Mortar is a mixture of inorganic binders, fine aggregates and water, and possible additives that serve to bind construction elements such as bricks, stones, concrete blocks, etc. In addition, it is used to fill the spaces left between the blocks and for wall covering. The most common binders today are cement, although historically lime, earth and gypsum have been the most used. The word "mortar" comes from the Old French mortier, 'building mortar, plaster; mixing bowl'. (13c.).[1].
Generally, they are used for masonry works, as gripping material, wall covering, etc. Cement mortar becomes hard as it cures, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure ("Aggregate (mining)"); However, mortar functions as a weaker component than building blocks and serves as a sacrificial element in masonry, because mortar is easier and less expensive to repair than building blocks. Masons often make mortars using a mixture of sand, a binder "Binder (material)") and water. The most common binder since the turn of the century is Portland cement, but the older binder lime mortar is still used in some specialized new construction. Lime, lime mortar and gypsum in the form of plaster of Paris are particularly used in the repair and repointing of historic buildings and structures, so the repair materials will be similar in performance and appearance to the original materials. There are several types of cement mortars and additives.
History
The perfection of the mortar or cement of the ancients has become a proverb. The Egyptians did not use it in the construction of large stone buildings. However, as Jacques-Joseph Champollion observed, a type of mortar was used between the limestone blocks of the lining of the Great Pyramid, possibly to facilitate their sliding and optimal adjustment when placing them.
There are many examples that prove the use that the ancients made of them, of plaster, lime, bitumen, etc. The Greeks and Etruscans also knew its use. There is talk of a water tank in Sparta built with pebbles and mortar, and the sepulchral grottoes of Tarquin are covered with painted stucco. Necessity would have made the use of mortar and cement adapted to all towns.[2].
The first mortars were made of mud and clay,[3] as demonstrated in the buildings of the tenth millennium BC. C. of Jericho, and the eighth millennium BC. C. of Ganj Dareh.[3].
According to Roman Ghirshman, the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the Mehrgarh of Baluchistan in what is now Pakistan, built from sun-dried bricks" in 6500 BC.[4]
Coating with repair mortar
Introduction
Mortar is a mixture of inorganic binders, fine aggregates and water, and possible additives that serve to bind construction elements such as bricks, stones, concrete blocks, etc. In addition, it is used to fill the spaces left between the blocks and for wall covering. The most common binders today are cement, although historically lime, earth and gypsum have been the most used. The word "mortar" comes from the Old French mortier, 'building mortar, plaster; mixing bowl'. (13c.).[1].
Generally, they are used for masonry works, as gripping material, wall covering, etc. Cement mortar becomes hard as it cures, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure ("Aggregate (mining)"); However, mortar functions as a weaker component than building blocks and serves as a sacrificial element in masonry, because mortar is easier and less expensive to repair than building blocks. Masons often make mortars using a mixture of sand, a binder "Binder (material)") and water. The most common binder since the turn of the century is Portland cement, but the older binder lime mortar is still used in some specialized new construction. Lime, lime mortar and gypsum in the form of plaster of Paris are particularly used in the repair and repointing of historic buildings and structures, so the repair materials will be similar in performance and appearance to the original materials. There are several types of cement mortars and additives.
History
The perfection of the mortar or cement of the ancients has become a proverb. The Egyptians did not use it in the construction of large stone buildings. However, as Jacques-Joseph Champollion observed, a type of mortar was used between the limestone blocks of the lining of the Great Pyramid, possibly to facilitate their sliding and optimal adjustment when placing them.
There are many examples that prove the use that the ancients made of them, of plaster, lime, bitumen, etc. The Greeks and Etruscans also knew its use. There is talk of a water tank in Sparta built with pebbles and mortar, and the sepulchral grottoes of Tarquin are covered with painted stucco. Necessity would have made the use of mortar and cement adapted to all towns.[2].
