A grain elevator is a complex of agricultural facilities designed to accumulate or store grain. In the grain trade, the term "grain elevator" also describes a tower containing a bucket elevator or pneumatic conveyor, which picks up grain from a lower level and deposits it in a silo or other storage facility.
In most cases, grain elevator also describes the entire elevator complex, including receiving and testing offices, weighbridges, and storage facilities. It can also mean organizations that operate or control several individual elevators, in different locations. In Australia, the term describes only the lifting mechanism.
Before the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk (large quantities of loose grain). The Dart elevator was a great innovation. It was invented by Joseph Dart, a merchant, and Robert Dunbar, an engineer, in 1842 and 1843, in Buffalo, New York. Using Oliver Evans' steam flour mills as a model, they invented the sea leg, which collected loose grain from the hulls of ships and raised it to the top of a sea tower.[1].
Early grain elevators and bins were often constructed of framed wood or framing, and were prone to fire. Grain elevator containers, tanks and silos are now generally made of steel or reinforced concrete. Bucket elevators are used to lift grain to a distributor or shipper, from which it falls via spikes and/or conveyors into one or more bins, silos or tanks at a facility. When desired, silos, bins and tanks are emptied by gravity flow, sweep augers and conveyors. As grain is emptied from bins, tanks and silos, it is transported, mixed and weighed onto trucks, rail cars or barges for shipment.
History
Both necessity and the prospect of making money gave rise to the steam grain elevator in Buffalo, New York, in 1843. Due to the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, Buffalo enjoyed a unique position in American geography. It was located at the intersection of two major water routes; one extended from New York Harbor up the Hudson River to Albany, and beyond, the Port of Buffalo; the other comprised the Great Lakes ("Great Lakes (North America)"), which could theoretically take sailors in any direction they wanted to go (north to Canada, west to Michigan or Wisconsin, south to Toledo and Cleveland, or east to the Atlantic Ocean). Throughout the 1830s, Buffalo benefited greatly from its position. In particular, it was the recipient of most of the increasing quantities of grain (mainly wheat) that was grown on farms in Ohio and Indiana, and shipped to Lake Erie for transshipment to the Erie Canal. If Buffalo had not been there, or when things got worse there, that grain would have been loaded onto ships in Cincinnati and shipped down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.[1].
Bulk cargo port facilities
Introduction
A grain elevator is a complex of agricultural facilities designed to accumulate or store grain. In the grain trade, the term "grain elevator" also describes a tower containing a bucket elevator or pneumatic conveyor, which picks up grain from a lower level and deposits it in a silo or other storage facility.
In most cases, grain elevator also describes the entire elevator complex, including receiving and testing offices, weighbridges, and storage facilities. It can also mean organizations that operate or control several individual elevators, in different locations. In Australia, the term describes only the lifting mechanism.
Before the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk (large quantities of loose grain). The Dart elevator was a great innovation. It was invented by Joseph Dart, a merchant, and Robert Dunbar, an engineer, in 1842 and 1843, in Buffalo, New York. Using Oliver Evans' steam flour mills as a model, they invented the sea leg, which collected loose grain from the hulls of ships and raised it to the top of a sea tower.[1].
Early grain elevators and bins were often constructed of framed wood or framing, and were prone to fire. Grain elevator containers, tanks and silos are now generally made of steel or reinforced concrete. Bucket elevators are used to lift grain to a distributor or shipper, from which it falls via spikes and/or conveyors into one or more bins, silos or tanks at a facility. When desired, silos, bins and tanks are emptied by gravity flow, sweep augers and conveyors. As grain is emptied from bins, tanks and silos, it is transported, mixed and weighed onto trucks, rail cars or barges for shipment.
History
Both necessity and the prospect of making money gave rise to the steam grain elevator in Buffalo, New York, in 1843. Due to the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, Buffalo enjoyed a unique position in American geography. It was located at the intersection of two major water routes; one extended from New York Harbor up the Hudson River to Albany, and beyond, the Port of Buffalo; the other comprised the Great Lakes ("Great Lakes (North America)"), which could theoretically take sailors in any direction they wanted to go (north to Canada, west to Michigan or Wisconsin, south to Toledo and Cleveland, or east to the Atlantic Ocean). Throughout the 1830s, Buffalo benefited greatly from its position. In particular, it was the recipient of most of the increasing quantities of grain (mainly wheat) that was grown on farms in Ohio and Indiana, and shipped to Lake Erie for transshipment to the Erie Canal. If Buffalo had not been there, or when things got worse there, that grain would have been loaded onto ships in Cincinnati and shipped down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.[1].
