Territorial labeling is a concept contemplated within the so-called territorial ordering or territorial planning; Because of this, this is defined first.
Territorial planning is an interdisciplinary science; considered as an applied science, a political process and an administrative technique.
Aim
Territorial planning is responsible for planning the appropriate uses for a given space, generally defined at the level of cities, departments and municipalities. For this purpose, studies are carried out on the natural resources and economic activities of the respective territory; in order to recommend the most appropriate uses to take advantage of the space in such a way that natural resources are not deteriorated, the areas in which urbanization can be done, the public services that need intervention for improvement, the areas that must be protected and the resources that must be invested. It must be carried out by an interdisciplinary group that takes into account the different variables that determine the use of space.[4] These variables are the so-called territorial labels; These are not established in a specific way for zoning plans in general, but rather, based on the studies carried out in the region, they are determined for a specific zoning plan.
Criteria
At the conceptual level, two criteria are distinguished:
Territorial Labels
Organizing the Territory: The experience of Barcelona and Catalonia
It is a volume published in 2012 by the Catalan geographer specialized in urban studies and planning, Oriol Nel·lo,[6] who during the years 2003 and 2010 served as Secretary for Territorial Planning in the Government of the Generalitat of Catalonia and consequently was one of the main political and technical officials. The book aims to reflect on the challenges and perspectives of territorial planning based on a specific experience: that of Catalonia in the last decade.[7].
Comparative territorial analysis
Introduction
Territorial labeling is a concept contemplated within the so-called territorial ordering or territorial planning; Because of this, this is defined first.
Territorial planning is an interdisciplinary science; considered as an applied science, a political process and an administrative technique.
Aim
Territorial planning is responsible for planning the appropriate uses for a given space, generally defined at the level of cities, departments and municipalities. For this purpose, studies are carried out on the natural resources and economic activities of the respective territory; in order to recommend the most appropriate uses to take advantage of the space in such a way that natural resources are not deteriorated, the areas in which urbanization can be done, the public services that need intervention for improvement, the areas that must be protected and the resources that must be invested. It must be carried out by an interdisciplinary group that takes into account the different variables that determine the use of space.[4] These variables are the so-called territorial labels; These are not established in a specific way for zoning plans in general, but rather, based on the studies carried out in the region, they are determined for a specific zoning plan.
Criteria
At the conceptual level, two criteria are distinguished:
Territorial Labels
Organizing the Territory: The experience of Barcelona and Catalonia
It is a volume published in 2012 by the Catalan geographer specialized in urban studies and planning, Oriol Nel·lo,[6] who during the years 2003 and 2010 served as Secretary for Territorial Planning in the Government of the Generalitat of Catalonia and consequently was one of the main political and technical officials. The book aims to reflect on the challenges and perspectives of territorial planning based on a specific experience: that of Catalonia in the last decade.[7].
9 territorial labels are taken, described in 9 chapters, for each of them we reflect on the problem raised and the response it has found, in the public administration policies applied throughout the Catalan territory and, especially, in the Barcelona metropolitan area.[8].
It provides a critical and constructive vision at the same time, the main potentialities are named; of location, of the urban structure, of territorial integration, of the economic structure and of the possibilities of action of public administrations; in this way, to warn of the problems and challenges that arise, such as the dispersion of urbanization, functional specialization of the territory and segregation of social groups on it.
Several methodological challenges arise; the preparation of plans is usually done with a classic waterfall structure, which generates a delay in the process; but there it was decided to advance in parallel and concurrently with plans of different nature and level of concreteness (partial territorial plans, territorial master plans, urban master plans).
The territorial plans have focused strictly on the physical planning of the territory (considering the dynamics of economic and demographic transformation) on three basic aspects: the open space system, the settlement system and the infrastructure system. They are conceived as references for these processes through an environmentally sustainable, functionally efficient and socially fair territorial model.
This is one of the seven Partial Territorial Plans that cover the entire territory of Catalonia. In the PTMB, for each of the three basic aspects of the physical planning of the territory, the level of linkage of the precepts is specified, ranging from the most normative of the open space system to the most indicative of the infrastructure system. These require political will and social acceptance of the proposals.
It presents the urban provisions of the general planning (classification and qualification of the land), and also the setting of adaptation deadlines for the latter. The 39 urban master plans promoted are presented in a systematized manner, grouping them by thematic areas (Coastline, mountains, heritage/landscape, urban areas, infrastructure, Strategic Residential Areas), which allows a comparative exercise to be carried out highlighting the elements that characterize them.
It is a restrictive plan for the urbanization process, well received by economic and social agents in general. The management instruments take on great importance, the Fund for the Management of Non-Developable Land in the Coastal System, of which it is especially helpful to know the typologies of projects, and the co-responsibility in their financing between the Generalitat and city councils, the latter aspect that is present in other policies such as those derived from the Neighborhood Law.
