameras of these establishments monitored their parking lots as can be seen in the respective videos, therefore the fact that the plane was observed was unlikely due to the speed of the plane, trajectory, distance, etc. Critics of the official version claim that in this case there was no reason to confiscate the videos and refuse to show them to the public for so long.

• - In 2006, a witness reported seeing someone who claimed to have seen a missile, although this statement is controversial, since he supposedly "saw" it from an underground train station.[37]​ Other witnesses describe it as "a small plane", although they were too far away to see it clearly (they were on the other side of the Potomac River, more than two miles away).[38]​ In addition, there are a large number of witnesses who did see a missile plane. airlines.[39]​.

• - Military personnel were photographed removing a large, light object covered by a blue tarp from the impact site.[40] It is believed that this was intended to hide its contents from the public. Authorities say that the object transported was a tent,[41]​ and not evidence to hide from the public.

• - According to the defenders of the conspiracy theory, there are no remains of luggage or corpses or pieces of corpses and very few remains of the plane. This information, however, is imprecise, since there are photographs of charred human remains[42]​ and the plane.[43]​.

• - According to the official version, almost all the passengers of flight 77 were identified through DNA tests. Given that nuclear DNA does not resist very high temperatures and is destroyed by contaminating bacteria in a short time, it was necessary to extract mitochondrial DNA from bone remains, a technique that has a certain possibility of success even with remains from a crematorium.[44] Some detractors of the official version claim that organic substances in general do not resist very high temperatures because they burn or carbonize, which is why they doubt the veracity of the identifications, without however indicating at what temperature they are destroyed. nor how much the bone remains had to resist.

• - It can be seen in the photos of the Pentagon that in the offices half-sunken by the landslide there are computers, tables, and even books without the slightest trace of having been burned. Conspiracy theorists claim that the impact of a missile does not produce a large fire, but a very strong explosion capable of piercing the five levels of the Pentagon, although not in a straight line or with small holes, as was the case. Opponents believe that the fire simply did not reach there, but rather that they were exposed by the subsequent collapse, as seen on the left side of the collapse in the following photograph: [3].

• - In a satellite photograph taken on September 7, 2001, a clearing can be seen on the Pentagon lawn that, although it does not coincide with the trajectory of the plane, does point roughly in the direction of the point of impact,[45] something that according to some supporters of the dissident theory was used to indicate where the impact should occur.

One of the most alleged arguments in favor of the conspiracy theory has been that the Twin Towers did not collapse due to the crash of the planes, nor due to the subsequent fires, but rather that charges would have been detonated that would have caused the collapse of the buildings, which would be a controlled demolition.[47]​.

For said controlled demolition, thermite "Thermite (reactant mixture)"), a mixture of ferric oxide and aluminum (FeO + 2Al) that cuts the steel columns by fusion, and explosives, which are placed on all or almost all floors, would have been used.

Those opposed to this hypothesis say that almost none of the arguments support in-depth analysis. There is even, as is the case with the Pentagon, a current among supporters of the conspiracy theory in which some common arguments about demolition are refuted and warning that we must focus on other points.[48]​.

These are the aspects that are argued as indications that such a conspiracy existed:

• - In a scientific publication from February 2009 it is claimed to have found in the dust of the remains of the Twin Towers, evidence of the presence of a material called super-thermite,[49]​ although the article has caused controversy because it is a "pay to publish" type of publisher,[50]​[51]​ it has been used as a means to publish theories that are not generally accepted by the scientific community[51]​ and the editor-in-chief resigned for not having been informed of the publication of the article.[52]​.

• - Steven Jones, one of the signatories of the previous publication, maintains that the NIST reports recognize that none of the physical models used to simulate the fire resulted in collapse or collapse, that there was no physical evidence of high fire temperatures sufficient to damage the building structures until they collapsed. He also states that only the computer models used by NIST serve as a basis for the official theory and considers that the data for such simulations were manipulated in such a way that they fit the desired result rather than conforming to the evidence and facts.[53]​.

• - The government said the passport of suspected kidnapper Satam al Suqami had been recovered without damage before the North Tower collapse. Proponents of conspiracy theories maintain that it is practically impossible for the passport to survive the crash of the plane and the fire that occurred with that crash, although small and light objects are precisely the most likely to be thrown by the shock wave before the fire damages them.

• - No steel skyscraper had ever fallen due to fire before 9/11, nor since. However, never before has a skyscraper been subjected to such intense fire coupled with extreme impact stress. Furthermore, the core "Core (architecture)") of the WTC was made of steel, more sensitive to heat, and not concrete like that of the Windsor Tower, for example, much more resistant to fire,[46]​ and in which precisely the part that was supported by an all-steel structure completely collapsed, leaving the core exposed as can be seen in many photographs.[54]​ In other cases of fires in buildings with a steel core, structural collapse has also been a cause of concern. firefighters,[55]​ even though this has not occurred, and many cases of collapse of steel structures are known,[56]​ [4] [5] [6] although none corresponds to a building with the characteristics of the Twin Towers.

• - The Twin Towers practically collapsed on themselves, the collapse starting from the point of impact and propagating vertically downward. According to conspiracy theorists, that collapse occurred almost in free fall time: approximately 10 seconds. According to the official theory, the cause would be what is called a stepped floor-by-floor collapse. That is, the breaking point would have caused the floors to give way just above, causing them to fall onto the next floor, which would cause them to give way in a chain, resulting in the tower collapsing on itself.[57] Now, the lower floors would always produce some delay in the fall, if only due to their own inertia, making them take more than 10 seconds, which is why those who support the conspiracy theory claim that this can only be explained by a demolition. controlled, although in reality this does not explain it either, since when the collapse occurs from top to bottom the lower floors should stop the fall of the upper ones just as in a floor-to-floor collapse,[58]​ except for the resistance offered by the columns, about which there are conflicting opinions.[58][59]​ On the other hand, there is video evidence that significant parts of the cores (40 to 60 floors) were still standing after about 15 25 seconds from the start of the collapse before beginning to collapse themselves, suggesting that the time estimate of about 10 seconds per tower may be very unrealistic.[59]​[60]​.

• - It was found that although the high temperatures reached in the fire caused by the fuel spill weakened the internal structure of the towers, they collapsed inwards, and it was never observed that they fell in any other direction that would demonstrate that they were destabilized, due to the force resulting from the collision of the planes. In the video, however, it can be seen that the fall of the towers is not clean. Especially that of the south tower, which is previously inclined by the corner most damaged by the impact.