By 1842, Buffalo's port facilities had clearly become outdated. They were still based on techniques that had been in use since the European Middle Ages; Longshore work crews used pulleys and tackle and their own chines to unload or load each sack of grain that was stored on land or in the hull of the ship. It took several days, sometimes even a week, to serve a single boatload of grain. Grain shipments went down the Mississippi River, not the Great Lakes/Erie Canal system.
A merchant named Joseph Dart is generally credited with being the one who adapted Oliver Evans' grain elevator (originally a manufacturing device) for use in a commercial setting (the transshipment of bulk grain from lakers to canal boats), but the actual design and construction of the world's first steam-powered "grain storage and transfer warehouse" was executed by an engineer named Robert Dunbar. Thanks to the historic Dart's Elevator (operational June 1, 1843), which ran almost seven times faster than its non-mechanized predecessors, Buffalo was able to keep pace and thus further stimulate the rapid growth of American agricultural production in the 1840s and 1850s, but especially after the Civil War, with the arrival of the railroads.[1].
The world's second and third grain elevators were built in Toledo, Ohio, and Brooklyn, New York, in 1847. These fledgling American cities were connected through an emerging international grain trade of unprecedented proportions. Shipments of grain from Ohio farms were loaded onto ships via elevators in Toledo; These ships were unloaded by elevators in Buffalo that sent their grain to canal boats (and, later, railroad cars), which were unloaded by elevators in Brooklyn, where the grain was distributed to East Coast flour mills or loaded for later shipment to England, the Netherlands, or Germany. However, this eastward flow of grain was accompanied by an equally important flow of people and capital in the opposite direction, that is, from east to west. Because of the money to be made from grain production and, of course, the existence of a river route to get there, an increasing number of immigrants from Brooklyn came to Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to become farmers. More farmers meant more grasslands were converted to cropland, which in turn meant more grain production, which of course meant more grain elevators would have to be built in places like Toledo, Buffalo, and Brooklyn (and Cleveland, Chicago, and Duluth. Through this loop of productivity set in motion by the invention of the grain elevator, the United States became a major international producer of wheat, corn, and oats.[1].
At the turn of the century, concerns arose over monopolistic practices in the grain elevator industry, leading to testimony before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1906. This led to several grain elevators in Nebraska being burned down, supposedly in protest.
Today, grain elevators are a common sight in grain-growing areas of the world, such as the prairies of North America. The largest terminal elevators are located in distribution centers, such as Chicago and Thunder Bay, Ont., where grain is shipped for processing or loaded aboard trains or ships to go further.
Buffalo, New York, the world's largest grain port from the 1850s to the first half of the century, once had the largest grain storage capacity in the United States in more than 30 concrete grain elevators located along the Inner and Outer Harbors. While several are still in productive use, many of those remaining are currently idle. In a budding trend, some of the city's idle capacity has recently come back online, with an ethanol plant started in 2007 using one of the previously idle elevators to store corn. At the turn of the century, Buffalo's grain elevators inspired modernist architects like Le Corbusier, who exclaimed: The first fruits of the new era! when he first saw them. The Buffalo Grain Elevators have been documented by the Historic American Engineering Record and added to the National Register of Historic Places. Enid, Oklahoma currently holds the title of largest grain storage capacity in the United States.
In farming communities, each town had one or more small grain elevators that served local farmers. The classic grain elevator was built with wooden supports and had nine or more larger square or rectangular bins arranged in patterns of 3×3 or 3×4 or 4×4 or larger. Wood-frame elevators typically had a driveway with a truck scale and office on one side, a rail line on the other side, and additional attached bins for grain storage on each side.
In more recent times, with improved transportation, much larger, centralized elevators serve many farms. Some of them are quite large. Two lifts in Kansas (one in Hutchinson and one in Wichita) are half a mile long. The loss of small town grain elevators is often seen as a major change in their identity, and efforts are made to preserve them as heritage structures. At the same time, many larger grain farms have their own grain handling facilities for storage and truck loading.
