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Concrete durability evaluation

Introduction

Quality control is the set of mechanisms, actions and tools carried out to detect the presence of errors.[1].

The main function of quality control is to ensure that products or services meet minimum quality requirements. It exists primarily as a "Service (economics)" service of the organization, to understand the specifications established by product engineering and to provide assistance to the manufacturing department, so that production achieves these specifications. As such, the role involves the collection and analysis of large amounts of data which are then presented to different departments to initiate appropriate corrective action.

Any product that does not meet the minimum characteristics to be considered correct will be eliminated, without being able to correct possible manufacturing defects that could avoid these added costs and material waste.

To control the quality of a product, inspections or sampling tests are carried out to verify that its characteristics are optimal.[2] The only drawback of these tests is the expense involved in controlling each manufactured product, since defective ones are eliminated, without the possibility of reusing it.

Evidence

Contenido

El control de calidad o también llamado control cualitativo, se lleva a cabo mediante la realización de comprobaciones, medidas, pruebas, verificaciones y cualquier otra tarea que contraste el producto fabricado con unos parámetros que se consideran como referencia.

Homologation

Approval tests allow quality control tests to be carried out on one or more samples at the beginning of production. They are carried out by independent laboratories and allow products to be cataloged with respect to private, national or international standards, making it possible to subsequently compare the results of each of the manufactured products with the approved reference. Thus, an ADIF type cable can be different from a Metro type cable, both being fiber optic cables, with different construction, geometry and technical qualities.

These tests verify, among others:

Physical analysis

Concrete durability evaluation

Introduction

Quality control is the set of mechanisms, actions and tools carried out to detect the presence of errors.[1].

The main function of quality control is to ensure that products or services meet minimum quality requirements. It exists primarily as a "Service (economics)" service of the organization, to understand the specifications established by product engineering and to provide assistance to the manufacturing department, so that production achieves these specifications. As such, the role involves the collection and analysis of large amounts of data which are then presented to different departments to initiate appropriate corrective action.

Any product that does not meet the minimum characteristics to be considered correct will be eliminated, without being able to correct possible manufacturing defects that could avoid these added costs and material waste.

To control the quality of a product, inspections or sampling tests are carried out to verify that its characteristics are optimal.[2] The only drawback of these tests is the expense involved in controlling each manufactured product, since defective ones are eliminated, without the possibility of reusing it.

Evidence

Contenido

El control de calidad o también llamado control cualitativo, se lleva a cabo mediante la realización de comprobaciones, medidas, pruebas, verificaciones y cualquier otra tarea que contraste el producto fabricado con unos parámetros que se consideran como referencia.

Homologation

Approval tests allow quality control tests to be carried out on one or more samples at the beginning of production. They are carried out by independent laboratories and allow products to be cataloged with respect to private, national or international standards, making it possible to subsequently compare the results of each of the manufactured products with the approved reference. Thus, an ADIF type cable can be different from a Metro type cable, both being fiber optic cables, with different construction, geometry and technical qualities.

Controls in the different phases of the project

Feasibility study

Feasibility studies are the earliest stage of the project. They analyze the technical, economic and temporal viability of the solution, as the three main resources when facing an improvement solution.

At this stage, reviews can be carried out to verify the data collected, analyze the alternatives and solutions.

Project writing

Project reviews are a method of improving the quality of the final product, since measurements, specifications and in general the proposed technical solution are verified.

Approvals

Approvals allow manufacturers to carry out test manufacturing, with the aim of validating the solution manufactured with the client, before launching full production manufacturing.

quality tests

Manufacturers carry out quality checks frequently. The percentage of verified products is defined in the Quality Assurance Plan").

FAT factory tests

Once the project is underway, Factory testing is a method of controlling the quality of the product by the end customer or one of its delegates. Factory tests or FAT tests (Factory Acceptance Tests*), are tests that are carried out in the Factory prior to shipping the materials to the buyer. These tests are carried out on a sample of products, generally at the beginning of the project, verifying qualitative, quantitative, geometric, and functional controls.

The objective of a FAT test is to demonstrate to the client that the products meet the specifications agreed upon at the time of offering and contracting the supply services.[3].

To do this, a team of specialists moves to review both the material and the documentation, verifying that:

• - The products are the requested products.

• - The quantity manufactured is sufficient to meet the supply conditions.

• - The products are properly documented, packaged and stored.

• - Quality tests are satisfactory.

