Agricultural practices can reduce the biodiversity of a region significantly.[2]​ Biodiversity action plans for agricultural production are necessary to ensure biodiversity-friendly production. It has not been common for companies to integrate aspects of biodiversity into their value chain, but some companies and organizations have shown general efforts to implement best practices.[3]​.

An existing example of guidelines on biodiversity practices in agriculture is the Biodiversity Action Plan for Spice Production in India.[4] By planning and implementing biodiversity-friendly measures, farmers can mitigate negative impacts and support positive influences.

Where several threatened species depend on a specific habitat, it may be appropriate to prepare a habitat protection element of the Biodiversity Action Plan. Examples of these special habitats are: raised acid bogs of Scotland; Waterberg Biosphere Woodsavannah") in South Africa; California Coastal Wetlands; and Sweden's Stora Alvaret on the island of Öland. Here too, careful inventories of species and also the geographic extent and quality of the habitat must be documented. Then, as with species plans, a program can be created to protect, enhance and/or restore the habitat using strategies similar to those discussed above in species plans.

Contenido

A continuación se muestran algunos ejemplos de países individuales que han elaborado Planes de Acción de Biodiversidad sustantivos. En todos los ejemplos, los planes se concentran en plantas y animales vertebrados, con muy poca atención a grupos desatendidos como hongos, animales invertebrados y microorganismos, aunque estos también son parte de la biodiversidad. La preparación de un BAP de un país puede costar hasta 100 millones de libras esterlinas, con costos anuales de mantenimiento de aproximadamente el diez por ciento del costo inicial. Si los planes tuvieran en cuenta los grupos desatendidos, el costo sería mayor. Obviamente, los costos para países con áreas geográficas pequeñas o ecosistemas simplificados tienen un costo mucho menor. Por ejemplo, el BAP de Santa Lucía se ha calculado en el área de varios millones de libras esterlinas.[5]​.

Australia

Australia has developed a detailed and rigorous biodiversity action plan.[6] This document estimates that the total number of native species may be 560,000, many of which are endemic. A key element of the BAP is the protection of the Great Barrier Reef, which is actually in a much higher state of health than most reefs in the world, and Australia has one of the highest percentages of treated wastewater.[7]​ However, there are serious ongoing concerns, particularly regarding the continued negative impact on water quality of land use practices. Furthermore, the impact of climate change is feared to be significant.

Considerable analysis has been carried out on the sustainable yield of fuelwood production, a major threat to deforestation in most tropical countries. Biological inventory work; assessment of harvesting practices; and computer modeling of the dynamics of tree fall, rot and harvesting have been carried out to provide data on safe harvesting rates. Extensive research has also been carried out on the relationship between bush clearing and the decline in biodiversity and the impact on phreatics;[8]​ for example, these effects have been analyzed in the Toolibin Lake wetland region").

New Zealand

New Zealand has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and as part of the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy and Biodiversity Action Plans are implemented into ten separate themes.[9]​.

The local government and some companies also have their own Biodiversity Action Plan.

Saint Lucia

The Saint Lucia BAP recognizes the impacts of large numbers of tourists on the marine and coastal diversity of the Soufrière (Saint Lucia) area of ​​the country. The BAP specifically recognizes that the carrying capacity for human use and water pollution discharge from sensitive reef areas was exceeded in 1990. The plan also addresses the conservation of the island's historic fishing industry. In 1992, several institutions worked together with native fishermen to produce a sustainable management plan for fishery resources, embodied in the Soufrière Marine Management Area.

The Saint Lucia BAP has significant participation from the University of the West Indies. Special detailed attention is paid to three species of threatened sea turtles, a variety of vulnerable birds, and a number of pelagic fish and cetaceans. In terms of habitat conservation, the plan focuses attention on biologically productive mangroves and notes that virtually all mangrove areas were already under national protection in 1984.[10]​.

Tanzania

Tanzania's national BAP addresses issues related to the sustainable use of Lake Manyara, a vast freshwater lake, whose use by humans accelerated in the period 1950 to 1990. The designation of the Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program in 1981 combines conservation of the lake and surrounding high-value forests with sustainable use of the wetland area and simple agriculture. This BAP has brought together the main users of the lake in establishing management objectives. The biosphere reserve has induced sustainable management of wetlands, including control of groundwater and steep source water chemistry.[11]​.

United Kingdom

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan covers not only terrestrial species associated with lands within the UK, but also marine species and migratory birds, which spend limited time in the UK or its coastal waters. The UK plan covers "391 species action plans, 45 habitat action plans and 162 local biodiversity action plans with specific actions".[12] This plan is noteworthy for its extensive detail, clarity of mechanisms. of danger, specificity of actions, follow-up monitoring program and its inclusion of migratory cetaceans and pelagic birds.

