Award management
Introduction
Corruption is understood as the action or inaction of one or more people who manipulate public media for their own benefit or that of others, distorting its purposes to the detriment of the entire citizenry that they were supposed to serve and benefit. Corruption has occupied the attention of Spanish society, even contributing to the overthrow of governments such as those of Alejandro Lerroux with the black market scandal and the Nombela affair (1935), or those of Felipe González due to the Filesa case or the Roldán case.[1] However, political corruption has been a constant since the approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 to the present day, perverting the democratic system and weakening the trust of Society in its representatives. public.[2].
Since 1995, Transparency International has annually published an index on the perception of corruption in all countries of the world. The statistic shows how the population evaluates corruption in their country from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates maximum corruption and 100 maximum transparency, although between 1995 and 2011 the range was between 0 and 10. In 2008 Spain obtained a score of 6.5 out of 10, six tenths less than the maximum obtained in 2004, and which corresponds to 28th place in a list of 180 countries, occupying 14th among the 25 members of the European Union.[3] By 2015, Spain's index had deteriorated to 58 out of 100.[4].
Corruption in Spain throughout history
Reign of Philip III
We find the first historical vestiges of corruption in the Golden Age through Castilian picaresque literature. The period in which the Duke of Lerma governed Spain in the name of Philip III was one of the most notoriously corrupt. The cases of Pedro Franqueza, Rodrigo Calderón and the Duke of Lerma himself stood out.
19th century
The queen regent María Cristina de Borbón became famous for her participation in shady deals that favored rejection among the people and politicians. He participated in speculation operations with salt, with railroads, and even with the illegal slave trade, in which Narváez also participated. It was even stated that there was no industrial project in which the Queen Mother did not have an interest. His fortune was estimated at 300 million reais.[5].