Elevator operators buy grain from farmers, either in cash or at a contracted price, and then sell futures contracts for the same amount of grain, usually every day. They benefit through the "basis" drawdown, that is, the difference between the local spot price and the futures price, which occurs at certain times of the year.
Before economical trucking was available, grain elevator operators sometimes used their purchasing power to control prices. This was especially easy, as farmers often had only one elevator within a reasonable distance of their farms. This led some governments to take over the management of grain elevators. An example of this is the Saskatchewan Wheat Reserve. For the same reason, cooperatives bought many elevators.
A recent issue with grain elevators is the need to provide separate storage for ordinary and genetically modified grains to reduce the risk of accidental mixing of the two.
In the past, grain elevators sometimes experienced silo explosions. Fine dust from the millions of grains passing through the facility would accumulate and mix with oxygen in the air. A spark could pass from one floating particle to another, creating a chain reaction that would destroy the entire structure. (This explosion of dispersed fuel is the mechanism behind fuel and air pumps.) To prevent this, elevators have very strict rules against smoking or any other open flames. Many elevators also have various devices installed to maximize ventilation, overheat protection on conveyor belts, legs, bearings, and explosion-proof electrical devices such as electric motors, switches, and lighting.
Grain elevators in small Canadian communities often had the name of the community painted on two sides of the elevator in large capital letters, with the name of the elevator operator stamped on the other two sides. This made it easier for rail operators (and, incidentally, for lost drivers and pilots) to identify the community. The community's old name often remained in an elevator long after the town disappeared or merged into another community; The grain elevator in Ellerslie, Alberta, remained marked with its former community name until it was demolished, which took place more than 20 years after the town was annexed by Edmonton.
One of the major historical trends in grain trading has been the closing of many smaller elevators and the consolidation of grain trading in fewer locations and among fewer companies. For example, in 1961, 1,642 "field elevators" (the smallest type) were in Alberta, holding 3,452,240 tonnes (3,805,440 short tons) of grain. By 2010, only 79 "primary lifts" (as they are now known) remained, holding 1,613,960 tons (1,779,090 short tons).
In 2017, the United States had 0.88 cubic kilometers (25 billion US bushels) of storage capacity, a growth of 25% over the previous decade.[4].
Explosion risk
Background
Given a sufficiently large suspension of combustible flour or grain dust in the air, a significant explosion can occur. A historical example of the destructive power of grain explosions is the 1878 explosion of the Washburn "A" mill in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which killed 18 people, leveled two nearby mills, damaged many others, and caused a destructive fire that destroyed much of the nearby mills in the milling district (the Washburn "A" mill was later rebuilt and continued to be used until 1965). Another example occurred in 1998, when the DeBruce grain elevator in Wichita, Kansas, exploded, killing seven people. A recent example is an explosion on October 29, 2011 at Bartlett Grain Company in Atchison, Kansas. The death toll was six people. Two more men suffered serious burns, but the remaining four were not injured.[6].
Almost any finely divided organic substance becomes an explosive material when dispersed as an air suspension; Therefore, very fine flour is dangerously explosive in air suspension. This represents a significant risk when grinding grain to produce flour, so mills go to great lengths to eliminate sources of sparks. These measures include carefully sifting the grain before grinding or crushing it to remove stones, which could generate sparks from the grinding wheels, and the use of magnets to remove metal debris capable of generating sparks.
The first recorded flour explosion took place in an Italian mill in 1785, but many have occurred since then. These two references give numbers of flour and dust explosions recorded in the United States in 1994:[7] and 1997[8] In the ten-year period up to and including 1997, there were 129 explosions.
Factors that determine risk
In a facility where grain is stored, there is a risk of a grain dust explosion. For this to occur, several factors must occur. All of them have to be present simultaneously. These conditions are:
Eliminating any of these factors reduces the likelihood of a grain dust explosion.
Reduction in the risk of explosions
Grain storage facilities can reduce the risk of a grain dust explosion by using good maintenance practices to reduce grain dust levels and installing monitoring devices on equipment to detect overheating of bearings.[9][10].
Most primary explosions occur in a bucket elevator. Therefore, modern installations are designed with the leg on the outside of the installation to reduce the risk. The oldest installations were built with the leg inside.
Cleanliness of the facility is also a factor. Most of the destruction in a grain dust explosion is caused by secondary explosions, or a series of explosions, that occur throughout the facility. It is important that grain elevators have a good cleaning program to keep dust concentrations low. Managers must be very attentive to any point where ignition may occur.