On 28 August 2007, the new Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) [launched in 1997] identified 1,149 species and 65 habitats in the UK that needed conservation and further protection. The updated list included the hedgehog, house sparrow, snake and garden tiger moth, while otters, bottlenose dolphins and red squirrels still needed habitat protection.[13]​.

In May 2011, the European Commission adopted a new strategy to halt the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, in line with commitments made at the 10th meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in Nagoya, Japan, in 2010. In 2012, the UK BAP was replaced by the 'UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework'.

To support the work of the UK BAP, the JNCC created the UK BAP website in 2001. The website contained information about the BAP process, hosted all relevant documents and provided relevant news and updates. In March 2011, as part of the review of UK government websites, the UK BAP site was 'closed' and the main content was migrated to the JNCC website. 2012[16]​ ).

USA

Twenty-six years before the international convention on biological diversity, the United States had launched a national program to protect threatened species in the form of the Endangered Species Act of 1966. The legislation created broad authority to analyze and list species of concern and mandated the creation of Species Recovery Plans. Thus, although the US is an unratified signatory to the agreement, it arguably has the longest history and most comprehensive program of protection of species from any country. There are about 7,000 listed species (e.g., endangered or threatened), of which about half have approved recovery plans. While this number of species seems high compared to other countries, the value is quite indicative of the total number of species characterized, which is extremely large.

Uzbekistan

Five main habitat divisions have been identified in the BAP of Uzbekistan: wetlands (including reedbed and artificial marsh habitats); desert ecosystems (including sandy, stony and clayey); steppes riparian ecosystems; and mountain ecosystems. More than 27,000 species have been inventoried in the country, with a high rate of endemism for fish and reptiles. The main threats to biodiversity are related to human activities associated with overpopulation and generally related to agricultural intensification.[17] The main geographical regions covered by the BAP include the Aral Sea Program (threatened by long-term drainage and salinization, mainly for cotton production), the Nuratau Biosphere Reserve") and the Western Tien Shan Mountains Program (jointly with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan).

Some developing countries criticize the emphasis of PABs, because these plans inherently favor consideration of wildlife protection over food and industrial production and, in some cases, can represent an obstacle to population growth. The plans are expensive to produce, a fact that makes it difficult for many smaller, poorer countries to comply. As for the plans themselves, many countries have adopted pro forma plans that include little research and even less in the form of natural resource management. Almost universally, this has led to plans that emphasize plants and vertebrate animals, and overlook fungi,[18] invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. With respect to specific regions of the world, there is a notable lack of substantive participation from most countries in the Middle East and much of Africa, the latter of which may be hampered by economic considerations of the preparation of the plan. Some governments, such as the European Union, have diverted the purpose of a biodiversity action plan and have implemented the convention agreement through a set of economic development policies that refer to the protection of certain ecosystems.

The definition of biodiversity under the Convention on Biological Diversity now recognizes that biodiversity is a combination of ecosystem structure and function, as well as its components, for example species, habitats and genetic resources. Article 2 states:

The World Summit on Sustainable Development endorsed the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity to “achieve by 2010 a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and national levels as a contribution to the alleviation of poverty and the benefit of life on earth.” To achieve this result, biodiversity management will depend on the maintenance of structure and function.[19]​.

Biodiversity cannot be defined singularly, but can be understood through a series of management principles under the BAP, such as:

Biodiversity and wildlife are not the same. The traditional focus on threatened species in BAPs is at odds with biodiversity management principles because, when species become threatened, the processes that maintain biodiversity are already compromised. Individual species are also considered generally poor indicators of biodiversity when it comes to actual planning.[20]​ A species approach to BAPs only serves to identify and, at best, apply a patch to existing problems. Increasingly, biodiversity planners are looking through the lens of ecosystem services. Critics of biodiversity often confuse the need to protect species (their intrinsic value) with the need to maintain ecosystem processes, which ultimately maintain human society and do not compromise economic development. Therefore, a fundamental principle of biodiversity management, which traditional PABs overlook, is the need to incorporate cultural, social and economic values ​​into the process.

Today's BAPs use an analysis of ecosystem services, the key drivers of the ecological process, and use species as one of many indicators of change. They would seek to maintain structure and function by addressing habitat connectivity and resilience and may consider communities of species (threatened or not) as a method to monitor outcomes. Ultimately, species are the litmus test for biodiversity: viable populations of species can only be expected to exist in relatively intact habitats. However, the rationale behind PABs is to “conserve and restore” biodiversity. One of the most rapidly developing areas of management is biodiversity offsets Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The principles are in line with ecological impact assessment, which in turn depends on good quality BAP for assessment. Contemporary biodiversity management principles, such as those produced by the Corporate Biodiversity Offset Programme[21]​ are now an integral part of any plan to manage biodiversity, including the development of BAP.