Importance of all municipalities having municipal planning adapted to recent changes. An objective that is proposed to be achieved through two instruments: aid to municipalities for its drafting and the corresponding drafting by the Generalitat of urban planning standards for municipalities without planning. New geographic information tools are also presented, and specifically those telematics aimed at ease of consultation and transparency of the contents of urban planning.
The Strategic Residential Areas (AREs) are presented, which were promoted in the change of the real estate cycle to guarantee the right to housing and make it compatible with the principles of physical compactness, functional complexity and social cohesion.
The landscape must be considered in a modern, historical but very dynamic way, extensive to the entire territory. The regulatory and administrative instruments developed and their current state of implementation are presented, special emphasis is placed on their articulation with territorial and urban planning. One of the main management mechanisms is also exposed: the fund destined to subsidize landscape actions.
The neighborhood rehabilitation policies developed since 2004 are discussed. The need to approach the problem from a regional scale is presented; The operation to select the neighborhoods is explained based on a double system of objective indicators, and the characteristics of the projects; The three mechanisms used to promote it are highlighted; The direct and indirect effects of the executed budgets are collected; inter-administrative cooperation is vertical in nature; the vicissitudes in the financing and execution of the assigned budgets are exposed in a self-critical manner; the instruments and performances developed are exposed; The two mechanisms adopted in pursuit of transparency and efficiency of the investments made are shown; Finally, it collects the first fruits of the evaluations and presents new lines for the future.
The location is confirmed (eminently in environments where metropollination dynamics develop with greater intensity), the temporal and legal characteristics and the deficits in the basic urban services of the approximately 1,850 urbanizations. The deficiencies that arise with respect to the living conditions of the population and the environmental threat of many of these urbanizations are the object, therefore, of the legal framework and of the instruments developed by the Urbanization Law. Without taking into consideration the harmful effects for the community and which translate into “exacerbated consumption of land, exposure to natural risks, consumption of water and energy, dependency on private vehicles, the difficulty it generates for municipal finances, the social segregation generated and governance problems.”
The analysis of the Catalan experience shows to what extent territorial planning, put at the service of transformative projects, can contribute in a relevant way to improving social efficiency in the use of space, avoiding environmental attacks and promoting greater social and territorial equity. Possibility of drawing lessons for the future in which, in Catalonia and beyond, territorial policies must constitute an essential part of a broad project of economic and social transformation that aims at environmental sustainability, political democracy and social equity.
References
[1] ↑ Boville, Belén; Sánchez-González, Diego (2007). Planificación Territorial y Desarrollo Sostenible en México, Perspectiva Comparada / Planning and Sustainable Development in Mexico, Comparative Perspective. Universidad de Barcelona-Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. p. 465.
[2] ↑ Sánchez-González, Diego; Ledezma-Elizondo, María Teresa; Rivera-Herrera, Nora Livia (2011). Geografía Humana y crisis urbana en México / Human Geography and urban crisis in Mexico. Monterrey: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. p. 278.
[3] ↑ Sánchez-González, Diego. «Aproximaciones a los conflictos sociales y propuestas sostenibles de urbanismo y ordenación del territorio en México / Approaches to Social Conflicts and Sustainable Proposals for Urban and Regional Planning in Mexico». Revista de Estudios Sociales (42): 40-56.
[7] ↑ Nel·lo, Oriol (2012). Ordenar el territorio. La experiencia de Barcelona y Cataluña. Valencia.
[8] ↑ DONAT, Carles. NEL·LO, Oriol. Ordenar el territorio. La experiencia de Barcelona y Cataluña. Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. [En línea]. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, 25 de enero de 2013, Vol. XVIII, n.º 1010. <http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-1010.htm>. [ISSN 1138-9796].: http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-1010.htm
9 territorial labels are taken, described in 9 chapters, for each of them we reflect on the problem raised and the response it has found, in the public administration policies applied throughout the Catalan territory and, especially, in the Barcelona metropolitan area.[8].
It provides a critical and constructive vision at the same time, the main potentialities are named; of location, of the urban structure, of territorial integration, of the economic structure and of the possibilities of action of public administrations; in this way, to warn of the problems and challenges that arise, such as the dispersion of urbanization, functional specialization of the territory and segregation of social groups on it.
Several methodological challenges arise; the preparation of plans is usually done with a classic waterfall structure, which generates a delay in the process; but there it was decided to advance in parallel and concurrently with plans of different nature and level of concreteness (partial territorial plans, territorial master plans, urban master plans).
The territorial plans have focused strictly on the physical planning of the territory (considering the dynamics of economic and demographic transformation) on three basic aspects: the open space system, the settlement system and the infrastructure system. They are conceived as references for these processes through an environmentally sustainable, functionally efficient and socially fair territorial model.