• - One of the architects who designed the Twin Towers stated that they were made crash-proof by any plane,[61]​ a statement that is taken by defenders of the conspiracy theory as indicative of the impossibility of the impact of the planes being sufficient to bring them down. The anti-conspiracists point out that the plane against which they were designed was a Boeing 707, one of the largest to date they were built, according to the project's structural engineer Lee Robertson, but much smaller and lighter than a 767.[62] In an interview for CNN, Aaron Swirsky, another of the architects, said that in no case had any engineer foreseen an eventuality like the one that occurred.[63]

• - Building No. 7 of the WTC was not hit by any passenger plane, and it did not have any fire inside fueled by fuel, although there were fires in it.[64]​ The official explanation for the fall of the Twin Towers is based mainly on these two details; However, WTC 7 also collapsed in on itself and at almost free fall speed. However, the official version attributes it to serious structural damage due to the collapse of the two twin towers that were next to it, which could have deposited several tons of debris on the structure,[65]​ and also due to the fire. In photographs of the moments before its collapse you can see how the building deforms until it collapses suddenly, something that fits perfectly with a collapse caused by severe structural damage and not by any detonation.[66]​.

• - The firefighters who entered the towers said they had seen and heard explosions.[67]​ It is normal for explosions to be heard during a fire (for example, partial collapses like those that occurred[68]​ can be interpreted as explosions), so this data alone does not say much.

• - The Seismographic Department of Columbia University recorded important seismic activities just at the time of the towers' collapse. Many proponents of the conspiracy theory believe that these seismic waves preceded the collapse and can only be explained by strong explosions at the base of the buildings,[69]​ while others, as well as detractors of the conspiracy theory, maintain that this claim is based on a misinterpretation of the seismic data.[56]​[60][70]​.

• - The Lobby (the ground floor) and the basements were completely destroyed before the towers collapsed.

• - The rubble of the towers continued to burn for months after their collapse and most of the concrete was pulverized, which supports the theory of demolition with thermite, since it does not go out due to the lack of oxygen.

• - Incandescent metal was found at the base of the towers. The defenders of the conspiracy claim that this metal was steel from the structure of the building and that it was molten, and they reason in this way:

The melting point of low carbon or structural steel is around 1510 °C (2750 °F), a temperature that can only be reached in industrial furnaces or using chemicals, such as chemical thermite, while there have been speculations that the highest temperature that could have occurred inside the Twin Towers is 1650 °C (3002 °F).

Therefore, the molten metal found at the base of the towers could be evidence of the use of thermite, which when ignited produces a reaction whose temperature can reach 2,482 °C (4,500 °F) in two seconds and which would be used to cut the steel columns by melting. According to the defenders of this hypothesis, the incandescent sparks that came out of the towers moments before the collapse are due to this reaction.

Other sources have suggested that the steel of the structure could have melted due to the continuation of the fire underground after the collapse[59]​ or even that it was the steel itself that, in an exothermic reaction, remained incandescent producing iron oxide, which melts at lower temperatures, helped by the water poured by the firefighters.[71]​.

• - There are photographs that show columns cut at an angle of 45°[72] According to supporters of the conspiracy theory, this angle is characteristic of the use of thermite to cut steel columns in controlled demolitions and they find no other reason why the cuts were made diagonally, which leads them to conclude that such a cut proves that thermite was used. There are other photographs that show welders making cuts diagonally,[73]​ and it has been suggested that the cuts were made that way to encourage the beams to fall in a certain direction after being cut. To this we must add that cleaning the cut is inconsistent with the use of thermite.[74]​.

• - According to some conspiracy theorists, most of the columns were found in sections of approximately 9 meters, which is argued as evidence of the use of explosives. This statement probably alludes to the constituent pieces of the perimeter mesh, which in fact had that length and were separated during the fall, and is the result of ignorance of the structure of the Towers.[75]​.

• - A few months after the attacks, most of the steel columns were transported to Asia, after being analyzed by forensic investigators.[56]​ Defenders of unofficial theories claim that this shipment prevented the columns from being studied again and effects caused by explosives being discovered.

• - The subsequent investigation carried out by the experts finally concluded that when the plane hit the tower, the fire-fighting foam that covered the main beams and insulated them from the heat came loose, so after hours of heating they warped. On the other hand, the impact also knocked down the dry walls that were supposed to prevent the spread of fires inside the building. The beams at the point of impact had to support a much greater weight and with the deformation produced by the heat they ended up giving way. The collapse of the Twin Towers would therefore have been due to the combined effect of the impact and the subsequent fire.[76]​.

Also notable in photographs are strange reflections on the lower part of United Airlines Flight 175, seconds before crashing into the South Tower. The aircraft manufacturing company, Boeing, did not explain the fact.[77]​.

Andreas von Bülow"), member of Helmut Schmidt's cabinet and member of the German Parliament and former defense minister, stated in a radio interview with Alex Jones on April 20, 2006, that the attacks were carried out by the highest levels of the United States intelligence apparatus and that they used Tower 7 as a command bunker, which was later demolished to destroy all evidence and the crime scene. According to von Bülow, "the official accounts are so wrong that it must have been a job from within."

Mayor Rudolph Giuliani had opened an emergency command center on the 23rd floor of Tower 7 in June 1999 to respond to any terrorist attacks. That was the optimal site, postulates von Bülow, from which the planes could be controlled remotely. According to his hypothesis there were two procedures. One was the flight of the planes and the second was the explosions. Von Bülow believes that it must have been a small group within the CIA and with the help of the secret services of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.[78]​.

You can see the collapse of the building covered by several television networks that day:

• - CBS recording (MPEG video).

• - NBC recording (MPEG video).

• - Another CBS recording (MPEG video).

Among the building's occupants were:[79].

• - Securities & Exchange Commission (the equivalent of the National Securities Market Commission), which investigated important cases of corruption such as Enron.

• - Mayor's Office of Emergency Mgmt emergency bunker.

• - United States Secret Service (U.S. Secret Service).

In August 2008, NIST published a study that explains the reasons for the collapse of Building 7. According to it, the fires that burned on the lower floors, especially on floors 7 to 9 and 11 to 13, which burned uncontrollably, were the main cause of the collapse, with the structural damage caused by debris falling from the towers being a minor factor. NIST found no evidence of the use of explosives during its study, stating that the smallest explosion capable of disabling the critical column would have produced a "sound level between 130 and 140 decibels at a distance of half a mile."[80]

Although the 9/11 Commission Report establishes that the crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, was caused by the passengers' attempt to take control of the plane, there are theories that the aircraft was shot down by a United States Air Force fighter attack.

