Vertical or backbone cabling

The vertical cabling system provides interconnections between building entrance and utility rooms, equipment rooms, and telecommunications rooms. Backbone cabling includes the vertical connection (Backbone raceways can be vertical or horizontal) between floors in multi-story buildings. Backbone wiring includes transmission media (cables), main and intermediate cross-connection points, and mechanical terminations. The vertical cabling makes the interconnection between the different telecommunications cabinets and between them and the equipment room. In this component of the cabling system, it is no longer economical to maintain the general structure used in horizontal cabling, but rather it is convenient to make independent installations for telephony and data. This is reinforced by the fact that, if the backbone needs to be replaced, this is done at relatively low cost, and causing very little inconvenience to the building's occupants. The telephone backbone is usually made with multi-pair telephone cable. To define the data backbone it is necessary to take into account what the physical layout of the equipment will be. Normally, the physical layout of the backbone is done in a star shape, that is, the cabinets are interconnected with one that is defined as the center of the star, where the most complex electronic equipment is located.

The data backbone can be implemented with UTP cables and/or fiber optics. If you decide to use UTP, it will be category 5e, 6 or 6A and a number of cables will be arranged from each cabinet to the cabinet selected as a star center.

Currently, the difference in cost caused by the use of fiber optics is offset by the greater flexibility and possibility of growth that this technology provides. The backbone is built by carrying a fiber cable from each cabinet to the center cabinet of the star. Although for a minimum Ethernet configuration it is enough to use a two-fiber cable, it is advisable to use a cable with a greater number of fibers (6 to 12) since the cost difference is not important and it makes it possible, on the one hand, to have reserve conductors in case of failure of some, and on the other hand, the use in the future of other topologies that require more conductors, such as FDDI or fault-resistant systems. The EIA/TIA 568 standard provides for the location of vertical to horizontal wiring transmission, and the location of the devices necessary to achieve it, in independent rooms with a door intended for this purpose, located at least one per floor, called telecommunications closets. Standard 19-inch wide cabinets with doors, approximately 50 cm deep and 1.5 to 2 meters high are commonly used. These cabinets generally have the following sections:

• - Connection to the workstations: two UTP cables arrive from each workstation.

• - Telephone backbone connection: multi-pair cable that can terminate in connection strips or patch panels.

• - Data backbone connection: fiber optic cables that are led to a suitable connection tray.

Wiring service entrance room

• - In cables, connection accessories, protection devices, and other equipment necessary to connect the building to external services. It may contain the demarcation point. They offer electrical protection established by applicable electrical codes. They must be designed in accordance with the EIA/TIA-569-A standard. The installation requirements are:

• Precautions when handling UTP cable

• Avoid tension in the cable

• Cables should not be routed in very tight groups

• Use appropriate 100 ohm UTP and STP cable routes and accessories

**No turns with an angle less than 90.

Grounding system

The grounding and bridging system established in standard ANSI/TIA/EIA-607 is an important component of any modern structured cabling system. The cabinet must have a ground connection, connected to the general ground of the electrical installation, to make the connections of all equipment. The ground conduit is not always indicated on the plans and may be unique for branches or circuits that pass through the same pass boxes, conduits or trays. Safety ground cables will be grounded underground.

Attenuation

Transmission signals over long distances are subject to distortion which is a loss of signal strength or amplitude. Attenuation is the main reason why the length of networks has several restrictions. If the signal becomes very weak, the receiving equipment will not intercept this information well or recognize it.

This causes errors, poor performance when having to retransmit the signal. Repeaters or amplifiers are used to extend network distances beyond the limitations of cable. Attenuation is measured with devices that inject a test signal into one end of the cable and measure it at the other end.

Attenuation is the loss of signal due to distance from one point to another.

Cable capacitance

Capacitance or capacitance can distort the signal in the cable: the longer the cable, and the thinner the thickness of the insulation, the greater the capacitance, resulting in distortion.

Capacity is the unit of measurement of the energy stored in a capacitor and the cable, having two or more electrodes separated by a dielectric material, basically behaves like a capacitor.

Cable testers can measure the capacity of this torque to determine if the cable has been threaded or stretched. The capacitance of twisted pair cable in networks is between 17 and 20 pF.

Speed ​​depending on network category

• - category 1: used for telephone communications and is not suitable for data transmission since its speeds do not reach 512 kbit/s.

• - category 2: can transmit data at speeds of up to 4 Mbit/s.