This is one of the seven Partial Territorial Plans that cover the entire territory of Catalonia. In the PTMB, for each of the three basic aspects of the physical planning of the territory, the level of linkage of the precepts is specified, ranging from the most normative of the open space system to the most indicative of the infrastructure system. These require political will and social acceptance of the proposals.
It presents the urban provisions of the general planning (classification and qualification of the land), and also the setting of adaptation deadlines for the latter. The 39 urban master plans promoted are presented in a systematized manner, grouping them by thematic areas (Coastline, mountains, heritage/landscape, urban areas, infrastructure, Strategic Residential Areas), which allows a comparative exercise to be carried out highlighting the elements that characterize them.
It is a restrictive plan for the urbanization process, well received by economic and social agents in general. The management instruments take on great importance, the Fund for the Management of Non-Developable Land in the Coastal System, of which it is especially helpful to know the typologies of projects, and the co-responsibility in their financing between the Generalitat and city councils, the latter aspect that is present in other policies such as those derived from the Neighborhood Law.
Importance of all municipalities having municipal planning adapted to recent changes. An objective that is proposed to be achieved through two instruments: aid to municipalities for its drafting and the corresponding drafting by the Generalitat of urban planning standards for municipalities without planning. New geographic information tools are also presented, and specifically those telematics aimed at ease of consultation and transparency of the contents of urban planning.
The Strategic Residential Areas (AREs) are presented, which were promoted in the change of the real estate cycle to guarantee the right to housing and make it compatible with the principles of physical compactness, functional complexity and social cohesion.
The landscape must be considered in a modern, historical but very dynamic way, extensive to the entire territory. The regulatory and administrative instruments developed and their current state of implementation are presented, special emphasis is placed on their articulation with territorial and urban planning. One of the main management mechanisms is also exposed: the fund destined to subsidize landscape actions.
The neighborhood rehabilitation policies developed since 2004 are discussed. The need to approach the problem from a regional scale is presented; The operation to select the neighborhoods is explained based on a double system of objective indicators, and the characteristics of the projects; The three mechanisms used to promote it are highlighted; The direct and indirect effects of the executed budgets are collected; inter-administrative cooperation is vertical in nature; the vicissitudes in the financing and execution of the assigned budgets are exposed in a self-critical manner; the instruments and performances developed are exposed; The two mechanisms adopted in pursuit of transparency and efficiency of the investments made are shown; Finally, it collects the first fruits of the evaluations and presents new lines for the future.
The location is confirmed (eminently in environments where metropollination dynamics develop with greater intensity), the temporal and legal characteristics and the deficits in the basic urban services of the approximately 1,850 urbanizations. The deficiencies that arise with respect to the living conditions of the population and the environmental threat of many of these urbanizations are the object, therefore, of the legal framework and of the instruments developed by the Urbanization Law. Without taking into consideration the harmful effects for the community and which translate into “exacerbated consumption of land, exposure to natural risks, consumption of water and energy, dependency on private vehicles, the difficulty it generates for municipal finances, the social segregation generated and governance problems.”
The analysis of the Catalan experience shows to what extent territorial planning, put at the service of transformative projects, can contribute in a relevant way to improving social efficiency in the use of space, avoiding environmental attacks and promoting greater social and territorial equity. Possibility of drawing lessons for the future in which, in Catalonia and beyond, territorial policies must constitute an essential part of a broad project of economic and social transformation that aims at environmental sustainability, political democracy and social equity.
References
[1] ↑ Boville, Belén; Sánchez-González, Diego (2007). Planificación Territorial y Desarrollo Sostenible en México, Perspectiva Comparada / Planning and Sustainable Development in Mexico, Comparative Perspective. Universidad de Barcelona-Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. p. 465.
[2] ↑ Sánchez-González, Diego; Ledezma-Elizondo, María Teresa; Rivera-Herrera, Nora Livia (2011). Geografía Humana y crisis urbana en México / Human Geography and urban crisis in Mexico. Monterrey: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. p. 278.
[3] ↑ Sánchez-González, Diego. «Aproximaciones a los conflictos sociales y propuestas sostenibles de urbanismo y ordenación del territorio en México / Approaches to Social Conflicts and Sustainable Proposals for Urban and Regional Planning in Mexico». Revista de Estudios Sociales (42): 40-56.
[7] ↑ Nel·lo, Oriol (2012). Ordenar el territorio. La experiencia de Barcelona y Cataluña. Valencia.
[8] ↑ DONAT, Carles. NEL·LO, Oriol. Ordenar el territorio. La experiencia de Barcelona y Cataluña. Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. [En línea]. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, 25 de enero de 2013, Vol. XVIII, n.º 1010. <http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-1010.htm>. [ISSN 1138-9796].: http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-1010.htm