• - The delivery date is within the agreed period.

In these tests, stand-alone tests of the device or product are carried out.

Following the ISO 9001 standard, the client or its designated consultant may raise a non-conformity whenever any of the relevant aspects are not met. These non-conformities imply that the products or a part of them must be reviewed and either a second FAT or a shipment will be agreed upon conditional on the performance of correction tasks called corrective actions.

Internal testing

Internal tests are carried out by the manufacturer and allow us to know if the development of the installation is favorable. They are carried out with the contract staff in which the client or their representatives are not present.

SAT tests

SAT tests or Site Acceptance Test are tests that are carried out on products and/or systems once installed. The end client or one of his delegates or representatives is present.

Integration testing or SAT allows you to verify that the device or product works correctly within the system in which it has been integrated.[4].

These tests involve non-destructive testing, causing failures in all possible connections and interfaces to verify the response of the element. In the same way, overloads are carried out to verify that the physical, electrical, optical, logical, administrative or any other structures will support normal operation with a tolerance margin greater than a percentage that is defined at design time and is verified during these tests.

After the SAT, commissioning takes place, maintaining fallback or return alternatives. Some engineering, such as civil engineering, talk about the delivery of the work when its general use is accepted and permitted.

With the finished solution, the As-Built" project is documented, which collects the information actually executed independently of the projected solution.

Objections

Repairs are small imperfections that do not prevent the normal operation of the executed solution, which are documented and are usually part of a list of points to review and correct that are managed during the maintenance of the infrastructure, work or device.

Controls in the different phases of the project

Feasibility study

Feasibility studies are the earliest stage of the project. They analyze the technical, economic and temporal viability of the solution, as the three main resources when facing an improvement solution.

At this stage, reviews can be carried out to verify the data collected, analyze the alternatives and solutions.

Project writing

Project reviews are a method of improving the quality of the final product, since measurements, specifications and in general the proposed technical solution are verified.

Approvals

Approvals allow manufacturers to carry out test manufacturing, with the aim of validating the solution manufactured with the client, before launching full production manufacturing.

quality tests

Manufacturers carry out quality checks frequently. The percentage of verified products is defined in the Quality Assurance Plan").

FAT factory tests

Once the project is underway, Factory testing is a method of controlling the quality of the product by the end customer or one of its delegates. Factory tests or FAT tests (Factory Acceptance Tests*), are tests that are carried out in the Factory prior to shipping the materials to the buyer. These tests are carried out on a sample of products, generally at the beginning of the project, verifying qualitative, quantitative, geometric, and functional controls.

The objective of a FAT test is to demonstrate to the client that the products meet the specifications agreed upon at the time of offering and contracting the supply services.[3].

To do this, a team of specialists moves to review both the material and the documentation, verifying that:

• - The products are the requested products.

• - The quantity manufactured is sufficient to meet the supply conditions.

• - The products are properly documented, packaged and stored.

• - Quality tests are satisfactory.

• - The delivery date is within the agreed period.

In these tests, stand-alone tests of the device or product are carried out.

Following the ISO 9001 standard, the client or its designated consultant may raise a non-conformity whenever any of the relevant aspects are not met. These non-conformities imply that the products or a part of them must be reviewed and either a second FAT or a shipment will be agreed upon conditional on the performance of correction tasks called corrective actions.

Internal testing

Internal tests are carried out by the manufacturer and allow us to know if the development of the installation is favorable. They are carried out with the contract staff in which the client or their representatives are not present.

SAT tests

SAT tests or Site Acceptance Test are tests that are carried out on products and/or systems once installed. The end client or one of his delegates or representatives is present.

Integration testing or SAT allows you to verify that the device or product works correctly within the system in which it has been integrated.[4].

These tests involve non-destructive testing, causing failures in all possible connections and interfaces to verify the response of the element. In the same way, overloads are carried out to verify that the physical, electrical, optical, logical, administrative or any other structures will support normal operation with a tolerance margin greater than a percentage that is defined at design time and is verified during these tests.

After the SAT, commissioning takes place, maintaining fallback or return alternatives. Some engineering, such as civil engineering, talk about the delivery of the work when its general use is accepted and permitted.

With the finished solution, the As-Built" project is documented, which collects the information actually executed independently of the projected solution.

Objections

Repairs are small imperfections that do not prevent the normal operation of the executed solution, which are documented and are usually part of a list of points to review and correct that are managed during the maintenance of the infrastructure, work or device.