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration has recognized grain dust as a potential hazard in the workplace, and has grain handling standards that include precautionary measures. They address the cleanliness and dangers of grain handling facilities.
Elevator Alley
The city of Buffalo is not only the birthplace of the modern grain elevator, but also has the largest number of extant examples in the world.[11] Several of the city's historic elevators are clustered along "Elevator Alley", a narrow stretch of the Buffalo River immediately adjacent to the harbor. The alley runs under Ohio Street and along Childs Street in the city's First Ward neighborhood.[12].
Elevator row
In Canada, the term "elevator row" refers to a row of four or more grain elevator screens.
In the early days of the pioneer prairie people of western Canada, when good farming was being established, many people wanted to make money by building their own grain elevators. This caused a multitude of private cereal companies to appear. The cities had dozens of elevator companies, all located in rows along the train tracks. If a city was lucky enough to have two railways, it would be known as the next Montreal. Many elevator rows had two or more elevators from the same company. Small towns boasted of their long rows of elevators in promotional brochures to attract settlers. With so much competition in the 1920s, consolidation began almost immediately, and many small businesses merged or were absorbed by larger ones.
In the mid-1990s, with the cost of grain so low, many private elevator companies had to merge again, resulting in the demolition of thousands of "prairie sentinels." Due to the demolition of so many grain elevators, only two rows of surviving elevators remain in Canada; one located in Inglis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Inglis (Manitoba) (not yet drafted)"), and the other in Warner "Warner (Alberta)"). The Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site has been protected as National Historic Sites of Canada. Warner Elevator Row has, as of 2019, not been designated as a historic site, and remains in use as commercial grain elevators.
References
[1] ↑ a b c d Brown, William J. (2013). American Colossus: The Grain Elevator 1843 to 1943. Colossal Books. ISBN 978-0578012612.
[2] ↑ a b Testimony taken by Interstate Commerce Commission, October 15 – November 23, 1906, in matter of relations of common carriers to the grain trade, 59th Congress, Senate Document #278, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1907, pp. 28, 34–35.: https://www.google.com/books?id=RW9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=Robert+Watke
[12] ↑ Cook, Michael; Papciak, Bryan (2010). Elevator Alley. Furnace Press. ISBN 9780977274260.
By 1842, Buffalo's port facilities had clearly become outdated. They were still based on techniques that had been in use since the European Middle Ages; Longshore work crews used pulleys and tackle and their own chines to unload or load each sack of grain that was stored on land or in the hull of the ship. It took several days, sometimes even a week, to serve a single boatload of grain. Grain shipments went down the Mississippi River, not the Great Lakes/Erie Canal system.
A merchant named Joseph Dart is generally credited with being the one who adapted Oliver Evans' grain elevator (originally a manufacturing device) for use in a commercial setting (the transshipment of bulk grain from lakers to canal boats), but the actual design and construction of the world's first steam-powered "grain storage and transfer warehouse" was executed by an engineer named Robert Dunbar. Thanks to the historic Dart's Elevator (operational June 1, 1843), which ran almost seven times faster than its non-mechanized predecessors, Buffalo was able to keep pace and thus further stimulate the rapid growth of American agricultural production in the 1840s and 1850s, but especially after the Civil War, with the arrival of the railroads.[1].
The world's second and third grain elevators were built in Toledo, Ohio, and Brooklyn, New York, in 1847. These fledgling American cities were connected through an emerging international grain trade of unprecedented proportions. Shipments of grain from Ohio farms were loaded onto ships via elevators in Toledo; These ships were unloaded by elevators in Buffalo that sent their grain to canal boats (and, later, railroad cars), which were unloaded by elevators in Brooklyn, where the grain was distributed to East Coast flour mills or loaded for later shipment to England, the Netherlands, or Germany. However, this eastward flow of grain was accompanied by an equally important flow of people and capital in the opposite direction, that is, from east to west. Because of the money to be made from grain production and, of course, the existence of a river route to get there, an increasing number of immigrants from Brooklyn came to Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to become farmers. More farmers meant more grasslands were converted to cropland, which in turn meant more grain production, which of course meant more grain elevators would have to be built in places like Toledo, Buffalo, and Brooklyn (and Cleveland, Chicago, and Duluth. Through this loop of productivity set in motion by the invention of the grain elevator, the United States became a major international producer of wheat, corn, and oats.[1].