Agricultural practices can reduce the biodiversity of a region significantly.[2]​ Biodiversity action plans for agricultural production are necessary to ensure biodiversity-friendly production. It has not been common for companies to integrate aspects of biodiversity into their value chain, but some companies and organizations have shown general efforts to implement best practices.[3]​.

An existing example of guidelines on biodiversity practices in agriculture is the Biodiversity Action Plan for Spice Production in India.[4] By planning and implementing biodiversity-friendly measures, farmers can mitigate negative impacts and support positive influences.

Where several threatened species depend on a specific habitat, it may be appropriate to prepare a habitat protection element of the Biodiversity Action Plan. Examples of these special habitats are: raised acid bogs of Scotland; Waterberg Biosphere Woodsavannah") in South Africa; California Coastal Wetlands; and Sweden's Stora Alvaret on the island of Öland. Here too, careful inventories of species and also the geographic extent and quality of the habitat must be documented. Then, as with species plans, a program can be created to protect, enhance and/or restore the habitat using strategies similar to those discussed above in species plans.

Contenido

A continuación se muestran algunos ejemplos de países individuales que han elaborado Planes de Acción de Biodiversidad sustantivos. En todos los ejemplos, los planes se concentran en plantas y animales vertebrados, con muy poca atención a grupos desatendidos como hongos, animales invertebrados y microorganismos, aunque estos también son parte de la biodiversidad. La preparación de un BAP de un país puede costar hasta 100 millones de libras esterlinas, con costos anuales de mantenimiento de aproximadamente el diez por ciento del costo inicial. Si los planes tuvieran en cuenta los grupos desatendidos, el costo sería mayor. Obviamente, los costos para países con áreas geográficas pequeñas o ecosistemas simplificados tienen un costo mucho menor. Por ejemplo, el BAP de Santa Lucía se ha calculado en el área de varios millones de libras esterlinas.[5]​.

Australia

Australia has developed a detailed and rigorous biodiversity action plan.[6] This document estimates that the total number of native species may be 560,000, many of which are endemic. A key element of the BAP is the protection of the Great Barrier Reef, which is actually in a much higher state of health than most reefs in the world, and Australia has one of the highest percentages of treated wastewater.[7]​ However, there are serious ongoing concerns, particularly regarding the continued negative impact on water quality of land use practices. Furthermore, the impact of climate change is feared to be significant.

Considerable analysis has been carried out on the sustainable yield of fuelwood production, a major threat to deforestation in most tropical countries. Biological inventory work; assessment of harvesting practices; and computer modeling of the dynamics of tree fall, rot and harvesting have been carried out to provide data on safe harvesting rates. Extensive research has also been carried out on the relationship between bush clearing and the decline in biodiversity and the impact on phreatics;[8]​ for example, these effects have been analyzed in the Toolibin Lake wetland region").

New Zealand

New Zealand has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and as part of the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy and Biodiversity Action Plans are implemented into ten separate themes.[9]​.

The local government and some companies also have their own Biodiversity Action Plan.

Saint Lucia

The Saint Lucia BAP recognizes the impacts of large numbers of tourists on the marine and coastal diversity of the Soufrière (Saint Lucia) area of ​​the country. The BAP specifically recognizes that the carrying capacity for human use and water pollution discharge from sensitive reef areas was exceeded in 1990. The plan also addresses the conservation of the island's historic fishing industry. In 1992, several institutions worked together with native fishermen to produce a sustainable management plan for fishery resources, embodied in the Soufrière Marine Management Area.

The Saint Lucia BAP has significant participation from the University of the West Indies. Special detailed attention is paid to three species of threatened sea turtles, a variety of vulnerable birds, and a number of pelagic fish and cetaceans. In terms of habitat conservation, the plan focuses attention on biologically productive mangroves and notes that virtually all mangrove areas were already under national protection in 1984.[10]​.

Tanzania

Tanzania's national BAP addresses issues related to the sustainable use of Lake Manyara, a vast freshwater lake, whose use by humans accelerated in the period 1950 to 1990. The designation of the Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program in 1981 combines conservation of the lake and surrounding high-value forests with sustainable use of the wetland area and simple agriculture. This BAP has brought together the main users of the lake in establishing management objectives. The biosphere reserve has induced sustainable management of wetlands, including control of groundwater and steep source water chemistry.[11]​.

United Kingdom

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan covers not only terrestrial species associated with lands within the UK, but also marine species and migratory birds, which spend limited time in the UK or its coastal waters. The UK plan covers "391 species action plans, 45 habitat action plans and 162 local biodiversity action plans with specific actions".[12] This plan is noteworthy for its extensive detail, clarity of mechanisms. of danger, specificity of actions, follow-up monitoring program and its inclusion of migratory cetaceans and pelagic birds.