This flight was the fourth plane involved in the attacks and was the only one to not reach its target, which would have been the Capitol or, to a lesser extent, the White House. At the time of crashing (10:03), the other three had already collided with the Twin Towers (8:46 and 9:03) and the Pentagon (9:37). The first official versions were that he had been shot down at that moment of national alarm, to avoid greater evils. But this information was soon changed to the official, and commonly accepted, version of the passenger revolt. The movie United 93 is based on this version of events.

Some of the so-called Conspiracy Theorists, such as David Ray Griffin, defend that Flight 93 was shot down by American fighters and for this they rely mainly on some testimonies that claim to have seen jets chasing the plane and heard explosions before the crash and on the wide dispersion of the remains of the aircraft, apart from a home video that shows the plane with 2 fighters chasing it before disappearing among the trees. A half-ton engine was found about 700 m from the crash site and other remains were found more than 10 km from this site.[81]​.

There are also studies, such as the one carried out by Jim Hoffman"), that question the official time of impact, 10:03, delaying it by about 3 minutes.[82] The official transcripts of the flight deck end at 10:03, however the Cleveland Air Control Center reports that United 93 disappeared from radars at 10:06.[82] Seismological records, for their part, recorded an impact at .[83]​ Despite this, the 9/11 Commission Report concluded that the impact took place at.

This theory, however, does not necessarily imply that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were an inside job. The controversy would therefore lie in the Bush administration's attempt to transfer responsibility for the deaths of the 40 innocent victims resulting from the events in question.

• - The official US theory claims that former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein conspired in the 9/11 attacks. It was one of the main justifications for the invasion of Iraq. Some who defend this theory remember another theory about the Oklahoma City bomb, according to which Iraqi intelligence agents were involved, as reported by investigative journalist Jana Davis in her book "The Third Terrorist."

• - 9/11 Conspiracy against China is another theory outlined by Miguel Pedrero in his book "Corruption, The Sewers of Power", where he proposes that 9/11 and the subsequent United States war against Afghanistan originates from the competition between the United States and China to obtain the construction of oil pipelines from the area occupied by former Soviet territories, now converted into independent republics - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan—, to their territories (exit to the sea through Pakistan in the case of the United States), which was a mandatory passage through the territory of Afghanistan. Huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered in these independent republics in the mid-1990s.

• - The hypothesis of the missile crash in the Pentagon is not shared by other supporters of the conspiracy, who reject it saying that the evidence from eyewitnesses is overwhelming, that all the evidence provided by those who defend it can be reconciled with the fact that it was Flight 77 that crashed and that it may be a smokescreen to remove credibility from the "true" conspiracy,[84][85]​ since the US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld himself He was one of the first to mention a missile like what hit the Pentagon.[86]​.

The investigation of the events was carried out by the FBI, in an investigation called PENTTBOM"), which was added to the investigation being carried out on Zacarías Moussaoui, arrested in August 2001, and finally convicted in May 2006 for terrorist conspiracy. This version of the events was later included in the report of the 9/11 Commission with the aim of detecting security holes and improving it in the event of terrorist attacks.

There is great dissatisfaction regarding these investigations. Numerous groups "for the truth" reject this official version, and demand an impartial investigation. Professor David Ray Griffin, author of a reference work in which he studies the report of said commission, found in that text 115 alleged logical errors or omissions that he describes as lies.[87]​.

Calls from airplanes

During the time the planes were flying under the hijacking of the terrorists, some passengers and crew members made calls to family members and others. According to the Commission's report, these calls were made both from telephones installed on airplanes, which are prepared for problem-free communication at cruising altitude, and from mobile phones, which are not, but it was not specified how many there were of each type;[34]​ in many cases the press assumed that the number of calls from mobile phones was significantly high.[88]​ Many questioned whether these calls from mobile phones could have been successfully made flying at the height and speed at which a commercial airplane flies, among them the mathematician A. K. Dewdney"), of Physics911, who in 2003 carried out an experiment called Project Achilles calculating the probabilities of being able to maintain communication by mobile phone inside an airplane at high altitude.[89] He estimated that at the normal cruising altitude of a commercial airplane the chances of successfully communicating from a mobile phone were 0.6%, that is, almost impossible. Those who support alternative theories also questioned the veracity of the conversations. Some of them are very peculiar: Mark Bingham called his mother to say goodbye and alert her about the hijacking and introduced himself to her giving his full name, apart from the fact that the conversation was very short,[90]​ although in an interview his mother did not see anything strange in it.[91]​ Madeline Amy Sweeney, a flight attendant with more than 12 years of experience, gave details about the hijackers and their position that do not correspond to official data, and she did not know how to recognize Manhattan when her plane arrived there.[92]​ The peculiarity of these conversations, together with the supposed impossibility of them being carried out from a plane flying at high altitude, led some of the detractors of the official theory to affirm that these conversations were falsified, that the voices were imitated using real technology that existed at that time[93]​ and that the calls were only false evidence to hide that the hijacking of planes and passengers could never have happened.

In 2006, however, during the trial against Zacarías Moussaoui, the FBI anti-terrorist team testified that only two calls, those made by Edward Felt and Cee Cee Lyles, were the only ones that were known to have been made from the airplanes using cell phones.[94] Both were made from flight 93 and began at 09:58,[95] the time at which, according to the data collected on the flight data recorder, of the plane,[96] it was at an altitude of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet above sea level, although it was flying over a mountainous area. Furthermore, it was a rural area, in which the range of mobile telephone antennas can reach 15 km, much greater than the reduced radius of antennas used in cities, which can be less than 100 m.[97] These circumstances make detractors of alternative theories think that both calls could have been made without problems.

Bin Laden

Some defenders of the theory that it was a false flag operation, or a self-attack, claim that Osama Bin Laden has nothing to do with the September 11 attacks. Initially, Bin Laden denied responsibility for these attacks in a statement to the Al Jazeera television network a few days after the attacks.[98] Later, a video was found in Jalalabad confirming his guilt.[99]​ Supporters of the conspiracy claim that said video is a montage, that the person in it is not bin Laden, and present the following reasons; Firstly, the physical resemblance of the man in the video to bin Laden; Secondly, the fact that he wears a gold ring, which is prohibited by Islam; video to the Al Jazeera television network,[104]​[105]​ in which he is seen in apparent good health, reading a paper, and making gestures at the camera to emphasize part of the speech.[106]​.

