CO₂ emissions
Introduction
Carbon dioxide emissions have two origins: natural and anthropogenic,[1] with the latter having a strong growth in recent decades, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The current concentration of carbon dioxide (CO) in the air ranges around 416 ppm in 2020, or 0.0415%, with some day-night, seasonal variations, due to the anthropic part; and with localized pollution peaks. The CO content has never been so high in .[2].
The concentration of CO in the atmosphere has been increasing since the end of the century and the rate of increase accelerated at the end of the century, going from 0.5 ppm/year in 1960 to 2 ppm/year in 2000, with a minimum value of 0.43 in 1992 and a maximum of 3 ppm in 1998. Since 2000, the annual rate of increase has barely changed.[3].
Global anthropogenic emissions are increasing every year: in 2007 CO emissions were 2 times higher than in 1971.[4] In 1990, 26,402 CO were emitted per year and in 2005, that is, an increase of 1.7% per year during this period. The combustion of 1 liter (34 fl oz) of gasoline generates 2.3 kg (5.1 pounds) of CO.[5] and that of one liter of diesel 2.6 kg (5.7 pounds) of CO.
Despite the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in some countries in the 1990s, CO emissions have continued to increase.[6] In 2008, "least developed" countries accounted for more than 50% of global emissions. These countries represent 80% of the world's population, but they only accounted for 20% of emissions from 1751 to 2007.
Due to non-compliance with the Kyoto Protocol, in 2009 the Copenhagen Summit or XV UN Climate Change Conference 2009 was held, where 119 world leaders participated with the aim of reaching realistic agreements on climate change and CO emissions.[7].
According to the International Energy Agency, CO emissions will increase by 130% by 2050.[8] The investment necessary to halve emissions and develop an "international revolution in energy technologies" would rise to around 2050.
CO2 emissions
Toxicology and ecotoxicology
In addition to the fact that CO emissions are generally accompanied by various emissions of soot, smoke, heavy metals and other pollutants that affect most living organisms, nanoparticles have effects that are still very little studied, but appear to be important.