Cone Test (CPT)
Introduction
A cone penetration test or cone penetration is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineate soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Soil Mechanics Laboratory in Delft to investigate soft soils.
Based on this story, it has also been called the "Dutch cone test." Today, the cone penetration test (CPT) is one of the most used and accepted soil methods for soil investigation worldwide.
The test method involves pushing an instrumented cone, tip down, toward the ground at a controlled speed of 1.5-2.5 cm/s. The resolution of CPT in delineating stratigraphic layers is related to the size of the cone tip, with typical cone tips having a cross-sectional area of 10 or 15 cm², corresponding to diameters of 3.6 and 4.4 cm. A 1 cm² ultraminiature subtraction penetrometer was developed very early and used in a US Mobile Ballistic Missile Launch System (MGM-134 Midgetman) ground/structure design program in 1984 at the Earth Technology Corporation of Long Beach, California.
History and development
The first applications of CPT mainly determined the geotechnical property of bearing capacity soil. The original cone penetrometers included simple mechanical measurements of the total penetration resistance to pushing a tool with a tapered tip into the ground. Different methods were used to separate the measured total resistance into components generated by the tapered tip (the "tip friction") and the friction generated by the rod string. A friction sleeve was added to quantify this component of friction and help determine the cohesive strength of the soil in the 1960s.[1] Electronic measurements began in 1948 and were further improved in the early 1970s.[2] Most modern electronic CPT cones now also employ a pressure transducer with a filter to collect pore water pressure data. The filter is usually located at the tip of the cone (the so-called position U1), immediately behind the tip of the cone (the most common position U2) or behind the friction sleeve (position U3). Pore water pressure data helps determine stratigraphy and is primarily used to correct tip friction values for these effects. CPT tests that also collect data from this piezometer are called CPTU tests. CPT and CPTU test rigs typically advance the cone using hydraulic rams mounted on a ballasted vehicle or using bolted anchors as opposing force. An advantage of CPT over standard penetration testing (SPT) is a more continuous profile of soil parameters, with data recorded at intervals typically 20 cm, but as small as 1 cm.