• - category 3: used in 10BaseT networks and can transmit data at speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s.

• - category 4: used in Token Ring networks and can transmit data at speeds of up to 16 Mbit/s.

• - category 5: can transmit data at speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s.

• - category 5e: can transmit data at speeds of up to 1000 Mbit/s.

• - category 6: High-speed networks up to 1 Gbit/s.

• - category 6A: High-speed networks up to 10 Gbit/s.

• - category 7: High-speed networks of up to 10 Gbit/s and frequencies up to 600 MHz.

• - category 7A: High-speed networks of up to 10 Gbit/s and frequencies up to 1000 MHz.

• - category 8"): High-speed networks of up to 40 Gbit/s and frequencies up to 2000 MHz.

Impedance and delay distortion

The transmission lines will have some portion of background noise, generated by external sources, the transmitter or adjacent lines. This noise is combined with the transmitted signal. The resulting distortion may be less, but the attenuation can cause the digital signal to drop to the level of the noise signal. The level of the digital signal is greater than the level of the noise signal, but approaches the level of the noise signal as it approaches the receiver. A signal made up of multiple frequencies is prone to delay distortion caused by impedance, which is the resistance to change of different frequencies. This can cause the different frequency components contained in the signals to arrive at the receiver out of time. If the frequency is increased, the effect worsens and the receiver will be unable to interpret the signals correctly. This problem can be solved by decreasing the length of the cable. Note that measuring impedance helps us detect cable breaks or missing connections. The cable must have an impedance of 100 ohms at the frequency used to transmit data. It is important to maintain a signal level above the noise level. The biggest source of noise in a multi-wire twisted pair cable is interference. Interference is a breakage of adjacent cables and is not a typical cable problem. Ambient noise in digital circuits is caused by fluorescent lamps, motors, microwave ovens, and office equipment such as computers, fax machines, telephones, and copiers. To measure interference, a signal of known value is injected at one end and the interference in neighboring cables is measured.

• - TIA-526-7 “Measurement of Optical Power Loss of Installed Single-Mode Fiber Cable Plant” – OFSTP-7 - (February 2002).

• - TIA-526-14-A “Optical Power Loss Measurements of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable Plant” – OFSTP-14 - (August 1998).

• - ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Telecommunications Wiring for Commercial Buildings, Part 1: General Requirements, May 2001.

• - Addendum ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1-1-2001, Addendum 1, Minimum Bend Radius for 4-Pair UTP and STP Cables, July 2001.

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-2 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 2 – Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Screened Balanced Twisted-Pair Horizontal Cabling” - (February 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-3 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 3 – Supportable Distances and Channel Attenuation for Optical Fiber Applications by Fiber Type” - (February 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-4 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 4 – Recognition of Category 6 and 850 nm Laser Optimized 50/125 μm Multimode Optical Fiber Cabling” - (February 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-5 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 5 – Telecommunications Cabling for Telecommunications Enclosures” – (March 2004).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-7 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 7 - Guidelines for Maintaining Polarity Using Array Connectors” – (January 2006).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components” - (December 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 1 – Transmission Performance Specifications for 4-Pair 100 ohm Category 6 Cabling” - (June 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-2 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 2 – Revision of Sub-clauses” - (December 2001).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-3 “”Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 3 – Additional Considerations for Insertion Loss & Return Loss Pass/Fail Determination” - (March 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-4 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 4 – Solderless Connection Reliability Requirements for Copper Connecting Hardware” - (June 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-5 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 5 – Corrections to TIA/EIA-568-B.2” – (January 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-6 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 6 – Category 6 Related Component Test Procedures” – (December 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-11 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 11 - Specification of 4-Pair UTP and SCTP Cabling” – (December 2005).

• - TIA/EIA-568-3 “Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard” - (April 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-3.1 “Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard – Addendum 1 – Additional Transmission Performance Specifications for 50/125 μm Optical Fiber Cables” – (April 2002).

• - TIA-569-B “Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces” - (October 2004).

• - TIA-598-C “Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding” - (January 2005).

• - TIA/EIA-606-A “Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications Infrastructure” - (May 2002).

• - J-STD-607-A “Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications” - (October 2002).

• - Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).

• - Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).

• - Local area network, Local Area Network (LAN).

• - Wireless local area network, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).

• - Metropolitan Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).

• - Wide area network, Wide Area Network (WAN).

