Conductimeters
Introduction
The conductimeter (also conductimeter) or conductivity meter, is an electroanalytical instrument used to determine the electrical conductivity of solutions. Basically it is an alternating current ohmmeter that measures the current that circulates between two electrodes close to each other, placed inside a probe, which are immersed in the solution to be examined. The device measures the electrical resistance that the solution liquid exerts between the two electrodes when the current passes,[1] according to the following equation:
where is the conductivity of the solution, R is the resistance measured by the conductivity meter, l is the distance between the electrodes and A is their surface area.
The conductivity meter has multiple applications in research, engineering and the environment, being commonly used in hydroponics, aquaculture, aquaponics and in environmental analysis of natural waters[2] to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.
Basis
Electrolyte solutions allow the passage of electricity between two electrodes; that is, they present electrical conductivity. Contrary to what happens in metallic or electronic conductors, in the case of electrolytic solutions, it is the ions, which can move within the solution, that transport electricity. The ease of transport, that is, the conductivity "Conductivity (electrolytic)") of the solution, will depend on the speed of the ions, the charge, the viscosity of the medium in which they move and their size.[3].
This conductivity can be determined by using an instrument known as a conductivity meter, based on a Wheatstone bridge resistor circuit, similar to that used to measure the resistance of electronic conductors. In other words, it is an electrical resistance meter, but in this case an ionic solution. As they are solutions, the resistivity is influenced by the surface of the electrodes and the distance at which they are located, therefore, the resistance of the solution is measured using two flat or cylindrical electrodes that must be separated by a fixed and known distance.[4].
where l is said distance, in cm, and A the surface of the electrodes, expressed in cm, with ρ (rho) being the specific conductivity, which is expressed in ohms per centimeter (Ω.cm). The inverse of the electrical resistance is the conductance and the inverse of the specific resistivity is the specific conductivity, , so.