On the FBI website, several terrorist attacks are attributed to Bin Laden, but not those of 9/11. He is mentioned on Osama bin Laden's page as most wanted because the FBI has no convincing evidence of his connection to 9/11*.[109]​ However, the FBI later added Bin Laden's authorship of 9/11 to its database.[110]​.

Israel's role

• - Prior to the attacks there was an Israeli espionage scandal that was covered up by the attack. In fact, many of those detained after the attacks were Israeli spies who were sent to Israel.[111]​.

• - In Israel, two workers from the company Odigo") were warned by instant messaging of the possibility of an attack in an unspecified location.[112] Some defenders of the conspiracy theory see this as an indication that they were warned of the imminent attack on the Towers, given the moment in which the warning occurred (about two hours before the attack), despite the fact that said company does not have its headquarters in New York near the WTC and that the notice was sent to the Israeli headquarters.

• - On December 11, 2001, the American television network Fox News denounced the prior knowledge that the Israeli secret services had of the September 11 attacks. Sixty Israelis accused of being part of a spy network against the United States government are among hundreds of people who remain detained since the attacks. A group of these Israelis – who are, according to Fox News, military or intelligence agents – have been detained on charges related to immigration or under the coverage of the new Anti-Terrorism Law. Among the detained suspects were five Israelis, who were on top of a roof in Hoboken, New Jersey. Two other Israelis were detained in Cleveland.[113]​.

Other facts

• - The then Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, announced on September 10, 2001: «*The technological revolution has transformed organizations throughout the private sector. But not ours, not completely, not yet. We are, as they say, entangled in our own anchor chain. Our financial systems are decades old. "By some estimates, we can't trace $2.3 trillion in transactions." Rumsfeld did not claim that the Department of Defense had lost $2.3 trillion, but rather was using the figure to illustrate that the department was having trouble controlling its finances and already spent budget due to outdated technology. Furthermore, although Rumsfeld mentioned the figure the day before 9/11, this was not new information: the figure was included in a February 2000 audit report for fiscal year 1999 by the Department of Defense inspector general, who noted: "For the accounting entries, $2.3 trillion was not supported by sufficient audit trails or sufficient evidence to determine their validity." However, Rumsfeld's statements have fueled conspiracy theories for decades.[114][115][116]​.

• - More than 9 foreign intelligence services (Great Britain, France, Israel or Egypt, for example) had warned of an imminent attack on the United States using airplanes.[34]​ In addition, major figures from secret services around the world have said that it is impossible that the September 11 attacks were carried out without the help of a strong intelligence service.[117]​.

• - The Great Imposture is a book written by Thierry Meyssan that states that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were a false flag attack perpetrated by the United States and denounces the end of North American democracy, as well as the establishment of an expansionist military regime.[118]​.

• - Alternative theories argue that the suicide pilots were inexperienced and would not have been able to pilot the planes to their targets. Hosni Mubarak, former president of Egypt, stated that, despite being a general of the Air Force and having thousands of flight hours, he would be incapable of directing a Boeing with the necessary precision to hit one of the Twin Towers.[119] Many detractors of the official version claim that there are many expert pilots who do not see themselves capable of carrying out such maneuvers, deducing from this that it is unlikely that inexperienced pilots would carry them out. However, other pilots and flight instructors, such as Giulio Bernacchia, explained how and why the terrorists were able to fly the planes.[120][121]​.

• - September 11, 2001 attacks.

• - Guantanamo Bay.

• - 9/11 Commission.

• - The great imposture.

• - Loose Change.

• - Movement for the truth of 9/11.

• - False flag operations.

• - Operation Northwoods.

• - Operation Gladio.

One of the most popular conspiracy theories is that it was not a plane but a missile that crashed into the Pentagon.[21] Its main defenders are those who support the "inside job" version, who claim that there is not enough evidence to prove that a plane crashed into the Pentagon. However, some supporters of the "inside job" also rule it out after evaluating the evidence and believe that the operation did not include the use of a missile.

Here are the arguments used by the defenders of this conspiracy theory:

• - According to the contents of the black box "Black box (navigation)") of Flight 77, the plane made a spiral descent, describing a turn of about 330° at about 300 knots (about 550 km/h) that took about 3 minutes.[22] Although this turn is a common maneuver, some argue that the plane could not make that maneuver at 800 km/h, probably confusing the impact speed with the speed at which the plane made the turn.

• - NORAD controls the defense of United States airspace; This is divided into geographical zones, with the NEADS (North East Air Defense Sector) being responsible for the area where the attacks occurred. It is the body that coordinates and receives notices from airports about aircraft hijackings, among other functions. NEADS was the one that sent the F-16s to Washington and New York. All the conversations between the different airports and the NEADS are included in the report of the National 9/11 Commission.[23]​ In cases of hijacking of planes or other air emergencies of this type, NORAD has security protocols that consist, among other things, of taking off fighters as quickly as possible to intercept the plane and check what is happening,[24]​ as has happened on other occasions.[25]​[26]​ In the case of the Flight 77 planes did not arrive on time and there are questions even about whether they took off before or after the collision, a delay that supporters of these conspiracy theories consider deliberate.

• - According to conspiracy theorists, Flight 77 was able to fly toward the Pentagon for 40 minutes and was not intercepted despite sophisticated radar technology, anti-missile batteries surrounding the Pentagon, and proximity to the Andrews Air Force Base building. These anti-missile batteries do not really exist (and if they did, they would be secret).[27]​ The issue of protecting Washington with anti-missile batteries or Atlanta (1996 Atlanta Olympics) was discussed and rejected due to the possibility of shooting down a plane by mistake.[28]​ Ronald Reagan Airport is located very close to the Pentagon, and planes fly over it on many occasions. An example of this is the case of a small plane that was identified as suspicious in 2002 when flying over Washington: it was not shot down by any anti-missile battery even though the Capitol was evacuated.[26]​.

• - At the time of the attacks, the West Wing (which was the target of the attack) of the Pentagon was under renovation, and therefore almost empty. Specifically, it was being renovated to withstand greater damage in the event of a terrorist bomb attack. Supporters of the inside job theory argue that the Government chose this area of ​​the Pentagon as a target to minimize damage, both personal and material, as much as possible.