Vertical or backbone cabling

The vertical cabling system provides interconnections between building entrance and utility rooms, equipment rooms, and telecommunications rooms. Backbone cabling includes the vertical connection (Backbone raceways can be vertical or horizontal) between floors in multi-story buildings. Backbone wiring includes transmission media (cables), main and intermediate cross-connection points, and mechanical terminations. The vertical cabling makes the interconnection between the different telecommunications cabinets and between them and the equipment room. In this component of the cabling system, it is no longer economical to maintain the general structure used in horizontal cabling, but rather it is convenient to make independent installations for telephony and data. This is reinforced by the fact that, if the backbone needs to be replaced, this is done at relatively low cost, and causing very little inconvenience to the building's occupants. The telephone backbone is usually made with multi-pair telephone cable. To define the data backbone it is necessary to take into account what the physical layout of the equipment will be. Normally, the physical layout of the backbone is done in a star shape, that is, the cabinets are interconnected with one that is defined as the center of the star, where the most complex electronic equipment is located.

The data backbone can be implemented with UTP cables and/or fiber optics. If you decide to use UTP, it will be category 5e, 6 or 6A and a number of cables will be arranged from each cabinet to the cabinet selected as a star center.

Currently, the difference in cost caused by the use of fiber optics is offset by the greater flexibility and possibility of growth that this technology provides. The backbone is built by carrying a fiber cable from each cabinet to the center cabinet of the star. Although for a minimum Ethernet configuration it is enough to use a two-fiber cable, it is advisable to use a cable with a greater number of fibers (6 to 12) since the cost difference is not important and it makes it possible, on the one hand, to have reserve conductors in case of failure of some, and on the other hand, the use in the future of other topologies that require more conductors, such as FDDI or fault-resistant systems. The EIA/TIA 568 standard provides for the location of vertical to horizontal wiring transmission, and the location of the devices necessary to achieve it, in independent rooms with a door intended for this purpose, located at least one per floor, called telecommunications closets. Standard 19-inch wide cabinets with doors, approximately 50 cm deep and 1.5 to 2 meters high are commonly used. These cabinets generally have the following sections:

• - Connection to the workstations: two UTP cables arrive from each workstation.

• - Telephone backbone connection: multi-pair cable that can terminate in connection strips or patch panels.

• - Data backbone connection: fiber optic cables that are led to a suitable connection tray.

Wiring service entrance room

• - In cables, connection accessories, protection devices, and other equipment necessary to connect the building to external services. It may contain the demarcation point. They offer electrical protection established by applicable electrical codes. They must be designed in accordance with the EIA/TIA-569-A standard. The installation requirements are:

• Precautions when handling UTP cable

• Avoid tension in the cable

• Cables should not be routed in very tight groups

• Use appropriate 100 ohm UTP and STP cable routes and accessories

**No turns with an angle less than 90.

Grounding system

The grounding and bridging system established in standard ANSI/TIA/EIA-607 is an important component of any modern structured cabling system. The cabinet must have a ground connection, connected to the general ground of the electrical installation, to make the connections of all equipment. The ground conduit is not always indicated on the plans and may be unique for branches or circuits that pass through the same pass boxes, conduits or trays. Safety ground cables will be grounded underground.

Attenuation

Transmission signals over long distances are subject to distortion which is a loss of signal strength or amplitude. Attenuation is the main reason why the length of networks has several restrictions. If the signal becomes very weak, the receiving equipment will not intercept this information well or recognize it.

This causes errors, poor performance when having to retransmit the signal. Repeaters or amplifiers are used to extend network distances beyond the limitations of cable. Attenuation is measured with devices that inject a test signal into one end of the cable and measure it at the other end.

Attenuation is the loss of signal due to distance from one point to another.

Cable capacitance

Capacitance or capacitance can distort the signal in the cable: the longer the cable, and the thinner the thickness of the insulation, the greater the capacitance, resulting in distortion.

Capacity is the unit of measurement of the energy stored in a capacitor and the cable, having two or more electrodes separated by a dielectric material, basically behaves like a capacitor.

Cable testers can measure the capacity of this torque to determine if the cable has been threaded or stretched. The capacitance of twisted pair cable in networks is between 17 and 20 pF.

Speed ​​depending on network category

• - category 1: used for telephone communications and is not suitable for data transmission since its speeds do not reach 512 kbit/s.

• - category 2: can transmit data at speeds of up to 4 Mbit/s.

• - category 3: used in 10BaseT networks and can transmit data at speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s.