On 28 August 2007, the new Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) [launched in 1997] identified 1,149 species and 65 habitats in the UK that needed conservation and further protection. The updated list included the hedgehog, house sparrow, snake and garden tiger moth, while otters, bottlenose dolphins and red squirrels still needed habitat protection.[13]​.

In May 2011, the European Commission adopted a new strategy to halt the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, in line with commitments made at the 10th meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in Nagoya, Japan, in 2010. In 2012, the UK BAP was replaced by the 'UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework'.

To support the work of the UK BAP, the JNCC created the UK BAP website in 2001. The website contained information about the BAP process, hosted all relevant documents and provided relevant news and updates. In March 2011, as part of the review of UK government websites, the UK BAP site was 'closed' and the main content was migrated to the JNCC website. 2012[16]​ ).

USA

Twenty-six years before the international convention on biological diversity, the United States had launched a national program to protect threatened species in the form of the Endangered Species Act of 1966. The legislation created broad authority to analyze and list species of concern and mandated the creation of Species Recovery Plans. Thus, although the US is an unratified signatory to the agreement, it arguably has the longest history and most comprehensive program of protection of species from any country. There are about 7,000 listed species (e.g., endangered or threatened), of which about half have approved recovery plans. While this number of species seems high compared to other countries, the value is quite indicative of the total number of species characterized, which is extremely large.

Uzbekistan

Five main habitat divisions have been identified in the BAP of Uzbekistan: wetlands (including reedbed and artificial marsh habitats); desert ecosystems (including sandy, stony and clayey); steppes riparian ecosystems; and mountain ecosystems. More than 27,000 species have been inventoried in the country, with a high rate of endemism for fish and reptiles. The main threats to biodiversity are related to human activities associated with overpopulation and generally related to agricultural intensification.[17] The main geographical regions covered by the BAP include the Aral Sea Program (threatened by long-term drainage and salinization, mainly for cotton production), the Nuratau Biosphere Reserve") and the Western Tien Shan Mountains Program (jointly with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan).

Some developing countries criticize the emphasis of PABs, because these plans inherently favor consideration of wildlife protection over food and industrial production and, in some cases, can represent an obstacle to population growth. The plans are expensive to produce, a fact that makes it difficult for many smaller, poorer countries to comply. As for the plans themselves, many countries have adopted pro forma plans that include little research and even less in the form of natural resource management. Almost universally, this has led to plans that emphasize plants and vertebrate animals, and overlook fungi,[18] invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. With respect to specific regions of the world, there is a notable lack of substantive participation from most countries in the Middle East and much of Africa, the latter of which may be hampered by economic considerations of the preparation of the plan. Some governments, such as the European Union, have diverted the purpose of a biodiversity action plan and have implemented the convention agreement through a set of economic development policies that refer to the protection of certain ecosystems.

The definition of biodiversity under the Convention on Biological Diversity now recognizes that biodiversity is a combination of ecosystem structure and function, as well as its components, for example species, habitats and genetic resources. Article 2 states:

The World Summit on Sustainable Development endorsed the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity to “achieve by 2010 a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and national levels as a contribution to the alleviation of poverty and the benefit of life on earth.” To achieve this result, biodiversity management will depend on the maintenance of structure and function.[19]​.

Biodiversity cannot be defined singularly, but can be understood through a series of management principles under the BAP, such as:

Biodiversity and wildlife are not the same. The traditional focus on threatened species in BAPs is at odds with biodiversity management principles because, when species become threatened, the processes that maintain biodiversity are already compromised. Individual species are also considered generally poor indicators of biodiversity when it comes to actual planning.[20]​ A species approach to BAPs only serves to identify and, at best, apply a patch to existing problems. Increasingly, biodiversity planners are looking through the lens of ecosystem services. Critics of biodiversity often confuse the need to protect species (their intrinsic value) with the need to maintain ecosystem processes, which ultimately maintain human society and do not compromise economic development. Therefore, a fundamental principle of biodiversity management, which traditional PABs overlook, is the need to incorporate cultural, social and economic values ​​into the process.

Today's BAPs use an analysis of ecosystem services, the key drivers of the ecological process, and use species as one of many indicators of change. They would seek to maintain structure and function by addressing habitat connectivity and resilience and may consider communities of species (threatened or not) as a method to monitor outcomes. Ultimately, species are the litmus test for biodiversity: viable populations of species can only be expected to exist in relatively intact habitats. However, the rationale behind PABs is to “conserve and restore” biodiversity. One of the most rapidly developing areas of management is biodiversity offsets Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The principles are in line with ecological impact assessment, which in turn depends on good quality BAP for assessment. Contemporary biodiversity management principles, such as those produced by the Corporate Biodiversity Offset Programme[21]​ are now an integral part of any plan to manage biodiversity, including the development of BAP.