• - It is also stated from this sector that the damage caused to the Pentagon wall is too small to have been caused by a Boeing 757.[29]​ As support for this statement, they usually rely on incomplete photographs obstructed by smoke or by the jet of water from the fire brigade hoses, but in a more complete view constructed by Pier Paolo Murru, putting together fragments of several shots and joining them after a perspective correction,[30]​ it is clear that the conspiracy theorists' assessment of the size of the hole (about 5×7 meters[31]​) is far below its actual size. Furthermore, given that the surface of the plane is fundamentally aluminum, which is soft and light, it cannot be expected that the diameter of the hole would necessarily correspond exactly to that of the fuselage and wings, something that is known from other air accidents,[32]​ while the heavier parts, which are the ones that carry the greatest kinetic energy (such as the engines or the landing gear, for example), are the ones that have the easiest time breaking the walls. In the photographs it can be seen that the plane created a deep hole (which even pierced two walls of the building), while in the surrounding area, where it did not impact, only burns and minor damage can be seen on the façade.[33] Some dissident theorists claim that this is evidence that these damages could not have been caused by a plane, because according to them the 6-ton engines each did not penetrate the walls as the central part of the plane did.

• - The issue of the Pentagon's surveillance cameras is also questioned: they captured two videos, of which 5 frames were initially leaked before, during and after the impact, but neither shows exactly what hits the building. However, the plane, according to calculations made by the National Transportation Safety Board, had an approximate speed of 850 km/h at the time of impact,[34]​ therefore it is perfectly possible that the plane crashing was not recorded; Even if the plane had gone at half speed, it would not have been shown on the surveillance camera either.[35]​ On the right side of the recording, before the first explosion, you can see the tip of an unidentified object that does not appear in the other frames, and which seems very small to be the nose of the plane, something explained by the "fisheye" camera lens and the low resolution of the images.[35]​ Supporters of the dissident theory claim that it is the point of a missile and that was what really hit the building.

• - The FBI confiscated some videos immediately after the attack in which the event was supposedly recorded, among others, those belonging to a nearby gas station and the Doubletree Hotel. There has also been speculation about a possible video taken from the Sheraton Hotel. The FBI was asked for information on the number of videos it had, and how many showed the impact. Agent Jaqueline Maguire wrote a report,[36]​ which she confirmed before a judge, in which she detailed that of the 85 videos available, the vast majority did not show the impact, or the Pentagon, or there were only images of the post-impact. He also denied that there was any video from the Sheraton Hotel. In the course of 2006, the videos of the Doubletree Hotel and the gas station were made public, but as with the Pentagon videos, the object that hits it cannot be seen in any of them. This fact makes followers of dissident theories doubt. The video cameras of these establishments monitored their parking lots as can be seen in the respective videos, therefore the fact that the plane was observed was unlikely due to the speed of the plane, trajectory, distance, etc. Critics of the official version claim that in this case there was no reason to confiscate the videos and refuse to show them to the public for so long.

• - In 2006, a witness reported seeing someone who claimed to have seen a missile, although this statement is controversial, since he supposedly "saw" it from an underground train station.[37]​ Other witnesses describe it as "a small plane", although they were too far away to see it clearly (they were on the other side of the Potomac River, more than two miles away).[38]​ In addition, there are a large number of witnesses who did see a missile plane. airlines.[39]​.

• - Military personnel were photographed removing a large, light object covered by a blue tarp from the impact site.[40] It is believed that this was intended to hide its contents from the public. Authorities say that the object transported was a tent,[41]​ and not evidence to hide from the public.

• - According to the defenders of the conspiracy theory, there are no remains of luggage or corpses or pieces of corpses and very few remains of the plane. This information, however, is imprecise, since there are photographs of charred human remains[42]​ and the plane.[43]​.

• - According to the official version, almost all the passengers of flight 77 were identified through DNA tests. Given that nuclear DNA does not resist very high temperatures and is destroyed by contaminating bacteria in a short time, it was necessary to extract mitochondrial DNA from bone remains, a technique that has a certain possibility of success even with remains from a crematorium.[44] Some detractors of the official version claim that organic substances in general do not resist very high temperatures because they burn or carbonize, which is why they doubt the veracity of the identifications, without however indicating at what temperature they are destroyed. nor how much the bone remains had to resist.

• - It can be seen in the photos of the Pentagon that in the offices half-sunken by the landslide there are computers, tables, and even books without the slightest trace of having been burned. Conspiracy theorists claim that the impact of a missile does not produce a large fire, but a very strong explosion capable of piercing the five levels of the Pentagon, although not in a straight line or with small holes, as was the case. Opponents believe that the fire simply did not reach there, but rather that they were exposed by the subsequent collapse, as seen on the left side of the collapse in the following photograph: [3].

• - In a satellite photograph taken on September 7, 2001, a clearing can be seen on the Pentagon lawn that, although it does not coincide with the trajectory of the plane, does point roughly in the direction of the point of impact,[45] something that according to some supporters of the dissident theory was used to indicate where the impact should occur.

One of the most alleged arguments in favor of the conspiracy theory has been that the Twin Towers did not collapse due to the crash of the planes, nor due to the subsequent fires, but rather that charges would have been detonated that would have caused the collapse of the buildings, which would be a controlled demolition.[47]​.

For said controlled demolition, thermite "Thermite (reactant mixture)"), a mixture of ferric oxide and aluminum (FeO + 2Al) that cuts the steel columns by fusion, and explosives, which are placed on all or almost all floors, would have been used.

Those opposed to this hypothesis say that almost none of the arguments support in-depth analysis. There is even, as is the case with the Pentagon, a current among supporters of the conspiracy theory in which some common arguments about demolition are refuted and warning that we must focus on other points.[48]​.

These are the aspects that are argued as indications that such a conspiracy existed:

• - In a scientific publication from February 2009 it is claimed to have found in the dust of the remains of the Twin Towers, evidence of the presence of a material called super-thermite,[49]​ although the article has caused controversy because it is a "pay to publish" type of publisher,[50]​[51]​ it has been used as a means to publish theories that are not generally accepted by the scientific community[51]​ and the editor-in-chief resigned for not having been informed of the publication of the article.[52]​.

• - Steven Jones, one of the signatories of the previous publication, maintains that the NIST reports recognize that none of the physical models used to simulate the fire resulted in collapse or collapse, that there was no physical evidence of high fire temperatures sufficient to damage the building structures until they collapsed. He also states that only the computer models used by NIST serve as a basis for the official theory and considers that the data for such simulations were manipulated in such a way that they fit the desired result rather than conforming to the evidence and facts.[53]​.