Plaster mortar, also called plaster of Paris, was used in the construction of many ancient structures. It is made of gypsum, which requires a lower firing temperature. It is therefore easier to make than lime mortar and sets much faster, which may be one reason why it was used as the typical mortar in the ancient construction of brick arches and vaults. Gypsum mortar is not as durable as other mortars in wet conditions.[5].
On the Indian subcontinent, multiple types of cement have been observed at sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, with gypsum appearing at sites such as the city-settlement Mohenjo-daro, which dates back to before 2600 BC. C..
Gypsum cement that was "light gray and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime" was used in the construction of wells, drains, and on the exteriors of "important-looking buildings." Bituminous mortar was also used at a lower frequency, including in the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro.[6][7].
In the early Egyptian pyramids, which were built during the Old Kingdom (~2600-2500 BC), the limestone blocks were held together by a mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand.[8] In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of gypsum or lime.[9] Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of gypsum and sand and was quite soft.
Babylonian constructions of the 2nd millennium BCE used lime "Lime (material)") or pitch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pitch (resin) (not yet redacted)") for mortar.
Historically, concrete and mortar construction appeared next in Greece. Excavation of the Megara underground aqueduct revealed that a reservoir was lined with a 12 mm thick pozzolanic mortar. This aqueduct dates from c. 500 BC C..[10] The pozzolanic mortar is a lime-based mortar, but it is made with a volcanic ash additive that allows it to harden under water; which is why it is known as hydraulic cement. The Greeks obtained volcanic ash from the Greek islands Thira and Nisiros"), or from the then Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Pozzuoli) near Naples, Italy. Later, the Romans improved the use and methods to make what became known as mortar and pozzolanic cement.[9] Even later, the Romans used a pozzolana-free mortar using crushed terracotta, introducing aluminum oxide and carbon dioxide. silicon in the mixture. This mortar was not as strong as pozzolanic mortar, but, being denser, it resisted water penetration better.[11].
Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash. Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic-organic composite (sticky rice mortar) that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.[12][13].
It is not understood how the art of making hydraulic mortars and cements, perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia. During the Middle Ages when Gothic cathedrals were built, the only active ingredient in mortar was lime. Since cured lime mortar can degrade from contact with water, many structures suffered over the centuries from windblown rain.
Mixed
Mixing mortar is different from mixing concrete or concrete since, as it does not have coarse aggregate, it has a consistency. It can be done manually, depending on the amount inside a trough "Trough (container)") with a hoe or in a bucket (or bucket) with a mason's spoon, or mechanically in a mixer or mortar.
Classification
Contenido
La hoja DIN 18550 contiene relaciones exactas para la proporción de mezcla. En esta se distinguen 5 tipos de morteros:[16].
Mortars with a binder
The setting rate can be increased by using impure limestone in the kiln, to form a hydraulic lime") which will set on contact with water. Such lime should be stored as a dry powder. Alternatively, a pozzolanic material, such as calcined clay or brick dust, may be added to the mortar mix. The addition of a pozzolanic material will cause the mortar to set reasonably quickly by reaction with water.
It would be problematic to use Portland cement mortars to repair older buildings originally constructed with lime mortar. Lime mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing the masonry a certain degree of flexibility to adapt to changing soil or other changing conditions. Cement mortar is harder and allows little flexibility. The contrast can cause brick to crack where both mortars are present on a single wall.
Lime mortar is considered breathable because it will allow moisture to move freely and evaporate from the surface. In older buildings with walls that move over time, cracks can be found that allow rainwater to enter the structure. The lime mortar allows this moisture to escape through evaporation and keeps the wall dry. Pointing or plastering an old wall with cement mortar stops evaporation and can cause problems associated with moisture behind the cement.
Cement mortars are those whose binder is a mixture of Portland cement Fine aggregates. and water.