• - category 4: used in Token Ring networks and can transmit data at speeds of up to 16 Mbit/s.

• - category 5: can transmit data at speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s.

• - category 5e: can transmit data at speeds of up to 1000 Mbit/s.

• - category 6: High-speed networks up to 1 Gbit/s.

• - category 6A: High-speed networks up to 10 Gbit/s.

• - category 7: High-speed networks of up to 10 Gbit/s and frequencies up to 600 MHz.

• - category 7A: High-speed networks of up to 10 Gbit/s and frequencies up to 1000 MHz.

• - category 8"): High-speed networks of up to 40 Gbit/s and frequencies up to 2000 MHz.

Impedance and delay distortion

The transmission lines will have some portion of background noise, generated by external sources, the transmitter or adjacent lines. This noise is combined with the transmitted signal. The resulting distortion may be less, but the attenuation can cause the digital signal to drop to the level of the noise signal. The level of the digital signal is greater than the level of the noise signal, but approaches the level of the noise signal as it approaches the receiver. A signal made up of multiple frequencies is prone to delay distortion caused by impedance, which is the resistance to change of different frequencies. This can cause the different frequency components contained in the signals to arrive at the receiver out of time. If the frequency is increased, the effect worsens and the receiver will be unable to interpret the signals correctly. This problem can be solved by decreasing the length of the cable. Note that measuring impedance helps us detect cable breaks or missing connections. The cable must have an impedance of 100 ohms at the frequency used to transmit data. It is important to maintain a signal level above the noise level. The biggest source of noise in a multi-wire twisted pair cable is interference. Interference is a breakage of adjacent cables and is not a typical cable problem. Ambient noise in digital circuits is caused by fluorescent lamps, motors, microwave ovens, and office equipment such as computers, fax machines, telephones, and copiers. To measure interference, a signal of known value is injected at one end and the interference in neighboring cables is measured.

• - TIA-526-7 “Measurement of Optical Power Loss of Installed Single-Mode Fiber Cable Plant” – OFSTP-7 - (February 2002).

• - TIA-526-14-A “Optical Power Loss Measurements of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable Plant” – OFSTP-14 - (August 1998).

• - ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 Telecommunications Wiring for Commercial Buildings, Part 1: General Requirements, May 2001.

• - Addendum ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1-1-2001, Addendum 1, Minimum Bend Radius for 4-Pair UTP and STP Cables, July 2001.

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-2 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 2 – Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Screened Balanced Twisted-Pair Horizontal Cabling” - (February 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-3 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 3 – Supportable Distances and Channel Attenuation for Optical Fiber Applications by Fiber Type” - (February 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-4 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 4 – Recognition of Category 6 and 850 nm Laser Optimized 50/125 μm Multimode Optical Fiber Cabling” - (February 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-5 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 5 – Telecommunications Cabling for Telecommunications Enclosures” – (March 2004).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.1-7 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements Addendum 7 - Guidelines for Maintaining Polarity Using Array Connectors” – (January 2006).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components” - (December 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 1 – Transmission Performance Specifications for 4-Pair 100 ohm Category 6 Cabling” - (June 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-2 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 2 – Revision of Sub-clauses” - (December 2001).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-3 “”Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 3 – Additional Considerations for Insertion Loss & Return Loss Pass/Fail Determination” - (March 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-4 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 4 – Solderless Connection Reliability Requirements for Copper Connecting Hardware” - (June 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-5 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 5 – Corrections to TIA/EIA-568-B.2” – (January 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-6 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 6 – Category 6 Related Component Test Procedures” – (December 2003).

• - TIA/EIA-568-B.2-11 “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components – Addendum 11 - Specification of 4-Pair UTP and SCTP Cabling” – (December 2005).

• - TIA/EIA-568-3 “Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard” - (April 2002).

• - TIA/EIA-568-3.1 “Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard – Addendum 1 – Additional Transmission Performance Specifications for 50/125 μm Optical Fiber Cables” – (April 2002).

• - TIA-569-B “Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces” - (October 2004).

• - TIA-598-C “Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding” - (January 2005).

• - TIA/EIA-606-A “Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications Infrastructure” - (May 2002).

• - J-STD-607-A “Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications” - (October 2002).

• - Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).

• - Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).

• - Local area network, Local Area Network (LAN).

• - Wireless local area network, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).

• - Metropolitan Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).

• - Wide area network, Wide Area Network (WAN).