• - The government said the passport of suspected kidnapper Satam al Suqami had been recovered without damage before the North Tower collapse. Proponents of conspiracy theories maintain that it is practically impossible for the passport to survive the crash of the plane and the fire that occurred with that crash, although small and light objects are precisely the most likely to be thrown by the shock wave before the fire damages them.

• - No steel skyscraper had ever fallen due to fire before 9/11, nor since. However, never before has a skyscraper been subjected to such intense fire coupled with extreme impact stress. Furthermore, the core "Core (architecture)") of the WTC was made of steel, more sensitive to heat, and not concrete like that of the Windsor Tower, for example, much more resistant to fire,[46]​ and in which precisely the part that was supported by an all-steel structure completely collapsed, leaving the core exposed as can be seen in many photographs.[54]​ In other cases of fires in buildings with a steel core, structural collapse has also been a cause of concern. firefighters,[55]​ even though this has not occurred, and many cases of collapse of steel structures are known,[56]​ [4] [5] [6] although none corresponds to a building with the characteristics of the Twin Towers.

• - The Twin Towers practically collapsed on themselves, the collapse starting from the point of impact and propagating vertically downward. According to conspiracy theorists, that collapse occurred almost in free fall time: approximately 10 seconds. According to the official theory, the cause would be what is called a stepped floor-by-floor collapse. That is, the breaking point would have caused the floors to give way just above, causing them to fall onto the next floor, which would cause them to give way in a chain, resulting in the tower collapsing on itself.[57] Now, the lower floors would always produce some delay in the fall, if only due to their own inertia, making them take more than 10 seconds, which is why those who support the conspiracy theory claim that this can only be explained by a demolition. controlled, although in reality this does not explain it either, since when the collapse occurs from top to bottom the lower floors should stop the fall of the upper ones just as in a floor-to-floor collapse,[58]​ except for the resistance offered by the columns, about which there are conflicting opinions.[58][59]​ On the other hand, there is video evidence that significant parts of the cores (40 to 60 floors) were still standing after about 15 25 seconds from the start of the collapse before beginning to collapse themselves, suggesting that the time estimate of about 10 seconds per tower may be very unrealistic.[59]​[60]​.

• - It was found that although the high temperatures reached in the fire caused by the fuel spill weakened the internal structure of the towers, they collapsed inwards, and it was never observed that they fell in any other direction that would demonstrate that they were destabilized, due to the force resulting from the collision of the planes. In the video, however, it can be seen that the fall of the towers is not clean. Especially that of the south tower, which is previously inclined by the corner most damaged by the impact.

• - One of the architects who designed the Twin Towers stated that they were made crash-proof by any plane,[61]​ a statement that is taken by defenders of the conspiracy theory as indicative of the impossibility of the impact of the planes being sufficient to bring them down. The anti-conspiracists point out that the plane against which they were designed was a Boeing 707, one of the largest to date they were built, according to the project's structural engineer Lee Robertson, but much smaller and lighter than a 767.[62] In an interview for CNN, Aaron Swirsky, another of the architects, said that in no case had any engineer foreseen an eventuality like the one that occurred.[63]

• - Building No. 7 of the WTC was not hit by any passenger plane, and it did not have any fire inside fueled by fuel, although there were fires in it.[64]​ The official explanation for the fall of the Twin Towers is based mainly on these two details; However, WTC 7 also collapsed in on itself and at almost free fall speed. However, the official version attributes it to serious structural damage due to the collapse of the two twin towers that were next to it, which could have deposited several tons of debris on the structure,[65]​ and also due to the fire. In photographs of the moments before its collapse you can see how the building deforms until it collapses suddenly, something that fits perfectly with a collapse caused by severe structural damage and not by any detonation.[66]​.

• - The firefighters who entered the towers said they had seen and heard explosions.[67]​ It is normal for explosions to be heard during a fire (for example, partial collapses like those that occurred[68]​ can be interpreted as explosions), so this data alone does not say much.

• - The Seismographic Department of Columbia University recorded important seismic activities just at the time of the towers' collapse. Many proponents of the conspiracy theory believe that these seismic waves preceded the collapse and can only be explained by strong explosions at the base of the buildings,[69]​ while others, as well as detractors of the conspiracy theory, maintain that this claim is based on a misinterpretation of the seismic data.[56]​[60][70]​.

• - The Lobby (the ground floor) and the basements were completely destroyed before the towers collapsed.

• - The rubble of the towers continued to burn for months after their collapse and most of the concrete was pulverized, which supports the theory of demolition with thermite, since it does not go out due to the lack of oxygen.

• - Incandescent metal was found at the base of the towers. The defenders of the conspiracy claim that this metal was steel from the structure of the building and that it was molten, and they reason in this way:

The melting point of low carbon or structural steel is around 1510 °C (2750 °F), a temperature that can only be reached in industrial furnaces or using chemicals, such as chemical thermite, while there have been speculations that the highest temperature that could have occurred inside the Twin Towers is 1650 °C (3002 °F).

Therefore, the molten metal found at the base of the towers could be evidence of the use of thermite, which when ignited produces a reaction whose temperature can reach 2,482 °C (4,500 °F) in two seconds and which would be used to cut the steel columns by melting. According to the defenders of this hypothesis, the incandescent sparks that came out of the towers moments before the collapse are due to this reaction.

Other sources have suggested that the steel of the structure could have melted due to the continuation of the fire underground after the collapse[59]​ or even that it was the steel itself that, in an exothermic reaction, remained incandescent producing iron oxide, which melts at lower temperatures, helped by the water poured by the firefighters.[71]​.

• - There are photographs that show columns cut at an angle of 45°[72] According to supporters of the conspiracy theory, this angle is characteristic of the use of thermite to cut steel columns in controlled demolitions and they find no other reason why the cuts were made diagonally, which leads them to conclude that such a cut proves that thermite was used. There are other photographs that show welders making cuts diagonally,[73]​ and it has been suggested that the cuts were made that way to encourage the beams to fall in a certain direction after being cut. To this we must add that cleaning the cut is inconsistent with the use of thermite.[74]​.

• - According to some conspiracy theorists, most of the columns were found in sections of approximately 9 meters, which is argued as evidence of the use of explosives. This statement probably alludes to the constituent pieces of the perimeter mesh, which in fact had that length and were separated during the fall, and is the result of ignorance of the structure of the Towers.[75]​.