It was invented in 1794 by Joseph Aspdin and patented on December 18, 1824, largely as a result of efforts to develop stronger mortars. It became popular at the end of the century and by 1930 had become more popular than lime mortar as a building material. The advantages of Portland cement are that it sets strongly and quickly, allowing for a faster pace of construction. Additionally, fewer skilled workers are required to build a structure with Portland cement.
However, as a general rule, Portland cement should not be used to repair or repoint older buildings constructed with lime mortar, which require the flexibility, softness and breathability of lime to function properly. [18][19].
In the United States and other countries, five standard types of mortar (available as dry premixed products) are generally used for both new construction and repairs. Mortar strengths change depending on the mixing ratio for each type of mortar, which are specified according to ASTM standards. These premixed mortar products are designated by one of five letters: M, S, N, O and K. Type M mortar is the strongest and Type K is the weakest. The mixing proportion is always expressed in volume of Portland cement, lime, sand.
These typographic letters are apparently taken from the alternative letters of the words: M'aS"oNwOrK.[20].
Bastard mortars
Bastard mortars are those in which two binders are involved, such as: gypsum and lime, cement and lime.[21].
Aerial mortars
The aerial mortar is one in which the binder is aerial lime,
Its use is uncommon in construction.
Hydraulic mortars
Hydraulic mortars are those in which the binder is hydraulic lime.
Justacken Mortar
Special mortars:
Pozzolanic mortar
Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash. It was originally discovered and excavated at Pozzuoli, near Mount Vesuvius in Italy, and was subsequently also mined at other sites. The Romans learned that pozzolana added to lime mortar allowed the lime to solidify relatively quickly and even under water. Vitruvius, the Roman architect, spoke of four types of pozzolana. It is found in all volcanic areas of Italy in various colors: black, white, gray and red. Since then, "pozzolana" has become a generic term for any siliceous and/or aluminous additive to slaked lime to create hydraulic cement.[22].
Finely ground and mixed with lime, it is a hydraulic cement, like Portland cement, and forms a strong mortar that also sets underwater.
[6] ↑ O. P. Jaggi (1969), History of science and technology in India, Volume 1, Atma Ram, 1969, «... In some of the important-looking buildings, gypsum cement of a light gray colour was used on the outside to prevent the mud mortar from crumbling down. In a very well constructed drain of the Intermediate period, the mortar which was used contains a high percentage of lime instead of gypsum. Bitumen was found to have been used only at one place in Mohenjo-daro. This was in the construction of the great bath ...» .: https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm3NAAAAMAAJ
[7] ↑ Abdur Rahman (1999), History of Indian science, technology, and culture, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-19-564652-8, «... Gypsum cement was found to have been used in the construction of a well in Mohenjo-daro. The cement was light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime ...» .: https://books.google.com/books?id=4bnaAAAAMAAJ
[13] ↑ Yang Fuwei, Zhang Bingjian, Ma Qinglin (2010). «Study of Sticky Rice−Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction». Accounts of Chemical Research 43 (6): 936-944. PMID 20455571. doi:10.1021/ar9001944.: https://es.wikipedia.org//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455571
[16] ↑ Laubsch, Helmut (1979). Traducción del alemán por Carlos Saenz de Magarola, ed. Con la brocha y la pintura. (en alemán). Barcelona: Reverté. p. 167. ISBN 9788429114454. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2015.: https://books.google.com.co/books?id=cDLvcDRDB48C
[17] ↑ Hernández-Atencia, Yelena (diciembre de 2015). Caracterización patológica de los pavimentos en las rutas de buses y vías principales de Ibagué (CW). Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2018.: https://dx.doi.org/10.16925/greylit.1145
[18] ↑ Masonry: the best of Fine homebuilding.. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 1997. Print. 113.
The first mortars were made of mud and clay,[3] as demonstrated in the buildings of the tenth millennium BC. C. of Jericho, and the eighth millennium BC. C. of Ganj Dareh.[3].
