Definition and context of piling construction

Pile construction is a deep foundation technique used to transfer the structural loads of a building or infrastructure to stronger and more stable soil strata, especially when the surface layer is weak or inadequate to support the loads. This method consists of the installation of elongated elements, called piles, that penetrate the ground until reaching layers with sufficient bearing capacity.

This process is fundamental in modern civil engineering, since it guarantees the stability and durability of buildings in complex terrain, such as soft soils, terrain with a high presence of water or seismic zones. The correct execution of the piling ensures that the structures can withstand vertical and horizontal loads and moments, avoiding excessive settlements or structural failures.

Classification according to material

Piles can be made of different materials, the most common being wood, steel and reinforced or prestressed concrete. Wooden piles are traditional and are used in smaller works or in areas where their penetration is favorable. However, its durability is limited by environmental conditions and biological attacks.

Steel piles offer great resistance and load capacity, as well as ease of being driven into the ground. They are ideal for soils with high resistance or for piles of large diameter and depth. Reinforced or prestressed concrete is widely used for its durability, structural capacity and corrosion resistance, especially when precast pile or in-situ pile techniques are used.

Material selection depends on technical, economic and environmental factors, also considering availability and installation method.

Classification according to installation method

Piles can also be classified according to the way they are installed in the ground. In this sense, there are driven piles, drilled piles and injected piles. Driven piles are prefabricated elements that are inserted into the ground by means of shocks or vibrations. They are quick to install but generate vibrations that can affect nearby structures.