• - A few months after the attacks, most of the steel columns were transported to Asia, after being analyzed by forensic investigators.[56]​ Defenders of unofficial theories claim that this shipment prevented the columns from being studied again and effects caused by explosives being discovered.

• - The subsequent investigation carried out by the experts finally concluded that when the plane hit the tower, the fire-fighting foam that covered the main beams and insulated them from the heat came loose, so after hours of heating they warped. On the other hand, the impact also knocked down the dry walls that were supposed to prevent the spread of fires inside the building. The beams at the point of impact had to support a much greater weight and with the deformation produced by the heat they ended up giving way. The collapse of the Twin Towers would therefore have been due to the combined effect of the impact and the subsequent fire.[76]​.

Also notable in photographs are strange reflections on the lower part of United Airlines Flight 175, seconds before crashing into the South Tower. The aircraft manufacturing company, Boeing, did not explain the fact.[77]​.

Andreas von Bülow"), member of Helmut Schmidt's cabinet and member of the German Parliament and former defense minister, stated in a radio interview with Alex Jones on April 20, 2006, that the attacks were carried out by the highest levels of the United States intelligence apparatus and that they used Tower 7 as a command bunker, which was later demolished to destroy all evidence and the crime scene. According to von Bülow, "the official accounts are so wrong that it must have been a job from within."

Mayor Rudolph Giuliani had opened an emergency command center on the 23rd floor of Tower 7 in June 1999 to respond to any terrorist attacks. That was the optimal site, postulates von Bülow, from which the planes could be controlled remotely. According to his hypothesis there were two procedures. One was the flight of the planes and the second was the explosions. Von Bülow believes that it must have been a small group within the CIA and with the help of the secret services of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.[78]​.

You can see the collapse of the building covered by several television networks that day:

• - CBS recording (MPEG video).

• - NBC recording (MPEG video).

• - Another CBS recording (MPEG video).

Among the building's occupants were:[79].

• - Securities & Exchange Commission (the equivalent of the National Securities Market Commission), which investigated important cases of corruption such as Enron.

• - Mayor's Office of Emergency Mgmt emergency bunker.

• - United States Secret Service (U.S. Secret Service).

In August 2008, NIST published a study that explains the reasons for the collapse of Building 7. According to it, the fires that burned on the lower floors, especially on floors 7 to 9 and 11 to 13, which burned uncontrollably, were the main cause of the collapse, with the structural damage caused by debris falling from the towers being a minor factor. NIST found no evidence of the use of explosives during its study, stating that the smallest explosion capable of disabling the critical column would have produced a "sound level between 130 and 140 decibels at a distance of half a mile."[80]

Although the 9/11 Commission Report establishes that the crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, was caused by the passengers' attempt to take control of the plane, there are theories that the aircraft was shot down by a United States Air Force fighter attack.

This flight was the fourth plane involved in the attacks and was the only one to not reach its target, which would have been the Capitol or, to a lesser extent, the White House. At the time of crashing (10:03), the other three had already collided with the Twin Towers (8:46 and 9:03) and the Pentagon (9:37). The first official versions were that he had been shot down at that moment of national alarm, to avoid greater evils. But this information was soon changed to the official, and commonly accepted, version of the passenger revolt. The movie United 93 is based on this version of events.

Some of the so-called Conspiracy Theorists, such as David Ray Griffin, defend that Flight 93 was shot down by American fighters and for this they rely mainly on some testimonies that claim to have seen jets chasing the plane and heard explosions before the crash and on the wide dispersion of the remains of the aircraft, apart from a home video that shows the plane with 2 fighters chasing it before disappearing among the trees. A half-ton engine was found about 700 m from the crash site and other remains were found more than 10 km from this site.[81]​.

There are also studies, such as the one carried out by Jim Hoffman"), that question the official time of impact, 10:03, delaying it by about 3 minutes.[82] The official transcripts of the flight deck end at 10:03, however the Cleveland Air Control Center reports that United 93 disappeared from radars at 10:06.[82] Seismological records, for their part, recorded an impact at .[83]​ Despite this, the 9/11 Commission Report concluded that the impact took place at.

This theory, however, does not necessarily imply that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were an inside job. The controversy would therefore lie in the Bush administration's attempt to transfer responsibility for the deaths of the 40 innocent victims resulting from the events in question.

• - The official US theory claims that former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein conspired in the 9/11 attacks. It was one of the main justifications for the invasion of Iraq. Some who defend this theory remember another theory about the Oklahoma City bomb, according to which Iraqi intelligence agents were involved, as reported by investigative journalist Jana Davis in her book "The Third Terrorist."

• - 9/11 Conspiracy against China is another theory outlined by Miguel Pedrero in his book "Corruption, The Sewers of Power", where he proposes that 9/11 and the subsequent United States war against Afghanistan originates from the competition between the United States and China to obtain the construction of oil pipelines from the area occupied by former Soviet territories, now converted into independent republics - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan—, to their territories (exit to the sea through Pakistan in the case of the United States), which was a mandatory passage through the territory of Afghanistan. Huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered in these independent republics in the mid-1990s.

• - The hypothesis of the missile crash in the Pentagon is not shared by other supporters of the conspiracy, who reject it saying that the evidence from eyewitnesses is overwhelming, that all the evidence provided by those who defend it can be reconciled with the fact that it was Flight 77 that crashed and that it may be a smokescreen to remove credibility from the "true" conspiracy,[84][85]​ since the US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld himself He was one of the first to mention a missile like what hit the Pentagon.[86]​.

The investigation of the events was carried out by the FBI, in an investigation called PENTTBOM"), which was added to the investigation being carried out on Zacarías Moussaoui, arrested in August 2001, and finally convicted in May 2006 for terrorist conspiracy. This version of the events was later included in the report of the 9/11 Commission with the aim of detecting security holes and improving it in the event of terrorist attacks.

There is great dissatisfaction regarding these investigations. Numerous groups "for the truth" reject this official version, and demand an impartial investigation. Professor David Ray Griffin, author of a reference work in which he studies the report of said commission, found in that text 115 alleged logical errors or omissions that he describes as lies.[87]​.