According to Roman Ghirshman, the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the Mehrgarh of Baluchistan in what is now Pakistan, built from sun-dried bricks" in 6500 BC.[4]
Plaster mortar, also called plaster of Paris, was used in the construction of many ancient structures. It is made of gypsum, which requires a lower firing temperature. It is therefore easier to make than lime mortar and sets much faster, which may be one reason why it was used as the typical mortar in the ancient construction of brick arches and vaults. Gypsum mortar is not as durable as other mortars in wet conditions.[5].
On the Indian subcontinent, multiple types of cement have been observed at sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, with gypsum appearing at sites such as the city-settlement Mohenjo-daro, which dates back to before 2600 BC. C..
Gypsum cement that was "light gray and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime" was used in the construction of wells, drains, and on the exteriors of "important-looking buildings." Bituminous mortar was also used at a lower frequency, including in the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro.[6][7].
In the early Egyptian pyramids, which were built during the Old Kingdom (~2600-2500 BC), the limestone blocks were held together by a mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand.[8] In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of gypsum or lime.[9] Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of gypsum and sand and was quite soft.
Babylonian constructions of the 2nd millennium BCE used lime "Lime (material)") or pitch&action=edit&redlink=1 "Pitch (resin) (not yet redacted)") for mortar.
Historically, concrete and mortar construction appeared next in Greece. Excavation of the Megara underground aqueduct revealed that a reservoir was lined with a 12 mm thick pozzolanic mortar. This aqueduct dates from c. 500 BC C..[10] The pozzolanic mortar is a lime-based mortar, but it is made with a volcanic ash additive that allows it to harden under water; which is why it is known as hydraulic cement. The Greeks obtained volcanic ash from the Greek islands Thira and Nisiros"), or from the then Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Pozzuoli) near Naples, Italy. Later, the Romans improved the use and methods to make what became known as mortar and pozzolanic cement.[9] Even later, the Romans used a pozzolana-free mortar using crushed terracotta, introducing aluminum oxide and carbon dioxide. silicon in the mixture. This mortar was not as strong as pozzolanic mortar, but, being denser, it resisted water penetration better.[11].
Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash. Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic-organic composite (sticky rice mortar) that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.[12][13].
It is not understood how the art of making hydraulic mortars and cements, perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia. During the Middle Ages when Gothic cathedrals were built, the only active ingredient in mortar was lime. Since cured lime mortar can degrade from contact with water, many structures suffered over the centuries from windblown rain.
Mixed
Mixing mortar is different from mixing concrete or concrete since, as it does not have coarse aggregate, it has a consistency. It can be done manually, depending on the amount inside a trough "Trough (container)") with a hoe or in a bucket (or bucket) with a mason's spoon, or mechanically in a mixer or mortar.
Classification
Contenido
La hoja DIN 18550 contiene relaciones exactas para la proporción de mezcla. En esta se distinguen 5 tipos de morteros:[16].
Mortars with a binder
The setting rate can be increased by using impure limestone in the kiln, to form a hydraulic lime") which will set on contact with water. Such lime should be stored as a dry powder. Alternatively, a pozzolanic material, such as calcined clay or brick dust, may be added to the mortar mix. The addition of a pozzolanic material will cause the mortar to set reasonably quickly by reaction with water.
It would be problematic to use Portland cement mortars to repair older buildings originally constructed with lime mortar. Lime mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing the masonry a certain degree of flexibility to adapt to changing soil or other changing conditions. Cement mortar is harder and allows little flexibility. The contrast can cause brick to crack where both mortars are present on a single wall.
Lime mortar is considered breathable because it will allow moisture to move freely and evaporate from the surface. In older buildings with walls that move over time, cracks can be found that allow rainwater to enter the structure. The lime mortar allows this moisture to escape through evaporation and keeps the wall dry. Pointing or plastering an old wall with cement mortar stops evaporation and can cause problems associated with moisture behind the cement.