At the turn of the century, concerns arose over monopolistic practices in the grain elevator industry, leading to testimony before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1906. This led to several grain elevators in Nebraska being burned down, supposedly in protest.
Today, grain elevators are a common sight in grain-growing areas of the world, such as the prairies of North America. The largest terminal elevators are located in distribution centers, such as Chicago and Thunder Bay, Ont., where grain is shipped for processing or loaded aboard trains or ships to go further.
Buffalo, New York, the world's largest grain port from the 1850s to the first half of the century, once had the largest grain storage capacity in the United States in more than 30 concrete grain elevators located along the Inner and Outer Harbors. While several are still in productive use, many of those remaining are currently idle. In a budding trend, some of the city's idle capacity has recently come back online, with an ethanol plant started in 2007 using one of the previously idle elevators to store corn. At the turn of the century, Buffalo's grain elevators inspired modernist architects like Le Corbusier, who exclaimed: The first fruits of the new era! when he first saw them. The Buffalo Grain Elevators have been documented by the Historic American Engineering Record and added to the National Register of Historic Places. Enid, Oklahoma currently holds the title of largest grain storage capacity in the United States.
In farming communities, each town had one or more small grain elevators that served local farmers. The classic grain elevator was built with wooden supports and had nine or more larger square or rectangular bins arranged in patterns of 3×3 or 3×4 or 4×4 or larger. Wood-frame elevators typically had a driveway with a truck scale and office on one side, a rail line on the other side, and additional attached bins for grain storage on each side.
In more recent times, with improved transportation, much larger, centralized elevators serve many farms. Some of them are quite large. Two lifts in Kansas (one in Hutchinson and one in Wichita) are half a mile long. The loss of small town grain elevators is often seen as a major change in their identity, and efforts are made to preserve them as heritage structures. At the same time, many larger grain farms have their own grain handling facilities for storage and truck loading.
Elevator operators buy grain from farmers, either in cash or at a contracted price, and then sell futures contracts for the same amount of grain, usually every day. They benefit through the "basis" drawdown, that is, the difference between the local spot price and the futures price, which occurs at certain times of the year.
Before economical trucking was available, grain elevator operators sometimes used their purchasing power to control prices. This was especially easy, as farmers often had only one elevator within a reasonable distance of their farms. This led some governments to take over the management of grain elevators. An example of this is the Saskatchewan Wheat Reserve. For the same reason, cooperatives bought many elevators.
A recent issue with grain elevators is the need to provide separate storage for ordinary and genetically modified grains to reduce the risk of accidental mixing of the two.
In the past, grain elevators sometimes experienced silo explosions. Fine dust from the millions of grains passing through the facility would accumulate and mix with oxygen in the air. A spark could pass from one floating particle to another, creating a chain reaction that would destroy the entire structure. (This explosion of dispersed fuel is the mechanism behind fuel and air pumps.) To prevent this, elevators have very strict rules against smoking or any other open flames. Many elevators also have various devices installed to maximize ventilation, overheat protection on conveyor belts, legs, bearings, and explosion-proof electrical devices such as electric motors, switches, and lighting.
Grain elevators in small Canadian communities often had the name of the community painted on two sides of the elevator in large capital letters, with the name of the elevator operator stamped on the other two sides. This made it easier for rail operators (and, incidentally, for lost drivers and pilots) to identify the community. The community's old name often remained in an elevator long after the town disappeared or merged into another community; The grain elevator in Ellerslie, Alberta, remained marked with its former community name until it was demolished, which took place more than 20 years after the town was annexed by Edmonton.
One of the major historical trends in grain trading has been the closing of many smaller elevators and the consolidation of grain trading in fewer locations and among fewer companies. For example, in 1961, 1,642 "field elevators" (the smallest type) were in Alberta, holding 3,452,240 tonnes (3,805,440 short tons) of grain. By 2010, only 79 "primary lifts" (as they are now known) remained, holding 1,613,960 tons (1,779,090 short tons).
In 2017, the United States had 0.88 cubic kilometers (25 billion US bushels) of storage capacity, a growth of 25% over the previous decade.[4].