Calls from airplanes

During the time the planes were flying under the hijacking of the terrorists, some passengers and crew members made calls to family members and others. According to the Commission's report, these calls were made both from telephones installed on airplanes, which are prepared for problem-free communication at cruising altitude, and from mobile phones, which are not, but it was not specified how many there were of each type;[34]​ in many cases the press assumed that the number of calls from mobile phones was significantly high.[88]​ Many questioned whether these calls from mobile phones could have been successfully made flying at the height and speed at which a commercial airplane flies, among them the mathematician A. K. Dewdney"), of Physics911, who in 2003 carried out an experiment called Project Achilles calculating the probabilities of being able to maintain communication by mobile phone inside an airplane at high altitude.[89] He estimated that at the normal cruising altitude of a commercial airplane the chances of successfully communicating from a mobile phone were 0.6%, that is, almost impossible. Those who support alternative theories also questioned the veracity of the conversations. Some of them are very peculiar: Mark Bingham called his mother to say goodbye and alert her about the hijacking and introduced himself to her giving his full name, apart from the fact that the conversation was very short,[90]​ although in an interview his mother did not see anything strange in it.[91]​ Madeline Amy Sweeney, a flight attendant with more than 12 years of experience, gave details about the hijackers and their position that do not correspond to official data, and she did not know how to recognize Manhattan when her plane arrived there.[92]​ The peculiarity of these conversations, together with the supposed impossibility of them being carried out from a plane flying at high altitude, led some of the detractors of the official theory to affirm that these conversations were falsified, that the voices were imitated using real technology that existed at that time[93]​ and that the calls were only false evidence to hide that the hijacking of planes and passengers could never have happened.

In 2006, however, during the trial against Zacarías Moussaoui, the FBI anti-terrorist team testified that only two calls, those made by Edward Felt and Cee Cee Lyles, were the only ones that were known to have been made from the airplanes using cell phones.[94] Both were made from flight 93 and began at 09:58,[95] the time at which, according to the data collected on the flight data recorder, of the plane,[96] it was at an altitude of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet above sea level, although it was flying over a mountainous area. Furthermore, it was a rural area, in which the range of mobile telephone antennas can reach 15 km, much greater than the reduced radius of antennas used in cities, which can be less than 100 m.[97] These circumstances make detractors of alternative theories think that both calls could have been made without problems.

Bin Laden

Some defenders of the theory that it was a false flag operation, or a self-attack, claim that Osama Bin Laden has nothing to do with the September 11 attacks. Initially, Bin Laden denied responsibility for these attacks in a statement to the Al Jazeera television network a few days after the attacks.[98] Later, a video was found in Jalalabad confirming his guilt.[99]​ Supporters of the conspiracy claim that said video is a montage, that the person in it is not bin Laden, and present the following reasons; Firstly, the physical resemblance of the man in the video to bin Laden; Secondly, the fact that he wears a gold ring, which is prohibited by Islam; video to the Al Jazeera television network,[104]​[105]​ in which he is seen in apparent good health, reading a paper, and making gestures at the camera to emphasize part of the speech.[106]​.

On the FBI website, several terrorist attacks are attributed to Bin Laden, but not those of 9/11. He is mentioned on Osama bin Laden's page as most wanted because the FBI has no convincing evidence of his connection to 9/11*.[109]​ However, the FBI later added Bin Laden's authorship of 9/11 to its database.[110]​.

Israel's role

• - Prior to the attacks there was an Israeli espionage scandal that was covered up by the attack. In fact, many of those detained after the attacks were Israeli spies who were sent to Israel.[111]​.

• - In Israel, two workers from the company Odigo") were warned by instant messaging of the possibility of an attack in an unspecified location.[112] Some defenders of the conspiracy theory see this as an indication that they were warned of the imminent attack on the Towers, given the moment in which the warning occurred (about two hours before the attack), despite the fact that said company does not have its headquarters in New York near the WTC and that the notice was sent to the Israeli headquarters.

• - On December 11, 2001, the American television network Fox News denounced the prior knowledge that the Israeli secret services had of the September 11 attacks. Sixty Israelis accused of being part of a spy network against the United States government are among hundreds of people who remain detained since the attacks. A group of these Israelis – who are, according to Fox News, military or intelligence agents – have been detained on charges related to immigration or under the coverage of the new Anti-Terrorism Law. Among the detained suspects were five Israelis, who were on top of a roof in Hoboken, New Jersey. Two other Israelis were detained in Cleveland.[113]​.

Other facts

• - The then Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, announced on September 10, 2001: «*The technological revolution has transformed organizations throughout the private sector. But not ours, not completely, not yet. We are, as they say, entangled in our own anchor chain. Our financial systems are decades old. "By some estimates, we can't trace $2.3 trillion in transactions." Rumsfeld did not claim that the Department of Defense had lost $2.3 trillion, but rather was using the figure to illustrate that the department was having trouble controlling its finances and already spent budget due to outdated technology. Furthermore, although Rumsfeld mentioned the figure the day before 9/11, this was not new information: the figure was included in a February 2000 audit report for fiscal year 1999 by the Department of Defense inspector general, who noted: "For the accounting entries, $2.3 trillion was not supported by sufficient audit trails or sufficient evidence to determine their validity." However, Rumsfeld's statements have fueled conspiracy theories for decades.[114][115][116]​.

• - More than 9 foreign intelligence services (Great Britain, France, Israel or Egypt, for example) had warned of an imminent attack on the United States using airplanes.[34]​ In addition, major figures from secret services around the world have said that it is impossible that the September 11 attacks were carried out without the help of a strong intelligence service.[117]​.

• - The Great Imposture is a book written by Thierry Meyssan that states that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were a false flag attack perpetrated by the United States and denounces the end of North American democracy, as well as the establishment of an expansionist military regime.[118]​.

• - Alternative theories argue that the suicide pilots were inexperienced and would not have been able to pilot the planes to their targets. Hosni Mubarak, former president of Egypt, stated that, despite being a general of the Air Force and having thousands of flight hours, he would be incapable of directing a Boeing with the necessary precision to hit one of the Twin Towers.[119] Many detractors of the official version claim that there are many expert pilots who do not see themselves capable of carrying out such maneuvers, deducing from this that it is unlikely that inexperienced pilots would carry them out. However, other pilots and flight instructors, such as Giulio Bernacchia, explained how and why the terrorists were able to fly the planes.[120][121]​.

• - September 11, 2001 attacks.

• - Guantanamo Bay.

• - 9/11 Commission.

• - The great imposture.

• - Loose Change.

• - Movement for the truth of 9/11.

• - False flag operations.

• - Operation Northwoods.

• - Operation Gladio.