Tactical urban planning
Contenido
El urbanismo táctico incluye en la forma en la que las ciudades crecen, interviniendo espacios existentes subutilizados, asignándoles un uso que no es necesariamente de ocupación arquitectónica o permanente, rescatando posibilidades para que los espacios sean utilizados por las personas y valorizar la ciudad. Este tipo de acciones tiene la finalidad de hacer la ciudad un lugar más humano).[11].
El Urbanismo Táctico trata de transformar espacios públicos, barrios, vías, en intervenciones con privilegio al peatón, dejando al vehículo en segundo plano. También proponer estrategias para fomentar medios de transportes alternativos y sustentables. Las intervenciones son realizadas por grupos de acciones, rescatando espacios públicos hechos para el vehículo, cada propuesta es de bajo costo y materiales reciclables. Cada intervención revaloriza la ciudad, propone cuidar el medio ambiente dando un cambio visual a los espacios públicos, también presentar posibles soluciones a problemas de planificación, dando una identidad local de gran impacto.[12].
Mike Lydon se refiere a esta disciplina como «una aproximación deliberada a hacer ciudad, un ofrecimiento de ideas locales para retos de planificación local con compromisos a corto plazo y expectativas realistas, planteando intervenciones de bajo riesgo con posibilidad de altas recompensas».
Tactical urbanism in Latin America
In Latin America, tactical urbanism includes short-term actions to generate long-term changes, tries to solve citizen problems, inequality, and more.
On the other hand, it seeks to highlight the value of public places by providing light, fast and cheap solutions made by creative people. Whether in the area of housing, the local economy of a neighborhood or transportation. These were born as a response to a historical scenario of scarcity that today is at a crossroads: between an inherited informality and a necessary formalization of urban processes. This is reflected in multiple case studies such as street vendors, free fairs, occupations of land by neighborhood associations or informal practices that, due to lack of institutional channels or political will, operate reactively seeking to shorten the gap of inequality and representation in the city.
In Latin America, places like Chile, Peru, Ecuador and more, rethink public places, transforming them into opportunities for the city itself. It tries to encourage citizen participation to provide possible solutions to social, economic and urban problems. Propose strategies that promote alternative means with recyclable and economical materials. Cycle lanes offer to rehabilitate streets occupied by private vehicles and public transportation to improve the sustainable development of neighborhoods, cities and more. It is very important that pedestrians can move in public spaces without any difficulties such as architectural barriers and cars.
One of the objectives of tactical urbanism in Latin America is to humanize urban public spaces by rehabilitating each sector, giving possible solutions to planning problems in cities. This strategy can not only be carried out by urban planners and architects but also by people willing to give a new look to public spaces by promoting the use of bicycles or alternative transportation, rehabilitating green areas, painting colored zebra crossings, privileging pedestrians.
Features[13]
• - It is an intentional and progressive approach to promote change.
• - Offers local ideas for local planning challenges.
• - Understands short-term commitments and realistic expectations.
• - It involves low risk, with a possible high reward.
• - Develops social capital among citizens and builds organizational capacity between public/private institutions, NGOs and civil society.
• - It helps to generate citizenship, since it stimulates the sense of collaboration between neighbors, it becomes an exercise of opinion and community work.
Types of Interventions in tactical urban planning
• - “Chair bombing” is an urban tactic that is easy to implement, with the aim of activating public space in an agile and experimental way.[12].
• - “Live cinema" is a cinema group that is a van prepared to project a film outdoors.[12].
• - “A47 mobile library” is a mobile library that transports more than three thousand books for free consultation, in addition to having a space for conferences and projections.[12].
• - “Whereabouts for park books” is a program of the Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Sports and the District Institute of the Arts, in agreement with reading.[12].
• - “Mobile plant” group of flowers, bushes and trees march between buildings, traffic, carried by cars, wheelbarrows, bicycles, backpacks, hands or heads, in search of their place in the city.[12].
• - “Urban malón” the objective is to invite neighbors to take their tables to the street.[12].
• - “Guerrilla gardening” placing gardening elements in spaces where they do not exist and where there is no legal permission to do so.[12].
• - “Open streets” temporary spaces for walking, cycling or attending social activities.[12].
• - “Colorful zebra” where entire streets become public spaces.[12].
• - “De-paving” remove unnecessary pavement to place green area.[12].
• - “Parks or pop-up stores” residual spaces that are temporarily converted into public or commercial areas.[12].
• - “Block improvement initiatives” With cheap or donated materials in commercial streets, transforming them into EP, cycle paths and removing vehicular space.[12].
Inclusive urbanism and urban regeneration
Inclusive urbanism promotes the transformation of blighted neighborhoods by combining physical improvements with social and economic interventions that directly benefit existing residents, seeking to avoid exclusion and gentrification. UN-Habitat points out that inclusive urban regeneration must prioritize the reduction of spatial inequalities, improve quality of life, ensure the permanence of inhabitants and promote community cohesion through effective participatory processes.[14].
An example widely studied in Latin America is the model known as "social urbanism" implemented in Medellín, Colombia, during the mayoralty of Sergio Fajardo (2003-2007). This approach, materialized in projects such as the Northeast Comprehensive Urban Project (PUI), used public resources from Public Companies of Medellín to improve public transportation, cultural and educational infrastructure, as well as accessible public spaces. Various investigations have highlighted that the key component of its success was citizen participation through community workshops that increased social integration, the appropriation of public space and helped to significantly reduce violence rates.[15].
In Europe, similar initiatives have highlighted the importance of building local capacities during urban regeneration. Housing Europe documented experiences in European cities, highlighting cases such as the Santa Ana neighborhood in Italy, where the need to adapt interventions to local realities, encourage effective community participation, and provide training and financial support to both residents and small local businesses was emphasized to ensure truly inclusive regeneration.[16].
Recent theoretical proposals have also been formulated from Latin America on inclusive regeneration. In Venezuela, for example, urban policy researcher and consultant Cristofer Correia has proposed a model of urban regeneration that emphasizes the importance of legal security in the property of residents, significant investment in basic public services, the creation of social facilities (health, educational and community centers) and economic integration through the regulation and financing of informal commerce. His book Inclusive urban regeneration (2021), edited by the Andrés Bello Catholic University, bases its proposals on guidelines from international organizations such as UN-Habitat and on comparative analyzes of global experiences of urban regeneration.[17].