Cement mortars are those whose binder is a mixture of Portland cement Fine aggregates. and water.
It was invented in 1794 by Joseph Aspdin and patented on December 18, 1824, largely as a result of efforts to develop stronger mortars. It became popular at the end of the century and by 1930 had become more popular than lime mortar as a building material. The advantages of Portland cement are that it sets strongly and quickly, allowing for a faster pace of construction. Additionally, fewer skilled workers are required to build a structure with Portland cement.
However, as a general rule, Portland cement should not be used to repair or repoint older buildings constructed with lime mortar, which require the flexibility, softness and breathability of lime to function properly. [18][19].
In the United States and other countries, five standard types of mortar (available as dry premixed products) are generally used for both new construction and repairs. Mortar strengths change depending on the mixing ratio for each type of mortar, which are specified according to ASTM standards. These premixed mortar products are designated by one of five letters: M, S, N, O and K. Type M mortar is the strongest and Type K is the weakest. The mixing proportion is always expressed in volume of Portland cement, lime, sand.
These typographic letters are apparently taken from the alternative letters of the words: M'aS"oNwOrK.[20].
Bastard mortars
Bastard mortars are those in which two binders are involved, such as: gypsum and lime, cement and lime.[21].
Aerial mortars
The aerial mortar is one in which the binder is aerial lime,
Its use is uncommon in construction.
Hydraulic mortars
Hydraulic mortars are those in which the binder is hydraulic lime.
Justacken Mortar
Special mortars:
Pozzolanic mortar
Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash. It was originally discovered and excavated at Pozzuoli, near Mount Vesuvius in Italy, and was subsequently also mined at other sites. The Romans learned that pozzolana added to lime mortar allowed the lime to solidify relatively quickly and even under water. Vitruvius, the Roman architect, spoke of four types of pozzolana. It is found in all volcanic areas of Italy in various colors: black, white, gray and red. Since then, "pozzolana" has become a generic term for any siliceous and/or aluminous additive to slaked lime to create hydraulic cement.[22].
Finely ground and mixed with lime, it is a hydraulic cement, like Portland cement, and forms a strong mortar that also sets underwater.
[6] ↑ O. P. Jaggi (1969), History of science and technology in India, Volume 1, Atma Ram, 1969, «... In some of the important-looking buildings, gypsum cement of a light gray colour was used on the outside to prevent the mud mortar from crumbling down. In a very well constructed drain of the Intermediate period, the mortar which was used contains a high percentage of lime instead of gypsum. Bitumen was found to have been used only at one place in Mohenjo-daro. This was in the construction of the great bath ...» .: https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm3NAAAAMAAJ
[7] ↑ Abdur Rahman (1999), History of Indian science, technology, and culture, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-19-564652-8, «... Gypsum cement was found to have been used in the construction of a well in Mohenjo-daro. The cement was light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime ...» .: https://books.google.com/books?id=4bnaAAAAMAAJ
[13] ↑ Yang Fuwei, Zhang Bingjian, Ma Qinglin (2010). «Study of Sticky Rice−Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction». Accounts of Chemical Research 43 (6): 936-944. PMID 20455571. doi:10.1021/ar9001944.: https://es.wikipedia.org//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455571
[16] ↑ Laubsch, Helmut (1979). Traducción del alemán por Carlos Saenz de Magarola, ed. Con la brocha y la pintura. (en alemán). Barcelona: Reverté. p. 167. ISBN 9788429114454. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2015.: https://books.google.com.co/books?id=cDLvcDRDB48C
[17] ↑ Hernández-Atencia, Yelena (diciembre de 2015). Caracterización patológica de los pavimentos en las rutas de buses y vías principales de Ibagué (CW). Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2018.: https://dx.doi.org/10.16925/greylit.1145
[18] ↑ Masonry: the best of Fine homebuilding.. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 1997. Print. 113.