Explosion risk
Background
Given a sufficiently large suspension of combustible flour or grain dust in the air, a significant explosion can occur. A historical example of the destructive power of grain explosions is the 1878 explosion of the Washburn "A" mill in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which killed 18 people, leveled two nearby mills, damaged many others, and caused a destructive fire that destroyed much of the nearby mills in the milling district (the Washburn "A" mill was later rebuilt and continued to be used until 1965). Another example occurred in 1998, when the DeBruce grain elevator in Wichita, Kansas, exploded, killing seven people. A recent example is an explosion on October 29, 2011 at Bartlett Grain Company in Atchison, Kansas. The death toll was six people. Two more men suffered serious burns, but the remaining four were not injured.[6].
Almost any finely divided organic substance becomes an explosive material when dispersed as an air suspension; Therefore, very fine flour is dangerously explosive in air suspension. This represents a significant risk when grinding grain to produce flour, so mills go to great lengths to eliminate sources of sparks. These measures include carefully sifting the grain before grinding or crushing it to remove stones, which could generate sparks from the grinding wheels, and the use of magnets to remove metal debris capable of generating sparks.
The first recorded flour explosion took place in an Italian mill in 1785, but many have occurred since then. These two references give numbers of flour and dust explosions recorded in the United States in 1994:[7] and 1997[8] In the ten-year period up to and including 1997, there were 129 explosions.
Factors that determine risk
In a facility where grain is stored, there is a risk of a grain dust explosion. For this to occur, several factors must occur. All of them have to be present simultaneously. These conditions are:
Eliminating any of these factors reduces the likelihood of a grain dust explosion.
Reduction in the risk of explosions
Grain storage facilities can reduce the risk of a grain dust explosion by using good maintenance practices to reduce grain dust levels and installing monitoring devices on equipment to detect overheating of bearings.[9][10].
Most primary explosions occur in a bucket elevator. Therefore, modern installations are designed with the leg on the outside of the installation to reduce the risk. The oldest installations were built with the leg inside.
Cleanliness of the facility is also a factor. Most of the destruction in a grain dust explosion is caused by secondary explosions, or a series of explosions, that occur throughout the facility. It is important that grain elevators have a good cleaning program to keep dust concentrations low. Managers must be very attentive to any point where ignition may occur.
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration has recognized grain dust as a potential hazard in the workplace, and has grain handling standards that include precautionary measures. They address the cleanliness and dangers of grain handling facilities.
Elevator Alley
The city of Buffalo is not only the birthplace of the modern grain elevator, but also has the largest number of extant examples in the world.[11] Several of the city's historic elevators are clustered along "Elevator Alley", a narrow stretch of the Buffalo River immediately adjacent to the harbor. The alley runs under Ohio Street and along Childs Street in the city's First Ward neighborhood.[12].
Elevator row
In Canada, the term "elevator row" refers to a row of four or more grain elevator screens.
In the early days of the pioneer prairie people of western Canada, when good farming was being established, many people wanted to make money by building their own grain elevators. This caused a multitude of private cereal companies to appear. The cities had dozens of elevator companies, all located in rows along the train tracks. If a city was lucky enough to have two railways, it would be known as the next Montreal. Many elevator rows had two or more elevators from the same company. Small towns boasted of their long rows of elevators in promotional brochures to attract settlers. With so much competition in the 1920s, consolidation began almost immediately, and many small businesses merged or were absorbed by larger ones.
In the mid-1990s, with the cost of grain so low, many private elevator companies had to merge again, resulting in the demolition of thousands of "prairie sentinels." Due to the demolition of so many grain elevators, only two rows of surviving elevators remain in Canada; one located in Inglis&action=edit&redlink=1 "Inglis (Manitoba) (not yet drafted)"), and the other in Warner "Warner (Alberta)"). The Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site has been protected as National Historic Sites of Canada. Warner Elevator Row has, as of 2019, not been designated as a historic site, and remains in use as commercial grain elevators.
References
[1] ↑ a b c d Brown, William J. (2013). American Colossus: The Grain Elevator 1843 to 1943. Colossal Books. ISBN 978-0578012612.
[2] ↑ a b Testimony taken by Interstate Commerce Commission, October 15 – November 23, 1906, in matter of relations of common carriers to the grain trade, 59th Congress, Senate Document #278, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1907, pp. 28, 34–35.: https://www.google.com/books?id=RW9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=Robert+Watke